1. Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the saying "In every end, there is also a beginning." You can give examples to illustrate your point and then explain what you will do to keep on making progress. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.
"In every end, there is also a beginning." This saying tells us that whatever we are doing, we should never stop making progress. In my opinion, this view is right in every sense. On the one hand, it applies to individuals, as in such a competitive world everybody is trying to get ahead. On the other hand, our country on the whole should move forward in terms of politics, economy, and culture so that she can gain sustained respect from peoples all over the world. Examples to prove the view are abundant. The most persuasive are the cases of famous athletes, whose successes are gained through non-stop efforts. It goes without saying that if they had been content with being just a regional or national champion and stopped practicing, they wouldn't have accomplished so much and become world-famous. In sum, keeping making progress should be the right attitude towards life and work for everybody and even for a country. In order to keep on malting progress, we should regard each ending point as a new starting point at which we should set a new goal and continue to pursue it.
Section A Directions:In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
[听力原文] W: Peter has been working five part-time jobs since he started college. He was working all day yesterday. I don't see how he does it. M: Yeah... me either. He went back to his dormitory 10 p.m. I don't see how anyone can keep up this pace of life. Q: What do we learn from the conversation?
[听力原文] M: Excuse me, madam. Can I buy a ticket direct from here to Cleveland? W: Yes, but you will have to transfer at Seattle to a domestic airline. But that's no problem. They fly quite often. Q: What would the man most probably do?
[解析] 本题关键在于听到女士说的“但你得在西雅图转机”,B中的take a connecting flight与对话中transfer同义,故B为答案。 ①原形动词选项,内容与搭乘飞机有关。②男士可以在这里直接买到飞往克里夫兰的机票,但不等于他可以直接飞往克里夫兰,他还需要转机,A与对话内容相反;C不符合逻辑;D利用原词进行干扰。③but后面往往是答案。
3.
A.He knows where to get a new map.
B.He will help the woman read the map.
C.He has already seen the library.
D.He will go to the library as well.
A B C D
D
[听力原文] W: Hi, I have a map of the campus, but I still can't find the building with the new library in it. Can you tell me how to get there? M: That's because it's an old map. Follow me, I'm going that way myself. Q: What does the man mean?
[解析] 男士说:“跟着我走吧,我自己也要去那边(即图书馆)”,即D。 ①选项以He作主语,本题与map或library有关。②对一般疑问句不正面做出回答,要么就是否定,要么就是带条件的肯定,此处属于带条件的肯定,此处男士说了一句Follow me, I'm going that way myself.可知他也要往图书馆走。
4.
A.It will help detect all kinds of liars.
B.It will most likely prove ineffective.
C.It can help solve complex problems.
D.It is a new weapon against terrorists.
A B C D
B
[听力原文] M: I hear a newly-invented drug can make people tell the truth and it may prove useful in questioning terrorists. Isn't it incredible? W: Simple solutions to complex problems rarely succeed. As far as I know, no such drugs are ever known to work. Q: What does the woman imply about the new drug?
[听力原文] M: I can't believe I have almost spent all $9,000 of my student loan. That money was supposed to last me all year. W: Maybe you should start thinking twice before you spend money, like you've been told time and time again. Q: What does the woman suggest the man do?
[听力原文] W: Your stereo is too loud. The neighbors just called to complain, you know. M: Oh, yeah? I'll turn it down when they do something about their dog which keeps me awake all night with its barking. Q: What does the man imply?
[听力原文] M: You know, every time I see you reviewing the notes I will wonder whether I'm behind. Are we really on Unit 6 already? W: What do you mean? I have to stay ahead. I work in the evenings. Q: What do we learn about the woman from the conversation?
A.He's worried about whether he can finish his presentation tomorrow.
B.He's nervous but he believes he'll be better tomorrow.
C.He's nervous about his presentation because he's unprepared.
D.He'll finish writing his presentation tomorrow.
A B C D
B
[听力原文] W: Something is definitely bugging you. Why are you walking up and down the room? M: It's this presentation I have to give tomorrow. I'm a bit worried but I'll get over it by then. Q: What does the man mean?
