Section A Directions: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said. The question will be read only once. After you hear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
A.Members of the club are required to register when they arrive.
B.They can bring up to three quests.
C.They should register their quests.
D.Show membership cards on arrival.
A B C D
C
[听力原文] W: As a member, you don't have to register when you arrive. But you must remember to register your guests. And you must be able to produce your membership card if a club official asks to see it. M: Hum, that's good. How many guests can I bring with me? Q: What are the members of the club required to do?
[解析] 对话中女士说会员来俱乐部后自己可以不登记,但要为带来的客人登记。
2.
A.For 30 minutes only.
B.For one hour only.
C.Within the booked time only.
D.Longer than the booked time.
A B C D
D
[听力原文] M: And can we play an hour at a time? W: You can book the courts for thirty minutes or an hour. But you can carry on play until the next players arrive. Q: According to the club's rules, how long can members play tennis?
[解析] 女士说可以一直玩到下一个人来为止,即比预约的时间要长。
3.
A.Degree requirement.
B.University links.
C.Government agreements.
D.Company projects.
A B C D
B
[听力原文] W: Did you work for the Indian Government in 1996? How did you organize it? M: My university had links with an Indian engineering university, so it was organized at that level. Q: Why did Mr. Robinson work for the Indian Government?
[解析] 从“My university had links with an Indian engineering university, so it was organized that level”可知。
4.
A.Orderliness.
B.Creativeness.
C.Tightness.
D.Convenience.
A B C D
C
[听力原文] M: What's your general impression of New York? W: Well, restaurants pack their tiny tables very tightly; grocery stores and bookstores have aisles that are narrow; the sidewalks are stacked with newsstands, vendors and their carts. Q: Which of the following statements would be the woman's impression of New York?
[解析] 文中女子说:“restaurants pack their tiny tables very tightly; grocery stores and bookstores have aisles that are narrow; the sidewalks are stacked with newsstands, vendors and their carts. ”故答案为C。
5.
A.Change his diet.
B.Take a different kind of medicine.
C.Ask another doctor about the problem.
D.Do special knee exercises.
A B C D
C
[听力原文] M: My doctor told me I needed to go for some expensive treatment for my injured knee. W: Are you sure? Maybe you need a second opinion. Q: What does the woman suggest the man do?
[解析] 女士说:“Are you sure? Maybe you need a second opinion. ”可知女士建议男士再听听别的医生的治疗意见。
C.She doesn't know what the weather will be like tomorrow.
D.She doesn't know where the man put his winter clothes.
A B C D
B
[听力原文] W: It's not going to snow again tomorrow, is it? It was supposed to be warm all week. M: Well, if you go by the forecast that I heard, you shouldn't put your coat and hat away quite yet. Q: What does the man imply?
[解析] 从“if you go by the forecast that I heard, you shouldn't put your coat and hat away quite yet. ”可知男士听的预报是天气要继续变冷。
7.
A.The woman shouldn't make him feel bad.
B.The woman should help him write a report.
C.He doesn't want to take the woman out.
D.He feels responsible for the woman's mood.
A B C D
A
[听力原文] W: I'm in a terrible mood. My boss didn't like the report I wrote. M: Well, don't take it out on me. Q: What does the man mean?
[解析] 从“don't take it out on me. ”可知男士不希望女士的糟糕情绪影响到他。
8.
A.She'd rather not discuss her problems.
B.She has been healthy.
C.It's hard for her to explain her problems.
D.She's sorry she didn't come back sooner.
A B C D
B
[听力原文] M: So I guess it's been a year now since your last checkup. Have you had any health problems? W: None to speak of. Q: What does the woman mean?
[解析] 从“None to speak of. ”没啥可说的。可推知该女士身体一直很健康。
9.
A.Make a list of what she needs to do.
B.Schedule an eye exam without delay.
C.Order an appointment book.
D.Get over her fear of eye doctors.
A B C D
B
[听力原文] W: I've been meaning to get my eyes checked. I just haven't gotten around to it yet. M: Why don't you call for an appointment right away? Once on your calendar you will get it done. Q: What does the man suggest the woman do?
