封面 书名页 版权页 序一 序二 前言 致谢 目录页 Part I Basics 1 Geology 1.1 Categories of Rock 1.1.1 Igneous Rocks 1.1.2 Sedimentary Rocks 1.1.3 Metamorphic Rocks 1.2 Properties of Rock 1.3 Geological Structures of Rock Mass 1.3.1 Folds 1.3.2 Faults 1.3.3 Discontinuities:Bedding Planes,Joints,and Fractures 1.3.4 The Compound Structures—Unconformities 1.3.5 Geometric Representation of Structural Elements 1.4 Properties of Rock Mass and Their Effects to Rock Excavation 1.4.1 Characterization of Discontinuities in a Rock Mass 1.4.2 Field Investigations on Rock Mass Properties 1.4.3 Groundwater 1.4.4 The Effects of Rock Mass Properties to the Excavation 1.5 Classification of Rock Sturdiness 1.5.1 Protodyakonov's Rock Classification 1.5.2 “Three in One” Comprehensive Classification of Rock Mass 1.5.3 China's “Standard for Engineering Classification of Rock Masses” GB50218-2014 References 2 Rock Drilling 2.1 Mechanism of Rock Breakage by Drilling and Drillability of Rock 2.1.1 Mechanism of Rock Breakage During Drilling 2.1.2 Drillability of Rock and Its Classification 2.2 Classification of Drilling Machines 2.2.1 Classification on Drilling Manner 2.3 Classification on Drilling Methods 2.4 Rotary-Percussive Drilling 2.4.1 Top Hammer Drilling 2.4.2 Down-the-Hole(DTH)Drilling 2.5 Rotary Drilling 2.5.1 Rotary Drilling with Rolling Tricone Bits 2.5.2 Rotary Drilling with Drag Bits 2.6 Rotary-Percussive Drilling Accessories 2.6.1 Integral Drill Steels 2.6.2 Type of Threads 2.6.3 Shank Adapters 2.6.4 Drill Rods 2.6.5 Couplings 2.6.6 Drill Bits 2.6.7 The Service Lifetime of Drilling Accessories 2.7 Selection of Rock Drill and Accessories 2.7.1 Fields of Application for Different Drilling Methods 2.7.2 Principles of Selection of Drilling Equipment for Surface Excavation 2.7.3 Selection of Drilling Equipment for Underground Excavation 2.7.4 Selection of Drilling Accessories References 3 Explosives 3.1 History of Explosives Development 3.2 Characters of Explosion of Explosives 3.3 Types of Chemical Decomposition of Explosives and the Detonation Process 3.3.1 Types of Chemical Decomposition of Explosives 3.3.2 Detonation Process of an Explosive 3.4 Oxygen Balance of Explosives 3.5 Thermochemistry of Explosives 3.5.1 Detonation Heat of Explosives 3.5.2 Detonation Temperature of Explosives 3.5.3 Detonation Volume of Explosives 3.5.4 Detonation Pressure and Velocity of Detonation of Explosives 3.6 Classification of Explosives 3.6.1 Classification by Composition 3.6.2 Classification by Sensitivity 3.6.3 Classification by Detonation Velocity 3.6.4 Classification by Purpose(Application) 3.6.5 Classification by IMDG Code 3.7 Properties of Explosives 3.7.1 Density 3.7.2 Strength and Energy 3.7.3 Sympathetic Detonation 3.7.4 Sensitivity 3.7.5 Water Resistance 3.7.6 Fumes and Fume Classification 3.7.7 Desensitization 3.7.8 Stability and Shelf Life for Storage 3.8 Commercial Explosives(Industrial Explosives) 3.8.1 Nitroglycerin(NG)-Based Explosives 3.8.2 AN-TNT-Based Explosives—Ammonite 3.8.3 Water-Based Explosives 3.8.4 Bulk Blasting Agent References 4 Initiation System 4.1 Detonators 4.1.1 Brief History on Detonators 4.1.2 Plain Detonators and Safety Fuses 4.1.3 Electric Detonators 4.1.4 Electromagnetic Detonators 4.1.5 Shock Tube Detonators(Nonel System) 4.1.6 