[听力原文] M: Honey, the basketball game is about to start. And could you bring some chips and a bowl of ice cream? And... uh... a slice of pizza from the fridge. W: Anything else? M: No, that's all for now. Hey, honey, you know, they're organizing a company basketball team, and I'm thinking about joining. What do you think of it? W: Humph. M: "Humph"! What do you mean "Humph"? I was the star player in high school. W: Yeah, twenty-five years ago. Look, I just don't want you to have a heart attack running up and down the court. M: So, what are you suggesting? Should I just abandon the idea? I'm not that out of shape. W: Well, you ought to at least have a physical check before you begin. I mean, it has been at least five years since you played at all. M: Well, okay, I agree with you. W: And you need to watch your diet and cut back on the fatty foods, like ice cream. And you should try eating more fresh fruits and vegetables. M: Yeah, you're probably right. I should do something to improve my diet. W: And you should take up a little weight training to strengthen your muscles or perhaps try cycling. Oh, and you need to go to bed early instead of watching TV haft the night. M: Hey, you're starting to sound like my personal fitness instructor! W: No, I just love you, and I want you to be around for a long, long time.
[听力原文] M: Good morning, Dr. Smith. My name is Peter. I am a freshman in your department. There are a few things that I am not quite sure of and I do need your advice. W: Thank you very much for your trust, Peter. As your academic advisor I will try my best to help you. M: Thanks. It's about my major... W: Well, what's the matter? M: I used to major in English, but now I have made up my mind to switch to Applied Linguistics, concentrating on Teaching English as a Foreign Language. W: So you want to switch majors? M: Yes. But I wonder if it is possible. W: Well, usually we allow it, as long as you have enough credits. M: That's good news for me. I'm not interested in literature and that sort of thing. I want to be a real teacher, Professor. But I'm worried about the make-up credits. W: You usually do have to make up some credits when you switch majors. Are you OK on credits? M: Not too many. I'll have to add about 12 credits as far as I can figure from my transcript. Would you please let me know how many credits are required to get a master's degree? W: Usually thirty-six credits are needed. If you take five courses per term, you'll have enough credits after just two semesters. Usually each course is worth three credits. To get the six remaining credits you either prepare a thesis or take two more courses. M: Is there anything else besides the 36 credits for the master's? W: You have to have an oral defense. M: I see. I really appreciate your help, Professor. W: Glad I can help. Good luck, Peter.
Section B Directions:In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
B.It offers only the children's personal information.
C.It is against parents' will to educate the kids.
D.It only offers stories about other people.
A B C D
A
[听力原文] MySpace, the social networking website, is different from other websites which only provide stories about other people. MySpace is a place that allows you to broadcast your own stories and personal information to as many people as you like. Started two years ago, it is a big source of information for and about American kids. Teens are rushing to join the site, not sharing their parents' worries. For teenagers, it is reliable network to keep in touch with their friends. They will often list their surnames, birthdays, school clubs, hobbies and other personal information. "MySpace is an easy way to reach just about everyone. I don't have all the phone numbers of my acquaintances. But ff I want to get in touch with one of them, I could just leave them a message on MySpace," said Abby Van Wassen, a 16-year-old student. Since each user's personal home page lists the number of their MySpace friends, it has become yet another way of judging high school popularity. MySpace has become something teenagers feel they must have. Parents on the other hand are seriously concerned about the security problems of MySpace. The National Center for Missing and Exploited Children has received at least 288 MySpace-related complaints, according to Mary Beth Buchanan, a lawyer in Pittsburgh. "Your profile on MySpace shows all your personal information to anyone on the Web. And MySpace even lists this information by birthplace and age. It's like a free checklist for trouble-makers and it endangers children," Buchanan said.
What is the difference between MySpace and other websites?