[解析] 从“Why don't you call for an appointment right away? ”可推知。
10.
A.Professor Smith hasn't arrived yet.
B.She's sorry she's late.
C.She doesn't know if anyone called.
D.She'll call Professor Smith in a few minutes.
A B C D
C
[听力原文] M: Hey, Lisa. Has Professor Smith returned my call yet? W: I just got in a little while ago myself. Q: What does Lisa imply?
[解析] 从“I just got in a little while ago myself. ”可知女士刚进来一会儿。
[听力原文] M: I got an invitation to a financial planning seminar. And I don't want to go alone. W: Count me in. I need all the help I can get managing my money. Q: What will the woman probably do?
[解析] Count me in. 指“算我一个”。
12.
A.She never keeps other people waiting.
B.She wants the man to help her with her assignment.
C.She's upset that the man didn't tell her he'd be late.
D.She's glad that the man phoned her.
A B C D
C
[听力原文] M: I hope you are not too put out with me for stopping by Fred's on the way over here. I had to pick up an assignment. W: Well, that's not a big deal. But you might at least phone if you know you are going to keep someone waiting. Q: What does the woman mean?
[解析] 从“But you might at least phone if you know you are going to keep someone waiting. ”可推知。
13.
A.Business leadership.
B.Global business community.
C.Economic prospects in China.
D.Business and government in China.
A B C D
C
[听力原文] W: An economic forum on opportunities in China is expected to bring scholars, business leaders and government officials to Beijing next week. M: Oh, really? Q: What is the theme of the forum?
[解析] 从“An economic forum on opportunities in China”可推知。
14.
A.4000.
B.5000.
C.1300.
D.3100.
A B C D
B
[听力原文] W: Hong Kong Disneyland opened on Monday with a total 15,000 visitors. M: Yeah. Visitors from mainland accounted for one third of the total. Q: How many visitors came from the mainland?
[解析] 大陆来旅客总数占总数的1/3。
15.
A.Beijing.
B.Guangzhou.
C.Shanghai.
D.HongKong.
A B C D
A
[听力原文] W: According to a survey, more than 55 percent of Guangzhou residents showed interest in visiting the theme park. Some 22 percent of Shanghai and 20 percent of Beijingers also said they planed to visit it. M: Is that the case? Q: In which city residents showed the least interest in visiting the theme park?
[解析] 从“Some 22 percent of Shanghai and 20 percent of Beijingers also said they planed to visit it. ”可知北京人的兴趣最低。
Section B Directions: In this section you will hear three passages. After each one, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
[听力原文] W: Good morning. Dr. Ellis office. M: This is Mr. Jackson. May I please speak with the doctor? W: The doctor is just finishing with a patient. Would you hold on for a minute? W: Here is the doctor now, I'll tell him you're on the line. D: Mr. Jackson, Dr. Ellis is here. How's that new bridge? M: Not so good, doctor. That's what I'm calling about. It just doesn't seem to fit right. D: Well, that's to be expected during the first few days after it has been put in. As I told you, there will be no complications. M: It hurts so much, especially when I eat. I keep removing it afterwards, you know. D: I understand, Mr. Jackson. It does hurt in the beginning, I know. But it would be better if you didn't remove it, except when cleaning it, of course. M: Well I did at first, doctor, but my gums hurt so much that I just can't stand it any longer. D: Well, maybe we can adjust it a little more. M: Adjust it? D: Yes, file it down a little here and there. When can you come in? M: Oh, right away, doctor, if you don't mind. D: Let me see, I'll check here now, maybe I can find the time for you this morning. M: Oh, I can wait until this afternoon if you're too busy now. D: Sorry, Mr. Jackson, but I'd rather you'd come this morning if possible. This afternoon I'm teaching a class at the dental school. Just a minute. Mr. Jackson, can you get here about 11:30? And that will give us enough time before lunch. We'll see what we can do. M: Oh, yes doctor. I can make it. Thank you. See you then.
Why did the doctor not come to the phone immediately?
[解析] 女助手说医生刚刚完成一个病人的手术。要稍等一下。
2.
A.His false teeth weren't fit.