Electronic(Digital)Detonators 4.2 Detonating Cord 4.3 Cast Boosters References 5 Mechanisms of Rock Breakage by Blasting 5.1 Shock Wave and Stress Wave in Rock Generated by Explosion 5.1.1 Shock Wave and Stress Wave 5.1.2 Types of Stress Wave 5.1.3 Reflection of Stress Wave from a Free Face 5.2 Mechanism of Rock Breakage by Blasting 5.2.1 Crushed Zone Produced by Shock Waves 5.2.2 Radial Cracking Zone Produced by Stress Waves 5.2.3 Reflection of Stress Waves from Free Face 5.2.4 Role of the Explosion Gases 5.3 Explosive's Energy Distribution During Rock Blasting and Livingston's Blasting Crater Theory 5.3.1 Explosive's Energy Distribution During Rock Blasting 5.3.2 Livingston's Crater Blasting Theory 5.4 Rock Classification by Blastability 5.4.1 Rock Blastability and Its Effective Factors 5.4.2 Criterion of Rock Classification by Blastability 5.4.3 Rock Classification by Blastability References 6 Blasting Assessment Report 6.1 Desk Study 6.1.1 Gathering Information from Relevant Authorities 6.1.2 Identification of the Area Which Will Be Affectedby the Blasting Works 6.1.3 Contact and Collect Necessary Information from All Units Within the Affected Area by the Excavation Work 6.1.4 Collect Necessary Information About Existing Geotechnical Features,Meteorological,and Hydrogeological Data 6.2 Field Investigation and Condition Survey 6.2.1 Investigation,Including Photography and Surveying,of the Current Condition of All Facilities Within the Zone of Influence by Blasting 6.2.2 Field Investigation of All Geotechnical and Geological Features Within the Zone of Influence by Blasting 6.2.3 Records of Existing Defects 6.3 Analysis of the Potential Influence of Blasting Works to the Environment 6.3.1 Environment Impact Assessment(EIA)for the Transport and Storage of Explosives 6.3.2 Potential Risk of Blasting Flyrock 6.3.3 Influence of Blasting Vibration 6.3.4 Influence of the Air Overpressure Produced by Blasting 6.3.5 Arrangement of the Monitoring Points for All Sensitive Receivers 6.4 Proposals for Elimination or Controlling the Adverse Influences 6.4.1 Protective Measures for Prevent Blasting Flyrock 6.4.2 Limitation of Blasting Vibration for All Protective Objects and Its Controls 6.4.3 Limitation of Air Overpressure 6.4.4 Equipment for Monitoring 6.4.5 Levels of Alert,Action,and Alarm of Blasting Vibration and AOP and Corresponding Requirements and Measurement 6.5 Methodology of the Excavation by Blasting 6.5.1 Arrangement of Excavation Process 6.5.2 Working Scale,Excavation Method,and Main Equipment 6.5.3 Explosives to Be Used in the Project and the Outline of Blasting Design 6.5.4 Security Measures,Scope of Safe Evacuation,and Evacuation Program 6.5.5 Assessment of the Feasibility of an On-Site Explosive Magazine,and Its Arrangement and Security Measures Annex:Contents of a Blasting Assessment References Part II Surface Excavation 7 Non-blasting Excavation 7.1 Manual Splitting and Hydraulic Rock Breaker 7.1.1 Manual Splitting 7.1.2 Hydraulic Hammer Breaker 7.2 Hydraulic Rock Splitters 7.2.1 Wedge-Type Hydraulic Splitters 7.2.2 Piston-Type Hydraulic Rock Splitter 7.3 Non-explosive Cracking Agent 7.4 Other Non-explosive Excavation Methods 7.4.1 Controlled Foam Injection 7.4.2 Gas Pressure Rock-Breaking Products 7.4.3 