[解析] 短文前半部分提到,青少年很喜欢MySpace网站及其原因(如rushing to join、reliable net-work、easy way to reach about everyone);后半部分用on the other hand话锋一转,提到父母们当心MySpace的安全问题及已经出现的状况(如seriously concerned、security problems、complaints、trouble-makers、endangers)。由此可知,青少年与父母对MySpace持有不同的态度,本文主要是在探讨MySpace是好还是坏,故选B。 解答主旨题需要综合、全面地理解文意。短文分别谈到了children及parents,A、C、D都过于片面,不能全面地概括出文章的主旨,故均不正确。
[听力原文] For years scientists have been worried about the effects of air pollution on the earth's natural conditions. Some believe the air inside many houses may be more dangerous than the air outside. It may be one hundred times worse. Indoor air pollution can cause a person to feel tired, to suffer eye-pain, headache and other problems. Some pollutants can cause breathing disorders, diseases of blood and even cancer. Most scientists agree that every modem house has some kind of indoor pollution. People began to notice the problem in the early 1970s. When builders began making houses and offices, they did not waste energy. To do this they built buildings that limited the flow of air between inside and outside. They also began using man-made building materials. These materials are now known to let out harmful gases. As the problem became more serious, scientists began searching for a way to deal with it. They discovered a natural pollution control system for buildings—green plants. Scientists do not really know how plants control air pollution. They believe that a plant's leaves absorb or take in the pollutants. In exchange the plant lets out oxygen through its leaves and through its tiny organizations on its roots. Scientists suggest that all buildings should have one large plant or several small plants inside for every nine square meters of space. Studies of different plants show that each absorbs different chemicals. So the most effective way to clean the air is to use different kinds of plants.
According to the speaker, what problem may indoor air pollution bring to people?
[听力原文] Before a new airliner goes into service, every part of it is tested again and again. But there are two tests that are more important than all the others. In the first test, a modem airliner must fly at very high altitudes: Air must be pumped into the plane so that the passengers can breathe. The metal structure of the plane has to be very strong for this reason. When the plane is filled with air, the air presses against the skin of the plane inside. The pressure on a small window, for example, is like a huge foot that is trying to get out. If a small part of the plane were to crack, the plane would explode in the sky. In order to test the structure of the plane, it is lowered into a huge tank of water. Then it is filled with air. The pressure inside the plane is greater than it ever will be when it is in the air. Finally, there is an explosion. Engineers can discover which part of the plane has cracked. In the second test, the test pilot must Find out exactly what happens when all the engines are shut off at once. He takes the plane up very high. Then he shuts the engines off. The plane begins to fall like a stone. It is the pilot's job to find out how he can get control of the plane again. These two tests are examples of how planes are made safe before they can ever carry passengers.
Section C Directions:In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks with the exact words you have just heard. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written. All our dreams have something to do with our feelings, fears, longings, wishes, needs and memories. If a person is hungry, or tired, or cold, his dreams may 1 a feeling of this kind. If the covers on your body, such as a blanket, have 2 your bed, you may dream that you are sleeping on ice or in snow. The 3 for the dream you will have tonight is likely to come from the experiences you have today. So the subject of your dream usually comes from something that has effect on you while you are sleeping and it may also use your past experiences and the wishes and the interests you have now. This is why very young children 4 dream of fairies, older children of school examinations, hungry people of food, 5 soldiers of their families. To show you how that is happening while you are asleep and how your wishes or needs can all be 6 in a dream, here is the story of an experiment. A man was asleep and the back of his hand was rubbed with absorbent cotton. He would dream that he was in a hospital and his 7 girlfriend was visiting him, sitting on the bed and feeling his hand softly! There are some scientists who have made a special study of why we dream, what we dream, and what those dreams mean. Their 8 of dreams, though a bit reasonable, is not accepted by everyone, but it offers an interesting way of 9 the problem. They believe that dreams are 10 expressions of wishes that did not come true.
[听力原文] All our dreams have something to do with our feelings, fears, longings, wishes, needs and memories. If a person is hungry, or tired, or cold, his dreams may include a feeling of this kind. If the covers on your body, such as a blanket, have slipped off your bed, you may dream that you are sleeping on ice or in snow. The material for the dream you will have tonight is likely to come from the experiences you have today. So the subject of your dream usually comes from something that has effect on you while you are sleeping and it may also use your past experiences and the wishes and the interests you have now. This is why very young children are likely to dream of fairies, older children of school examinations, hungry people of food, home-sick soldiers of their families. To show you how that is happening while you are asleep and how your wishes or needs can all be joined together in a dream, here is the story of an experiment. A man was asleep and the back of his hand was rubbed with absorbent cotton. He would dream that he was in a hospital and his charming girlfriend was visiting him, sitting on the bed and feeling his hand softly! There are some scientists who have made a special study of why we dream, what we dream, and what those dreams mean. Their explanation of dreams, though a bit reasonable, is not accepted by everyone, but it offers an interesting way of dealing with the problem. They believe that dreams are mostly expressions of wishes that did not come true.