B.He broke his legs.
C.His feet were badly hurt.
D.He cut his fingers.
A B C D
A
[听力原文] What was the matter with Mr. Jackson?
[解析] Jackson的义齿戴着不合适。
3.
A.For a few days.
B.For a few weeks.
C.For a few months.
D.For almost a year.
A B C D
A
[听力原文] How long has Mr. Jackson been suffering?
[解析] 医生说“during the first few days after it has been put in. ”,可知Jackson只戴了最初的几天。
4.
A.Angry.
B.Sympathetic.
C.Indifferent.
D.Annoyed.
A B C D
B
[听力原文] How did the doctor respond to the caller?
[解析] 由“I understand, Mr. Jackson. It does hurt in the beginning, I know. ”可知选B。
A.A normal baby responded to the stimuli impassively.
B.A normal baby's reaction to the sound was phlegmatic.
C.A group of nurses took care of the blind infants at the medical center.
D.Some of the blind infants were able to respond to their mothers' voice.
A B C D
D
[听力原文] A special research team organized and dispatched from the local medical center performed experiments on the completely blind infants. The test sample included twenty completely blind infants, who lived at home with their mothers or family. The research workers would visit the infants and closely observe the developments of their sense and behavior every two weeks. In most cases, the research workers tested the response of the blind infant to different stimuli common in the family environment. Generally speaking, a normal baby would react with smiles and laughter to tickling, to the voice of a relative, and to hugging from his family. His reactions were swift and fleet. Nevertheless, most of the blind infants, according to the experiments, responded to stimuli impassively. In fact, they were apathetic and indifferent to any sound. But under some special circumstances, some of them were able to react to the sound of their mothers with a smile. Usually, their response was very slow and phlegmatic. The tests were conducted over a nine month period, and they began when the blind infants were one month old and ended when they were ten months old.
Which of the following statements is true?
[解析] 从“But under some special circumstances, some of them were able to react to the sound of their mothers with a smile. ”可知有些盲婴在特定环境下会听出母亲的声音并微笑。
2.
A.The scientists tested them in the medical center.
B.The blind infants were visited by research workers every two weeks.
C.The blind infants were made to compare with the normal infants.
D.Their mothers were invited to tickle them.
A B C D
B
[听力原文] How were the experiments conducted?
[解析] 研究人员会每两星期对参加测试的婴儿进行调查。
3.
A.They reacted with smiles to hugging from their mothers.
B.They were tested for almost a year.
C.They lacked in feeling to the sound.
D.They were happy with their families.
A B C D
C
[听力原文] What can we learn about the blind infants according to the passage?
[解析] 盲婴们对任何声音都无动于衷。缺少对声音的感知。
4.
A.A group of scientists and nurses.
B.The communities.
C.The infants' mother.
D.The local medical center.
A B C D
D
[听力原文] Which of the following formed the special research team?
[解析] 从“A special research team organized and dispatched from the local medical center”可推知。
5.
A.The blind infants' behavior was without feeling or emotion.
B.The blind infants' behavior was insensible but ardent.
C.The blind infants' behavior lacked energy and vigor.
D.The blind infants' behavior took a long time in respond to a stimulus.
A B C D
D
[听力原文] How about the blind infants' behavior?
[解析] 由“Usually, their response was very slow and phlegmatic. ”可知盲婴对刺激的反应时间较长。
[听力原文] Welcome to Physiology 100. I'm Doctor Arm Robert. I assume everyone here is a sophomore, since this is the Nursing Department second-year physiology course. If you are first-year nursing students, please see me after class about transferring into an introductory course. Okay, I'd like to begin my first lecture by introducing two important terms, vitalism versus mechanism. How many of you have heard of these terms? Oh, I see some of you have. Well, vitalism and mechanism are two completely opposite approaches to human physiology. According to the vitalist, the laws of physics and chemistry alone can not explain the processes of life. To the vitalist, there is a so-called vital force, and this vital force is totally separate from that of energy. As you may have guessed, vitalism is a kind of philosophical approach. Mechanism, on the other hand, is the view that all life phenomena, no matter how complex, can be explained according to chemical and physical laws. Since we can support mechanism through scientific experimentation, the modem scientist tends to be a mechanist. But vitalism is not totally dismissed, especially in fields such as brain physiology, where terms such as human consciousness haven't been defined yet in physic-chemical terms. I recently read an interesting article dealt with this very question. Is the mind separate from brain, or is the mind only the chemical and physiological workings of the brain? I'd like to continue with this next time, so that we can speak in more detail. I have some copies of that article. And I want you to take it with you and read it for next week.