Pulse Plasma Rock Splitting Technology(PPRST) References 8 Bench Blasting 8.1 Geometrical Parameters of Bench Blasting 8.1.1 Blasthole Inclination,β 8.1.2 Blasthole Diameter,D 8.1.3 Height of Bench,H 8.1.4 Burden,W 8.1.5 Spacing,S 8.1.6 Subdrilling,H 8.1.7 Stemming,L2 8.1.8 Blasthole Pattern 8.2 Specific Charge(Powder Factor)and Explosive Charging Calculation 8.2.1 Specific Charge(Powder Factor) 8.2.2 Calculation of Explosive Charging 8.3 Charge Configuration 8.3.1 Continuous Charge 8.3.2 Continuous Decking Charges(Fig8.8b) 8.3.3 Isolated Deck Charges(Fig8.8c) 8.4 Firing Method and Firing Sequence 8.4.1 Electric Detonator Initiation System 8.4.2 Shock Tube Detonator Initiation System 8.4.3 Electronic Detonator Firing Sequence Design 8.5 Delay Timing References 9 Trench Blasting 9.1 Blasthole Pattern and Firing Sequence 9.1.1 Blasthole Diameter 9.1.2 Drilling Pattern 9.1.3 Firing Sequence 9.2 Explosive Charging 9.3 Blasting Safety in Trench Excavation References 10 Contour Blasting Technique for Surface Excavation 10.1 Types of Contour Blasting 10.2 Presplitting and Smooth Blasting 10.2.1 The Characters of Presplitting and Smooth Blasting Holes 10.2.2 The Mechanism of Presplitting and Smooth Blasting 10.3 Parameters of Presplitting and Smooth Blasting 10.3.1 Theoretical Approaches 10.3.2 Empirical Approaches 10.4 Blast Design,Charging,and Initiation for Presplitting and Smooth Blasting 10.4.1 Blast Design of Presplitting and Smooth Blasting 10.4.2 Explosive Charging for Presplitting and Smooth Blasting Holes 10.4.3 Stemming and Initiation of Contour Blasting Holes 10.5 Cushion Blasting and Line Drilling 10.5.1 Cushion Blasting 10.5.2 Line Drilling References 11 Blasting Safety for Surface Blasting 11.1 General Roles of Blasting Operation 11.2 Flyrock and Its Control 11.2.1 Flyrock and Its Cause of Formation 11.2.2 Calculation of Flyrock Distance 11.2.3 Precaution and Protective Measured for Flyrock 11.3 Ground Vibration and Its Control 11.3.1 Ground Vibration Produced by Rock Blasting 11.3.2 Factors which Affect the Magnitude of Ground Vibration 11.3.3 Controlling Ground Vibration During Blasting 11.3.4 Prediction and Restriction Criteria of Ground Vibration by Rock Blasting 11.3.5 Instrumentation for Monitoring Blasting Vibration 11.4 Air Overpressure Produced by Surface Blasting and Its Control 11.4.1 Air Overpressure Produced by Surface Blasting 11.4.2 Factors which Affect the Air Overpressure 11.4.3 Estimation of Air Overpressure 11.4.4 Criteria for Limiting Air Overpressure in Surface Blasting 11.4.5 Measures for Reducing Air Overpressure Produced by Surface Blasting References 12 Blasting Models and Computer-Aided Design for Bench Blasting 12.1 Introduction 12.1.1 Blasting Models 12.1.2 Computer-Aided Blasting Design 12.1.3 Size Distribution of Rock Fragments in Blasting 12.2 Some Typical Blasting Models 12.2.1 Harries' Mathematical Model 12.2.2 Favreau's Model and BLASPA Simulation Program 12.2.3 Kuz–Ram Model 12.2.4 BMMC Mathematical Model 12.2.5 Blasting Models for Jointed Rock Mass 12.2.6 SABREX Model 12.3 Some Typical Program of Computer-Aided Design 12.3.1 Blast Maker 12.3.2 EXPERTIR 12.3.3 Blast-Code 12.3.4 IESBBD References Part III Underground Excavation 13 Introduction 13.1 Type and Features of Underground