Section A Directions:In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once. Secondhand smoke is accountable for 42000 deaths annually to nonsmokers in the United States, including nearly 900 infants, according to a new study. Altogether, annual deaths from secondhand smoke 1 nearly 600000 years of potential life lost—an average of 14.2 years per person—and $6.6 billion in lost productivity, 2 to $158000 per death, report the researchers. The new research reveals that despite public health efforts to reduce tobacco use, secondhand smoke continues to 3 a grievous toll on nonsmokers. "In general, fewer people are smoking and many have made lifestyle changes, but our research shows that the impacts of secondhand smoke are 4 very large," said lead author Wendy Max, PhD, professor of health economics at the University of California. "The 5 of information on biomarker-measured (生物指标测量) exposure allows us to more accurately assess the impact of secondhand smoke exposure on health and productivity. The impact is particularly great for communities of color." Exposure to secondhand smoke is linked to a number of 6 illnesses including heart and lung disease, as well as conditions affecting newborns such as low birth weight and respiratory distress syndrome. In the research, the scientists 7 the economic implications—years of potential life lost and the value of lost productivity—on different racial and ethnic groups. "Our study probably underestimates the true economic impact of secondhand smoke on 8 ," said Max. "The toll is substantial, with communities of color having the greatest 9 . Interventions need to be designed to reduce the health and economic burden of smoking on smokers and nonsmokers alike, and on particularly 10 groups." A. losses B. turbulent C. nonetheless D. availability E. adhering F. generalized G. take H. triumphs I. fatal J. henceforth K. mortality L. represent M. amounting N. vulnerable O. gauged
1.
L
空格前的名词中心词是annual deaths,空格后是名词600000 years,故需填入谓语动词,时态与上一句的is一样是一般现在时,因此是原形。本句说明二手烟的危害,句意为:每年二手烟引起的死亡……差不多60万年的潜在寿命损失。空格后是对二手烟引起的损失的具体说明,故填入represent“代表,表示”逻辑合理。take后也可接时间,表示“花费”,常用于it takes sb. to do sth.结构。
此处需填入修饰:illnesses(疾病)的词,可以是形容词、分词或名词。根据修饰illnesses的分词短语including heart and lung disease...,可知这些疾病非常严重。fatal“致命的”符合语境,表示二手烟可以导致包括心肺疾病在内的很多致命疾病。turbulent:“动荡的;汹涌的,狂暴的”一般不修饰疾病。
空格前是副词particularly,空格后是名词groups,故应填入形容词或分词,说明需要特别对待的群体。本句提到我们需要制订干预措施来减轻吸烟者和非吸烟者的健康负担与经济负担,结合上文提到的有色人群(communities of color)伤亡最重,可推断他们是vulnerable groups(易受伤害的群体)。
Section B Directions:In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
Are Teenagers Really Careless About Online Privacy?