For whom is the lecture intended?
[解析] 从“since this is the Nursing Department second-year physiology course. ”可知选B。
2.
A.During the first year of college.
B.During the second year of college.
C.After the second week of classes.
D.Just before the final exam.
A B C D
B
[听力原文] When is this course given?
[解析] 从“I assume everyone here is a sophomore”可知是大学第二年。
3.
A.The mind can be completely understood through scientific observation.
B.The mind is too complex to be considered part of the "vital force".
C.The mind and the brain have the same chemical and physical functions.
D.The mind may function separately from the brain.
A B C D
D
[听力原文] How would a vitalist view the functions of the mind?
[解析] 根据语句“Is the mind separate from brain, or is the mind only the chemical and physiological workings of the brain? ”可看出这是两种观点,前者属于vitalism,而后半句是mechanism的观点。因此D是正确答案。
4.
A.Decide whether they are mechanists or vitalists.
B.Take an article home and read it.
C.Transfer to the introductory class.
D.Write an essay about vitalism and mechanism.
A B C D
B
[听力原文] What does the professor tell her students to do?
[解析] 从“I have some copies of that article. And I want you to take it with you and read it for next week. ”可知Robert博士让学生带回一篇本课内容的相关文章去阅读。
5.
A.Mechanism is the view that all life phenomena can be explained according to chemical and physical laws.
B.Mechanism can impossible be supported through scientific experimentation.
C.Mechanism is the view that the modem science tends to be mechanism.
D.Mechanism is a kind of philosophical approach.
A B C D
A
[听力原文] What is mechanism according to the passage?
[解析] 文中指出“Mechanism, on the other hand, is the view that all life phenomena, no matter how complex, can be explained according to chemical and physical laws. Since we can support mechanism through scientific experimentation, the modem scientist tends to be a mechanist. Vitalism is a kind of philosophical approach. ”,可知A符合题意。
PartⅡ Vocabulary
Section A Directions: In this section all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D, are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then, mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
1. Professor Taylor's talk has indicated that science has a very strong ______ on the everyday life of non-scientists as well as scientists.
3. The newspaper did not mention the ______ of the damage caused by the fire.
A.range
B.level
C.extent
D.quantity
A B C D
C
[解析] 题干:报纸没有报导这次大火造成的损坏程度。range范围、区域,表示可以达到或探测到的最大范围,即the maximum area in which it can reach things or detect things。level水平、程度,指一个量表或序列中的位置,即a position in a scale or rank。extent程度,the extent of the damage意为“损失的程度”。quantity数量。根据本题句意,要表示的不是火灾的范围、水平和数量,而是火灾造成的损坏程度,故C是正确答案。
4. Although he had looked through all the reference material on the subject, he still found it hard to understand this point and her explanation only ______ to his confusion.
[解析] 题干:目前谁管人事?in the charge of意为“在某人的掌管、控制下”,宾语为人,此人为主控。under charge of与under the charge of意为“在某人的掌管(看管)下”,宾语为人,此人为主控。in charge of意为“主管,掌管,看管”,宾语为物。此处personnel(人事部)为一个部门,因此答案为in charge of。
6. I caught a ______ of the taxi before it disappeared around the comer of the street.
A.vision
B.glimpse
C.look
D.scene
A B C D
B
[解析] 题干:那辆出租车在街道拐角处消失之前我瞥了它一眼。vision意为“视力,洞察力”,即power of seeing or imaging。glimpse意为“一瞥”,即quick,imperfect view of something/somebody,固定搭配catch a glimpse of。look意为“外观,脸色”,即appearance。scene意为“景象”,即view,something seen。因此B是正确答案。
7. She was so ______ in her job that she didn't hear anybody knocking at the door.
Section B Directions: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
1. Hague was elected as the Conservative Party leader partly because of his ambiguous views on Britain's position in relation to its partners in the European Union.