Excavation 13.2 Relationship Between Underground Excavation and Environment 13.2.1 Effects of Underground Excavation to the Environment 13.2.2 Environment Restrictions to the Underground Excavation 13.3 Methods of Underground Excavation in Rock References 14 Mechanical Underground Excavation in Rock 14.1 Drilling and Breaking Method 14.2 Roadheader Excavation 14.3 Raise Boring 14.3.1 Methods of Raise Boring 14.3.2 Main Uses of Raise Boring in Civil Construction 14.3.3 Main Benefits of Raise Boring 14.4 Tunnel Boring Machine(TBM) 14.4.1 Introduction 14.4.2 Classification of TBM 14.4.3 Mechanism of Rock Breakage by Cutting Tools 14.4.4 Operation Systems of TBM 14.4.5 TBM Type Selection 14.5 Mechanical Excavation for Shaft Sinking 14.5.1 Roadheader Excavation:Vertical Shaft Machine(VSM) 14.5.2 Shaft Boring Machine(SBM) 14.6 Bored Piles in Rock 14.6.1 Small- to Medium-Sized Bored Pile 14.6.2 Large-Diameter Concrete Bored Pile References 15 Other Underground Excavation Methods 15.1 Cut-and-Cover Method 15.1.1 Construction Methods of Cut-and-Cover 15.1.2 Support Methods for the Sidewalls of the Excavation 15.2 Jacked Box Tunneling and Pipe Jacking 15.2.1 Jacked Box Tunneling 15.2.2 Pipe Jacking References 16 Introduction to Underground Excavation by Drilling and Blasting 16.1 Introduction 16.1.1 Working Cycle of Excavation by D & B 16.1.2 Working Condition 16.1.3 Drilling Equipment,Explosives,and Blasting Design 16.2 Excavation Methods for Tunnels and Caverns 16.2.1 Full-Face Excavation 16.2.2 Partial Face Excavation 16.3 Excavation Methods for Shaft 16.3.1 Shaft Sinking 16.3.2 Raise Driving 16.4 Explosive Charging 16.4.1 Manual Charging 16.4.2 Pneumatic Charging References 17 Contour Blasting for Underground Excavation 17.1 The Characters of Contour Blasting for Underground Excavation 17.2 Charge Calculation for Smooth Blasting 17.3 Blasthole Charging for Smooth Blasting References 18 Blasting Design for Underground Excavation 18.1 Blasting Design for Tunnel(Cavern) 18.1.1 Hole Layout and Firing Sequence 18.1.2 Types of Cut-Hole Pattern 18.1.3 Some Important Issues on Cut Holes and Tunnel Blasting 18.1.4 Parallel-Hole Cut Design:Cylinder Cuts 18.1.5 Blasthole Pattern for Stoping 18.1.6 Lifter Holes 18.1.7 Contour Holes 18.1.8 Lineal Charge Concentration of Blasthole 18.1.9 General Information for Tunnel Blasting Design 18.2 Blasting Design for Shaft:Full Face Sinking 18.2.1 Types of Cut-Hole Pattern 18.2.2 Blasting Parameters for Shaft Blasting 18.3 Firing Sequence Design for Underground Blasting 18.3.1 Principle of Firing Sequence Design 18.3.2 Small Tunnel 18.3.3 Large Tunnel 18.3.4 Tunnel Blasting with Electronic Detonators 18.4 Computer-Aided Tunnel Design and Management 18.4.1 Sandvik ISURE^® Software:Tunnel Management Software 18.4.2 Atlas Copco:Underground Manager MWD References 19 Loading and Transportation for Underground Excavation 19.1 Loading and Haulage in Tunnel 19.1.1 Wheel Loader and Dump Truck 19.1.2 Continuous Mucking Machine and Shuttle Car/Belt Conveyor 19.1.3 Railway Transportation 19.2 Loading and Hoisting in Shaft Excavation 19.2.1 Manual Shaft Sinking 19.2.2 Mechanizing Shaft Sinking References 20 Ventilation for Underground Excavation 20.1 Requirement of Ventilation for Underground Excavation 