[A] They share, like, everything. How they feel about a song, their maths homework, life (it sucks). Where they'll be next; who they're with now. Photos, of themselves and others, doing stuff they quite probably shouldn't be. They're the digital natives, fresh-minted citizens of a humming online world. They've grown up—are still growing up—with texting, Facebook, Line, Snapchat. They're the young, and they couldn't care less about privacy. At least, that's the assumption. But amid a rash of revelations about government surveillance (监视), it seems it's wrong. Young people do care, a lot, about privacy—just not the kind of privacy that exercises their parents. [B] True, young people post information about themselves online that horrifies their elders. There remains "a basic lack of awareness" about "the potential longer-term impact of information leaks", says Andy Phippen, professor of social responsibility in information technology at Plymouth University. "Many younger people just don't think in terms of their future employability, of identity theft, of legal problems if they're being provocative. Not to mention straightforward reputational issues." (Paris Brown, Phippen adds, "clearly never thought what she tweeted when she was 14" might one day stop her being Britain's first youth police commissioner.) [C] Far more should be done in schools to teach children to be more concerned about the future impact of their online profile and reputation, Phippen argues. But the fact that they make mistakes does not mean they don't care about privacy. In fact, a report in May by the Pew Internet and the American Life Project found teenagers cared enough about online security for 60% to set their Facebook profiles to "private" and to judge privacy settings "not difficult at all" to manage. A similar number said they routinely delete past posts, block people, and post comments only particular viewers—typically, close friends—would understand. "You have to think about what privacy means," says Danah Boyd, a leading youth and social media researcher. "What matters to them is social privacy: it's about how to control a social situation, which is something very different from controlling information." [D] The Pew report found that only 9% of teens were "very" concerned about third parties like companies or government agencies accessing their personal information—compared with nearly half of their parents. Most young people have precious little idea of how much data social networking sites are collecting on them—but they tend, on the whole, to be quite relaxed about the idea, particularly if it comes as a trade-off for free use of the service. [E] Teens, Boyd says, tend to be concerned not by unknown third parties accessing data about them, but by "things that might be seen by the people who have power over them: parents, teachers, college admissions officers. The concern is more about your mother looking at your Facebook profile than government agencies or advertisers using data you've shared." [F] Young people are concerned, in other words, about getting into trouble. But that concern is every bit as real. So teens now manage their online security with "a whole set of strategies", says Boyd. Many don't tell the truth online: according to the Pew Internet study, 26% of teen social media users say they post fake information like a false name, age or location. Others are more subtle. Boyd uses the term "social steganography (隐写术)" to describe the practice of more than 50% of young people who use in-jokes and obscure references to effectively encode what they post. [G] Nonetheless, says Mary Madden, co-author of the Pew Internet report, all the signs are young people today are increasingly "practising good judgment. They'll say, 'I use a filter in my brain'; they do a lot of profile pruning (剪切), deleting and editing content, deleting tags. There's a new awareness." This generation has, after all, "grown up, learned to function in a world of social surveillance", says Madden. "Far from being privacy-indifferent, they are mindful of what they post. They have a sense that adults are watching." [H] That sentiment may in part explain the recent popularity of new social networking services like Instagram and Snapchat, says Madden: "Some feel the burden of the public nature of social networking. They're creating smaller groups with these new services." [I] Snapchat in particular appeals because it allows users to send annotated pictures, videos and messages to a controlled list of friends—and, crucially, to set a time limit for how long they can be viewed before they disappear and are deleted. Overall, confirms Madden, "We're seeing a pattern that runs counter to the assumption that there's this sea of young people who just don't care about privacy. It's not borne out by the data. And in some cases, they actually have stronger opinions than some adults." [J] That certainly seems to be the picture emerging from two polls conducted earlier this year by the Pew Research Centre for the People and the Press with the Washington Post and USA Today, in the wake of Edward Snowden's revelations about broad surveillance by state security services. In the first of these polls, on 10 June, younger respondents proved much more likely than older to put personal privacy above an anti-terrorism probe: 45% of 18-to-29-year-olds said personal privacy was more important, even if protecting it limited the ability to investigate terrorist threats—compared with 35% in the 30-to-49 age range, and 27% of the over-50s. [K] The second poll, on 17 June, asked whether Snowden's leaks of classified information about the NSA's phone and email surveillance programmes was in the public interest. It found that people under 30 were the only age group in which "a clear majority"—60%—felt the revelations served the public interest. Older age groups were either divided, or thought the disclosures harmed the public interest. Similarly, 13-to-29 year-olds were less likely to feel Snowden should be prosecuted: fully 50% felt he should not be, against 44% who thought he should. That compares with 63% of over-50s who wanted see the whistleblower (告密者) pursued. [L] Carroll Doherty, co-author of the second report, said previous surveys showed also that younger people—perhaps because they came of age after the 9/11 attacks—were generally less anxious about the risk of terrorism, and less likely to be concerned about the rise of Islamic extremism. Even after the Boston attacks earlier this year "made young people more aware of threat", Doherty says, recent polling shows they still remain "less likely to link Islam to terrorism, and less likely to say that government should investigate threats at a cost of personal privacy". There is "quite a consistent pattern here", he says: "Young people tend to take a more liberal approach to issues around security and terrorism." [M] So should the older generation worry? Stanley of the ACLU thinks not. Many people, advertisers included, are all too happy to create the impression that young people don't care about "silly old privacy concerns", he blogged. Many privacy invasions, too, "are silent and invisible, and only a minority of people will know and care about them. But where people are aware of their loss of control over how they are seen by others, people of all ages will always assert their need for privacy in the strongest way."