3. We have a responsibility to ensure our nation's continued prosperity and the most sensible way to do this is by investment in basic scientific research.
10. Bob believes that the invasion of the marketplace into the university is undermining fundamental academic values, and that we must act now to halt this decline.
PartⅢ Cloze Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices marked A, B, C and D on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. Recent studies of the human brain have resulted in some interesting discoveries. Scientists believe that a way to improve the power of the brain may soon be possible. Scientists have discovered that the brain can make its own drugs. The brain 1 a protein substance which can act directly 2 the brain to change aspects of mental activity. Some may change or improve, for example, creativity, intelligence, imagination, and good 3 . Chemicals found in the brain 4 messages. In recent years scientists have found chemicals that 5 mood, memory and other happenings of the mind. About 25 have been found 6 . Today the role of chemicals and the protein substance in human behavior is creating much interest. Research seems to show that they may help 7 insomnia, pain, and mental illness. They have a great 8 to stimulate the brain to 9 deficiencies. They also improve the qualities of memory and learning already in the brain. They 10 the secret on mood and emotion. Some day there may be a chemical way to create a better and more efficient brain.
[解析] 本句的Some指代的是前一句的aspects of mental activity。选项中符合大脑活动的只有记忆memory。
4.
A.obtain
B.accept
C.carry
D.receive
A B C D
C
[解析] 本句的意思是“大脑中的化学物质携带信息”。因此选carry,意为“携带”。
5.
A.approach
B.affect
C.aid
D.apply
A B C D
B
[解析] 本句的意思是“近年来科学家发现了可以影响情绪、记忆和其他大脑内发生的事的化学物质”。
6.
A.so many
B.so much
C.so far
D.so good
A B C D
C
[解析] 本句的意思是“迄今为止发现了大约25种化学物质”。
7.
A.conceal
B.compress
C.confine
D.control
A B C D
D
[解析] 本句的意思是“研究似乎表明它们有助于控制失眠、疼痛和精神疾病”。
8.
A.courage
B.capacity
C.authority
D.curiosity
A B C D
B
[解析] 本句的意思是“它们有一种巨大的能力可以刺激大脑克服缺陷。”
9.
A.contain
B.contest
C.conquer
D.condemn
A B C D
C
[解析] 参见上一小题解释,有“克服”之意的只有选项C。
10.
A.held
B.hold
C.are holding
D.will hold
A B C D
B
[解析] 根据上一句,这里的时态应该用一般现在时。
PartⅣ Reading Comprehension Directions: In this section there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choices on the ANSWER SHEET.
Passage One At 9:00 in the evening on January 29, just as President George W. Bush was about to begin his first State of the Union address, I gathered with three anxious scientists in a small, windowless laboratory in Worcester, Massachusetts. We were at Advanced Cell Technology—a privately owned biotechnology company that briefly made international headlines last fall by publishing the first scientific account of cloned human embryos. The significance of the achievement was debatable: the company's most successful embryo had reached only six cells before it stopped dividing (one other had reached four cells, another had reached two)—a fact that led to a widespread dismissal, in the media and the scientific community, of ACT's "breakthrough". The work was largely judged to be preliminary, inconsequential, and certainly not worthy of headlines. Many people in political and religious circles, however, had a decidedly different view. They deemed ACT's work an ethical transgression of the highest order and professed shock, indignation, and horror. Nonetheless, ACT was pressing ahead—which was why I had come to the company's cloning lab that night in January. The door to the lab was locked; a surveillance camera mounted on the ceiling watched our every move; and the mood was at once urgent and tense. A human egg, retrieved just hours earlier from a young donor, was positioned under a microscope, its image glowing on a nearby video monitor. The egg's chromosomes would shortly be removed, and the scientists in the room would attempt to fuse what remained of the egg with a human skin cell. If the procedure succeeded, the result would be a cloned human embryo. Skin cell to embryo—it's one of the most remarkable quick-change scenarios modern biology has to offer. It's also one of the most controversial. Since the announcement, in 1997, of the cloning of the sheep Dolly, attempts to use human cells for cloning have provoked heated debate in the United States, separating those who have faith in the promise of the new technology from those who envision its dark side and unintended consequences. Crucial to the debate is the fact that human cloning research falls into two distinct categories: reproductive cloning, a widely frowned-on effort that aims to produce a fully formed child; and therapeutic cloning, a scientifically reputable procedure that takes place entirely at the microscopic level and is designed to advance medical therapies and cure human ailments. The two start out the same way—with a new embryo in a Petri dish. But the scientists I was observing in the lab had no intention of creating a person. Instead they were embarking on an experiment that, if successful, would