20.1.1 Requirement of Air Quality 20.1.2 Fresh Air Supply Quantities 20.2 Ventilation Equipment 20.2.1 Ventilation Machine:Fans 20.2.2 Requirements to Ventilation Equipment 20.2.3 Type of Fans for Underground Ventilation System 20.3 Design of Ventilation System 20.3.1 Calculation of Discharge Volume of Ventilation 20.3.2 Calculation of Ventilation Pressure 20.3.3 Design of Fan and Ventilation Duct 20.3.4 Choose of Van 20.3.5 Ventilation Duct 20.4 Ventilation Types for Underground Excavation 20.4.1 Supply Ventilation(Press or Forcing Ventilation) 20.4.2 Extraction(Exhaust)-Only Ventilation 20.4.3 Compound Type of Ventilation(Overlap System) 20.5 Ventilation Optimization References 21 Ground Reinforcement and Support 21.1 Effects of the Stability of Rock Mass to Underground Excavation 21.1.1 Concept of Ground Pressure and Stress PatternAround Underground Excavation 21.1.2 Effects of Ground Conditions on Underground Excavation 21.1.3 Classification of Stability of Rock Mass for Excavation 21.2 Ground Prereinforcement for Excavation 21.2.1 Ground Freezing 21.2.2 Grouting 21.3 Initial Support of Newly Excavated Space 21.3.1 Rock Dowels,Rock Bolts,and Rock Anchors 21.3.2 Types of Rock Bolts 21.3.3 Application Guideline and Equipment for Bolt Installation 21.3.4 Installation of Wire Mesh on Rock Face 21.3.5 Shotcrete 21.3.6 Steel Arch Ribs and Steel Lattice Arch Girders 21.3.7 Spiling(Forepoling)and Pipe Roofing 21.3.8 Portal Excavation and Temporary Support 21.4 Permanent Support for Underground Excavation 21.4.1 Selection of Permanent Support 21.4.2 Types of Permanent Support 21.5 New Austrian Tunneling Method(NATM) References 22 Monitoring and Instrumentation for Underground Excavation 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Settlement Monitoring 22.2.1 Ground Settlement Monitoring 22.2.2 Utility Settlement and Building Settlement Monitoring 22.3 Displacement and Deformation Monitoring 22.3.1 Inclinometer Monitoring 22.3.2 Magnetic Extensometer and Monitoring 22.3.3 Tiltmeter 22.3.4 Crack Monitoring:Telltales 22.3.5 Convergence Array Monitoring 22.3.6 Time-Domain Reflectometer Probe:Slope Movement Detector 22.4 Groundwater Monitoring 22.4.1 Standpipe and Piezometer 22.4.2 Vibrating Wire Piezometer 22.4.3 Pore Water Pressure Gauge 22.5 Ground Vibration and AOP Monitoring 22.6 Instrumentation Management 22.6.1 Instrumentation Selection 22.6.2 Frequency of Monitoring Readings 22.6.3 Warning Mechanism:3A Levels References 23 Health and Safety,and Risk Management in Underground Excavation 23.1 Introduction 23.2 General Requirements for Underground Excavation 23.2.1 Employee Identification System 23.2.2 Illumination 23.2.3 Communication 23.2.4 Signals 23.3 Major Hazards and Risks and the Elimination Measures 23.3.1 Ground Risk 23.3.2 Ground Vibration Produced by Blasting 23.3.3 Tunnel Boring Machine(TBM) 23.3.4 Tunnel Transport 23.3.5 Shaft Under Construction 23.3.6 Tunnel Atmosphere and Air Quality Control 23.3.7 Fire and Rescue System 23.3.8 Explosives and Blasting Works 23.4 Explosives Stored in Site Magazine and Site Transportation 23.4.1 Site Explosives Magazine 23.4.2 Explosives Transport 23.4.3 Fire Extinguisher for Site Magazine and Explosives Trucks and Its Use 23.4.4 Emergency Plan References 封底 ..更多