1. When people realize they lose control over their impressions in others' eyes, they will state firmly their need for privacy.
M
[解析] 根据lose control over和need for privacy锁定M段。该段最后一句提到,当人们意识到他们不能左右别人如何看待自己时,各年龄段的人都会以最强有力的方式坚称自己需要隐私。题目中的realize与原文are aware of对应,their impressions in others' eyes与原文how they are seen by others对应,state firmly与assert...in the strongest way对应。本题句子是M段最后一句的同义转述。
2. A report indicated that about sixty percent of teenagers found it very easy to manage Facebook privacy settings.
C
[解析] 根据Facebook锁定A、C、E段,再结合sixty percent确定C段。该段第3句提到,5月份的一个报告发现青少年对其在线安全足够重视,因为60%的青少年会把Facebook的个人资料设定为隐私,并且认为隐私设置“一点都不难”管理。文中的not difficult at all与题目中very easy对应,其他信息点均一致。
3. In the poll about Snowden's leaks, a majority of people over 50 years old wanted to see Snowden caught.
7. The Pew report found that most young people have almost no idea about the amount of information collected by social networking sites about them.
D
[解析] 根据Pew report和social networking sites锁定D段。该段最后一句讲到大多数年轻人都不清楚社交网站收集到了多少有关他们的数据。题目中的the amount of information与文中how much data对应,almost no idea对应原文precious little idea。
8. It is said that the teens adopt some strategies like providing false information or encoding what they want to say to ensure online security.
9. A poll conducted after Snowden's leaks proved that younger people valued personal privacy more than anti-terrorism investigation.
J
[解析] 根据题目中的Snowden和anti-terrorism锁定J段。该段第2句提到6月10日的调查显示,受访者中,年轻人比年长者更倾向于认为个人隐私比反恐调查更重要。题目中的value... more than与原文put... above对应。
10. A leading youth and social media researcher thinks what privacy means to teenagers today is different from information control.
C
[解析] 根据youth and social media researcher定位到C段。该段最后两句提到Boyd的观点。他认为,对年轻人而言,重要的是社会隐私,关乎的是控制一个社会场景,这与控制信息不同。本题句子是C段最后两句的概括。
Section C Directions:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One Many who think they have food allergies (过敏) actually do not. A new report, commissioned by the federal government, finds the field is full of poorly done studies, misdiagnoses and tests that can give misleading results. While there is no doubt that people can be allergic to certain foods, the true incidence of food allergies is only about 8 percent for children and less than 5 percent for adults, said Dr. Marc Riedl, an author of the new paper and an allergist and immunologist at the University of California, Los Angeles. Yet about 30 percent of the population believe they have food allergies. And, Dr. Riedl said, about half the patients coming to his clinic because they had been told they had a food allergy did not really have one. Dr. Riedl does not dismiss the seriousness of some people's responses to foods. But, he says, "That accounts for a small percentage of what people term 'food allergies.'" Even people who had food allergies as children may not have them as adults. People often shed allergies, though no one knows why. And sometimes people develop food allergies as adults, again for unknown reasons. For their report, Dr. Riedl and his colleagues reviewed all the papers they could find on food allergies-more than 12000 articles. In the end, only 72 met their criteria, which included having sufficient data for analysis and using more rigorous tests for allergic responses. "Everyone has a different definition" of a food allergy, said Dr. Jennifer J. Schneider Chafen, the lead author of the new report. People who receive a diagnosis after one of the two tests most often used—piercing the skin and injecting a tiny amount of the suspect food and looking in blood for IgE antibodies (抗体), the type associated with allergies—have less than a 50 percent chance of actually having a food allergy, the investigators found. One way to see such a reaction is with what is called a food challenge, giving people a suspect food disguised so they do not know if they are eating it or a placebo (安慰剂) food. If the disguised food causes a reaction, the person has an allergy. But in practice, most doctors are reluctant to use food challenges, Dr. Riedl said. They believe the test to be time consuming, and worry about asking people to consume a food, like peanuts, that can elicit a frightening response. The paper, to be published Wednesday in The Journal of the American Medical Association, is part of a large project organized by the National Institute of Allergy and Infections Diseases to try to impose order on the chaos of food allergy testing. An expert panel will provide guidelines defining food allergies and giving criteria to diagnose and manage patients. They hope to have a final draft by the end of June.