be a first step toward creating radical new cures for patients like the donor of the skin cell—Trevor Ross (not his real name), a two-year-old boy afflicted with a rare and devastating genetic disease. The mood in the lab was tense in part because of the uncertain outcome of the experiment. But it was also tense because of concern over what President Bush might say about cloning in his address to the nation. A radio in one corner of the room was tuned to the broadcast as the scientists began their work, and they were listening carefully: in perhaps no other fields of science are researchers as mindful of which way the political winds are blowing. The ACT scientists had good reason to be concerned—what they were doing that night might soon be made illegal.
Passage Two Modern biology is based on several unifying themes, such as the cell theory, genetics and inheritance, Francis Crick's central dogma of information flow, and Darwin and Wallace's theory of evolution by natural selection. In this first unit we will examine these themes and the nature of science. The ancient Greek philosopher Anaxiamander (611-547 B.C.) and the Roman philosopher Lucretius (99-55 B.C.) coined the concept that all living things were related and that they had changed over time. The classical science of their time was observational rather than experimental. Another ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle, developed his Scala Naturae, or Ladder of Life, to explain his concept of the advancement of living things from inanimate matter to plants, then animals and finally man. This concept of man as the "crown of creation" still plagues modern evolutionary biologists. Post-Aristotlean "scientists" were constrained by the prevailing thought patterns of the Middle Ages—the inerrancy of the biblical book of Genesis and the special creation of the world in a literal six days of the 24-hour variety. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland, in the late 1600's calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and Eve listed in the biblical book of Genesis. According to Ussher's calculations, the earth was formed on October 22, 4004 B.C. These calculations were part of Ussher's book, History of the World. The chronology he developed was taken as factual, and was even printed in the front pages of Bibles. Ussher's ideas were readily accepted, in part because they posed no threat to the social order of the times; comfortable ideas that would not upset the linked apple carts of church and state. Often new ideas must "come out of left field", appearing as wild notions, but in many cases prompting investigation which may later reveal the "troth". Ussher's ideas were comfortable, the Bible was viewed as correct, therefore the earth must be only 5,000 years old. Geologists had for some time doubted the "truth" of a 5,000 year old earth. Leonardo da Vinci (painter of the Last Supper, and the Mona Lisa, architect and engineer) calculated the sedimentation rates in the Po River of Italy. Da Vinci concluded it took 200,000 years to form some nearby rock deposits. Galileo, convicted heretic for his contention that the Earth was not the center of the Universe, studied fossils (evidence of past life) and concluded that they were real and not inanimate artifacts. James Hutton, regarded as the Father of modem geology, developed the Theory of Uniformitarianism, the basis of modem geology and paleontology. According to Hutton's work, certain geological processes operated in the past in much the same fashion as they do today, with minor exceptions of rates, etc. Thus many geological structures and processes cannot be explained if the earth was only a mere 5,000 years old.
1. Which of the following is NOT a theme of modem biology?
A.The sedimentation rates in the Po River of Italy.
B.Darwin and Wallace's theory of evolution by natural selection.
C.The cell theory, genetics and inheritance.
D.Francis Crick's central dogma of information flow.
Passage Three Being a man has always been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. Now, by babies survive almost as well as girls do. This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate. More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed. Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes one more agent of evolution has gone. There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Except in some religious communities, very few women have 15 children. Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity of today everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes. For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. Strangely, it has involved little physical changes. No other species fills so many places in nature. But in the past 100,000 years even the past 100 years, our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution—they "look at an organic being as average looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension". No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.
