第一部分：将下列术语翻译成中文10. consecutive interpreting
11. domesticating translation
Text 11. The stages of a writer's professional life are marked not by a name on an office door, but by a name in ink. There was the morning when my father came home carrying a stack of Sunday papers because my byline was on page one, and the evening that I persuaded a security guard to hand over all early edition, still warm from the presses, with my first column. But there's nothing to compare to the day when someone hands over a hardcover book with your name on the cover. I'm just not sure the moment would have had the same grandeur had my work been downloaded instead into an e-reader.
Reading is not simply an intellectual pursuit but an emotional and spiritual one. That's why it survives. There are still millions of people who like the paper version, at least for now. And if that changes—well, what is a book, really? Is it its body, or its soul?
一位作家写作生涯的各个阶段并不是体现在办公室门牌的名衔上，而是体现在油墨印刷的姓名上。某天清晨，父亲拿着一摞星期日晨报回到家，报纸首页上有我的文章，我的名字赫然纸上；某天晚上，我软磨硬泡终于说服保安人员给了我一份刚刚印出来的还存留着印刷温度的报纸，上面有我的第一个专栏作品。然而，有人把印着你的大名的精装本递给你的那一刻是无可比拟的。假如我的作品不是印刷成册而是被下载到电子阅读器的话，我不确定那一刻我是否会同样风光无限。
阅读不仅仅是对知识的追求，更是一种对情感和精神的追求。正因如此，书本才流传至今。仍有数百万人喜欢阅读纸质书籍，至少现在是这样。如果情况发生了变化——那么，到底什么是书?真正的书?是它的形式还是它的灵魂?
[解析] The stages of a writer's professional life are marked not by a name on an office door, but by a name in ink.
这句话中两个“name”的含义稍有不同，我们都知道办公室门牌上写着的主要是一个人的职位、头衔，而书本上用油墨印刷的是作者的姓名。因此根据常识，我们可将第一个“name”译为名衔，第二个为姓名。
一位作家写作生涯的各个阶段并不是体现在办公室门牌的名衔上，而是体现在油墨印刷的姓名上。
There was the morning when my father came home carrying a stack of Sunday papers because my byline was on page one, and the evening that I persuaded a security guard to hand over all early edition, still warm from the presses, with my first column.
这里的“page one”是报纸的第一页，也就是我们常说的首页。句子后半部分的“persuade”是“劝说，说服”的意思。但是根据常识：保安人员是不会轻易将刚刚印出来的报纸送人的，因此翻译时要体现出这种说服的艰难性，参考译文加上了修饰成分“软磨硬泡”，使译文更加合理。句子的最后“with my first column”在原句中仅为修饰成分，但是这部分恰恰阐释了作者花费大力气去获取那份报纸的原因：他的第一个专栏作品印在上边。翻译时，可将这句话译为分句，译为“上面有我的第一个专栏作品”。
某天清晨，父亲拿着一摞星期日晨报回到家，报纸首页上有我的文章，我的名字赫然纸上；某天晚上，我软磨硬泡终于说服保安人员给了我一份刚刚印出来的还存留着印刷温度的报纸，上面有我的第一个专栏作品。
But there's nothing to compare to the day when someone hands over a hardcover book with your name on the cover.
“there's nothing to compare to”译为“……是无可比拟的”。原句中的“name”参考译文译为了“大名”，将拿到自己作品的精装本时的高傲和喜悦之情表现了出来。
然而，有人把印着你的大名的精装本递给你的那一刻是无可比拟的。
I'm just not sure the moment would have had the same grandeur had my work been downloaded instead into an e-reader.
“have the same grandeur”的含义是“那一刻自己非常有面子”，那一刻对自己而言是壮丽的、是风光的，根据“grandeur”的含义，再结合作者想要表达的骄傲心情，可译为“风光无限”。
假如我的作品不是印刷成册而是被下载到电子阅读器的话，我不确定那一刻我是否会同样风光无限。
Reading is not simply an intellectual pursuit but an emotional and spiritual one.
“not simply...but”译为“不仅仅是……更是”，前者只是程度稍微弱些而已，并非是一种彻底的否定。
阅读不仅仅是对知识的追求，更是一种对情感和精神的追求。
Text 21. Laughlin acknowledges that "a lot of responsible people" are worried about atmospheric concentra- tions of carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels. This has, he says, "the potential" to modify the weather by raising average temperatures several degrees centigrade and that governments have taken "significant, although ineffective" steps to slow the warming. "On the scales of time relevant to itseff, the earth doesn't care about any of these governments or their legislation. "
Someday, all the fossil fuels that used to be in the ground will be burned. After that, in about a millennium, the earth will dissolve most of the resulting carbon dioxide into the oceans. The dissolving will leave the concentration in the atmosphere only slightly higher than today's. Then "over tens of millennia, or perhaps hundreds" the earth will transfer the excess carbon dioxide into its rocks, "eventually returning levels in the sea and air to what they were before humans arrived on the scene". This will take an eternity as humans reckon, but a blink in geologic time.