1. The word "shed" in the 3rd paragraph means closest to "______".
[解析] 根据题目中IgE antibodies定位至第5段第2句。 该句中the type associated with allergies是对IgE antibodies的进一步解释。可见,IgE这种抗体与过敏症有关,这也就是说,当人体发生过敏反应时,就会产生IgE抗体。因此,本题应选C。 A和B都是该句提到的测试的方法,但这些方法本身并不会使人体产生抗体,只有按照这些方法注入可疑食物,而人体又对该食物产生过敏反应时,才会产生抗体,因此A和B均不正确;D不是引起抗体产生的原因,相反,知道病人的血液中含有抗雄后才能做出“诊断”,D错误。
4. What is mentioned as a disadvantage of food challenge?
5. The National Institute of Allergy and Infections Diseases organized the project in order to ______.
A.regulate the diagnosis of food allergy
B.find the best measures against food allergy
C.determine the size of allergic population
D.research the factors for food allergy
A B C D
A
[解析] 根据题目中的the National Institute of Allergy and Infections Diseases定位至最后一段。 该段第1句中的impose order、第2句中的provide guidelines、giving criteria等都表明国家过敏与传染病研究院组织该项目是为了加强对过敏症的诊断准确性的监管。因此,本题应选A。 其他选项都是对过敏症的某个方面的研究,缺乏原文依据。
Passage Two Towards the end of June, a unique joint expedition began in the waters near Indonesia. In an area of remarkable marine diversity known as the "Coral Triangle", two vessels set sail: the American Okeanos Explorer and the Indonesian Baruna Jaya IV. Their destination was not over the horizon, but to explore the depths of the ocean. Jane Lubchenco, administrator of America's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, says this is the first time that scientists have used a remotely operated vehicle to investigate the cold depths of Indonesia's Sangihe Talaud region. Their remotely operated vehicle, known as Little Hercules, is working in waters as deep as 3700 metres (2.3 miles) and as shallow as 250 metres. By several accounts, the diversity of matte life being discovered is phenomenal. Tim Shank, of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the lead scientist on the expedition, says the team are discovering levels of large-animal diversity that rival anything found in similar habitats elsewhere on the planet. Dr. Shank is directing the expedition from a command centre in Jakarta, the Indonesian capital. He says the team have discovered between 30 and 40 new species in the past week of diving alone. Little Hercules is cruising over hot springs, deep-sea muds and the rocky tops of seamounts—a kind of underwater mountain that rises from the sea floor. A whole different set of corals live down here—and with them come a specialized fauna (动物群). For instance, two chirostylid crabs have been found that live their adult lives only in one particular black coral. Sea stars, crabs, shrimp and worms are found living in the limbs of these corals as birds and insects do in the branches of trees in a rainforest. What is most intriguing is that the team are gathering evidence for the existence of a deep-ocean "Wallace Line". This is an area named after Alfred Wallace, an evolutionary biologist who noticed in the 19th century that the fauna on either side of this line were distinctly different. The line runs between Borneo and Sulawesi, and through the Lombok Strait near Bali. To the west of the line the animals are Asian and to the east of it the species are a mix of Asian and Australian. The reason for this line is not entirely understood, says Dr. Shank; but it is thought to be related to the difficulty that species have had in crossing the deepwater under this line. Any confirmation that Wallace's Line extends to the floor of the deep ocean itself will certainly test ideas about the evolution of the region. The mission continues until the end of August.
1. The marine life in the "Coral Triangle" can be best characterized as "______."
3. The discovery of the two chirostylid crabs is mentioned as an example to illustrate ______.
A.the uniqueness of the fauna
B.the diversity of the corals
C.the relation between the corals and the fauna
D.the similarity between the corals and a rainforest
A B C D
C
[解析] 根据题目中的the two chirostylid crabs定位至第5段第3句。 题目提到的The discovery of the two chirostylid crabs是对第5段第3句的概括,该句开头的For instance表明该句内容是为了说明上一句,上一句提到了corals和a specialized fauna,因此,第3句是为了举例说明第2句中提到的corals和a specialized fauna的关系。由此可见,本题应选C。 A和B都只是第5段第2句的部分内容,不如C全面;D是对原文比喻句的曲解。
4. According to Dr. Shank, the "Wallace Line" ______.
A.hasn't been hilly accounted for
B.doesn't really exist
C.can justify the marine diversity
D.is derived from undersea
A B C D
A
[解析] 根据题目中的the "Wallace Line"定位至最后一段第1句。 A是对最后一段第1句提到的The reason... is not entirely understood的近义改写,account for意为“解释,说明”。故A为本题答案。 根据原文可以知道Wallace Line是一个真实存在的区域,B不正确;在Wallace Line两边的物种有明显的差异,但Wallace Line能否解释海洋生物的多样性,这还是未知之数,C过于绝对;Wallace Line是否源自深海,Dr. Shank并没有具体提到,D不正确。
5. By writing the passage, the author most intends to ______.
A.introduce the joint expedition
B.introduce the "Coral Triangle"
C.highlight the meaningfulness of deep-sea exploration
D.highlight the marine diversity of the "Coral Triangle"
Part Ⅳ Translation Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.
1. 中国是一个历史悠久的文明古国,也是一个充满时代生机的东方大国,拥有许多得天独厚的旅游资源。自然风光旖旎秀美(picturesque),历史文化博大精深,目前已有29处被列为世界文化和自然遗产地(the world cultural and natural heritage sites)。在改革开放的推动下,中国的现代化建设突飞猛进,城乡面貌日新月异。古代中国的辉煌灿烂与现代中国的蓬勃发展交相辉映,为发展国内外旅游创造了有利的条件。中国正努力同各国广泛开展合作,促进世界旅游业的发展。
As a country with a long history of civilization, China is a vast oriental nation which is full of modem vitality and endowed with many unique tourism resources. Owing to its picturesque natural scenery, long history and profound culture, 29 places in China have been listed as the world cultural and natural heritage sites. Thanks to the further push by the opening-up and reform, China's modern construction is surging ahead, and both the cities and the country are experiencing daily changes. The ancient glory of China and its modem boom add radiance and charm to each other and help create a favorable condition for developing tourism at home and abroad. China is making efforts to develop extensive cooperation with other countries and, contributing to global tourism growth.
[解析] 1.第1句中的3个分句都是围绕“中国”展开,以China为英文句的主语。“是一个历史悠久的文明古国”可译为as a country with a long history of civilization或处理为插入语的形式。“充满时代生机的”可与“拥有许多得天独厚的旅游资源”一并译为定语从句,修饰主句“中国是一个东方大国”。 2.第2句前两个分句与后一分句隐含因果关系,翻译时应使用表因果关系的关联词或短语,将前后分句连接起来。同理,第3句中的“在改革开放的推动下”是后面分句“中国的现代化建设……”的原因,可处理为原因状语。 3.倒数第2句中的“为发展国内外旅游创造了有利的条件”可处理为which引导的非限制性定语从句,修饰前面的内容,也可像参考译文那样译为并列句。汉语讲究铺陈,“辉煌灿烂”译为glory即可。 4.最后一句“中国正努力同各国广泛开展合作”中的“正努力”表明此句需用现在进行时态。