劳克林承认，有“许多负责任的人”对大气层中因燃烧化石燃料而产生的二氧化碳浓度感到担心。他说，这有可能使全球平均温度升高，从而改变天气状况，各国政府采取了重大但不是很有效的措施来推迟全球变暖。劳克林称：“就地球的时间度量而言，地球并不关心任何政府或者它们的法律。”
某一天，所有原先埋在地下的化石燃料会被燃烧殆尽。之后，地球将需要大约1000年的时间，将大部分二氧化碳溶解到海洋中，从而使空气中的二氧化碳浓度达到比今天略高的水平。再经过几万年，也许几十万年，地球将缓慢地把过量的二氧化碳转化为岩石，“最终使海洋中和空气中的二氧化碳浓度恢复到人类出现之前的水平”。从人类的视角来看，这个过程可以算是杳无尽头了，但放在地质年代中则是一眨眼的工夫。
[解析] “On the scales of time relevant to itself, the earth doesn't care about any of these governments or their legislation.”
这句话为直接引语，因此翻译为中文时要添加说话人。“scales of time”表示“时间度量”。
劳克林称：“就地球的时间度量而言，地球并不关心任何政府或者它们的法律。”
After that, in about a millennium, the earth will dissolve most of the resulting carbon dioxide into the oceans. The dissolving will leave the concentration in the atmosphere only slightly higher than today's.
这两句话之间存在着紧密的逻辑关系，前一句介绍了将二氧化碳溶解到海洋的过程，后一句介绍的是溶解到海洋后的结果。因此为了突出两句话之间的关系，翻译时可将这两句话合并为一句。
之后，地球将需要大约1000年的时间，将大部分二氧化碳溶解到海洋中，从而使空气中的二氧化碳浓度达到比今天略高的水平。
This will take an eternity as humans reckon, but a blink in geologic time.
这里介绍了从人类和地球两者的视角看来这一过程有什么巨大的差别。“eternity”在这里意为“杳无尽头”，“杳”的含义是深远而没有尽头，也就是永恒的意思。
从人类的视角来看，这个过程可以算是杳无尽头了，但放在地质年代中则是一眨眼的工夫。
Text 11. 在这个社交网站盛行的时代，按理说我们每人都应该有数百位朋友。但研究表明，我们中的大多数人事实上只有两个亲密的朋友，而25年前人均好友数量为三个。
研究人员认为并不需要为此担心。他们指出，尽管我们当中有一部分人可能会变得“更脆弱”，但很多人只是更善于判定谁才是自己能够信任的知己密友罢了。
In this age of Facebook and Twitter, we ate all supposed to have hundreds of friends. But in fact most of us have just two people we would consider to be close friends—down from an average of three 25 years ago, a study claims.
Researchers say this is no cause for concern. Instead, they claim that while some of us may be getting "more vulnerable", many are simply becoming more adept at deciding who they can trust to be a close confidant.
[解析] 在这个社交网站盛行的时代，按理说我们每人都应该有数百位朋友。
原文中为“社交网络”，而如今美国比较盛行的社交网站主要有“Facebook”和“Twitter”这两种，因此参考译文将此译为“This age of Facebook and Twitter”，比较灵活，也更能够拉近与使用这些网站的读者的距离，令其思考文章所阐述的问题，产生共鸣。
In this age of Facebook and Twitter, we are all supposed to have hundreds of friends.
但研究表明，我们中的大多数人事实上只有两个亲密的朋友，而25年前人均好友数量为三个。
这句话中的“而25年前人均好友数量为三个”相较其他的信息而言是较为次要的信息，翻译时可将其弱化，将句子变为“好友数量从25年前的三个降为了现在的两个”。
But in fact most of us have just two people we would consider to be close friends—down from an average of three 25 years ago, a study claims.
他们指出，尽管我们当中有一部分人可能会变得“更脆弱”，但很多人只是更善于判定谁才是自己能够信任的知己密友罢了。
“善于”译为“adept at doing sth.”。这句话是对前文的否定转折，因此为了体现其中的关系，用了“instead”连接上下文，将中文含蓄的逻辑关系显化出来。
Instead, they claim that while some of us may be getting "more vulnerable", many are simply becoming more adept at deciding who they can trust to be a close confidant.
Text 21. 国际空间站的设计初衷是作为一个向其他星球发送航天器的平台。不过，这一使命后来转变成了一个绕地球运行的实验室，对人类和其他生物体在太空环境下的表现进行试验，希望借此对基本生命功能有更多的了解、发现新的医疗方法。在很多试验中，需要有人类进行或参与。
The space station was originally conceived as a platform for sending spacecraft to other planets. But its mission has changed into an orbiting laboratory to conduct experiments on how humans and other organisms fare in a low-gravity environment．The hope is to understand more about basic life function and to discover new medical treatments. And humans are needed to conduct, or be participants in, many of these experiments.
[解析] 国际空间站的设计初衷是作为一个向其他星球发送航天器的平台。
“设计初衷”也就是“起初设计为”，因此译为“was originally conceived as”。在表达结果与初衷不同时，都可以使用“original”或其副词形式来表述初衷的部分。
The space station was originally conceived as a platform for sending spacecraft to other planets.
不过，这一使命后来转变成了一个绕地球运行的实验室，对人类和其他生物体在太空环境下的表现进行试验，希望借此对基本生命功能有更多的了解、发现新的医疗方法。
“太空环境”其实指的就是“太空和地球不同的环境，即没有重力或者是低重力的环境”，译为“low-gravity environment”。这句话首先说明了现今太空站的使命，然后介绍了人们对它寄予的希望，因此翻译时为了体现各自的重点，可将一句话拆分为独立的两句话。
But its mission has changed into an orbiting laboratory to conduct experiments on how humans and other organisms fare in a low-gravity environment. The hope is to understand more about basic life function and to discover new medical treatments.
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