1. What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?
A.A lack of mates.
B.A fierce competition.
C.A lower survival rate.
D.A defective gene.
A B C D
C
[解析] 文章第一段开头是答题的关键:Being a man has always been dangerous...But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. 可见,男性的出生率高于女性,但是随着年龄增加,男女比例呈明显下降趋势。作者试图用这些数据表明,生为男人的危险并不是在于寻找配偶的困难,而是男性的死亡率(male mortality)远远高于女性。
2. What does the example of India illustrate?
A.Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.
B.Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.
C.The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.
D.India is one of the countries with a very high birthrate.
A B C D
B
[解析] 根据第二段最后两句话“The country offers wealth for a few...in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes. ”(这个国家为少数大城市的人提供了大量的财富,而其他的部落人却很贫穷。今天每个人都有大体相同的存活率和后代人数,这就意味着与部落相比,自然选择在中高阶级印第安人中已经失去了80%的效力。)这与B中“Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor”的意思相吻合。
3. The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because ______.
A.life has been improved by technological advance
B.the number of female babies has been declining
C.our species has reached the highest stage of evolution
D.the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing
A B C D
A
[解析] 在第三段中作者写道:“We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. ”换言之,机器的使用、社会的进步使我们的生活发生了变化,即A“技术的进步提高了生活质量”。
4. The word "Utopia" in Paragraph 3 most closely means ______.
A.a perfectly adjusted social system
B.a perfectly evolved state of nature
C.a practically left-behind society
D.an ideally organized society
A B C D
B
[解析] Utopia的意思是“完美的社会”。
5. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A.Sex Ratio Changes in Human Evolution.
B.Ways of Continuing Man's Evolution.
C.The Evolutionary Future of Nature.
D.Human Evolution Going Nowhere.
A B C D
D
[解析] 全文主旨题。文章最后一段对全文内容进行了总结:“For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. (这意味着进化已经结束。)”最后作者说,“But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us. ”这进一步说明,人类的进化早已经停止。
Passage Four Allelomimetic behavior may be defined as behavior in which two or more individual animals do the same thing, with some degree of mutual simulation and coordination. It can only involve in species with sense organs that are well enough developed so that continuous sensory contact can be maintained. It is found primarily in vertebrate, in those species that are diurnal, and usually in those that spend much of their lives in the air, in open water or on open plains. In birds, allelomimetic behavior is the rule rather than the exception, though it may occasionally be limited to particular seasons of the year as it is in the redwing blackbird. Its principal function is that of providing safety from predators, partly because the flock can rely on many pairs of eyes to watch for enemies, and partly because if one bird reacts to danger, the whole flock is warned. Among mammals, allelomimetic behavior is very rare in rodents, which almost never move in flocks or herds. Even when they are artificially crowded together, they do not conform in their movements. On the other hand, such behavior is a major system among large hoofed mammals such as sheep. In the pack-hunting carnivores, allelomimetic behavior has another function that of cooperative hunting for large prey animals such as moose. Wolves also defend their dens as a group against larger predators, such as bears. Finally, allelomimetic behavior is highly developed among most primate groups, where it has the principal function of providing warning against predators, though combined defensive behavior is also seen in troops of baboons.
1. The author implies that alMomimetic behavior occurs most often among animals that ______.
A.prey on other animals
B.are less intelligent than their enemies
C.move in groups
D.have one sense organ that dominates perception
A B C D
C
[解析] 在文章第三段最后—句话中可以找到答案:On the other hand, such behavior is a major system among large hoofed mammals such as sheep. (另一方面,这种行为在长蹄的大型哺乳动物如羊群等身上最为普遍。)羊群以群体活动为主,这种行为比其他哺乳动物更普遍,因此C为正确答案。A、B和D三项均不合题意。文中提到过猛禽在猎取prey animals(被掠食者)时也有这种allelomimetic behavior的功能,但发生在它们身上的可能性远没有发生在被掠食动物身上的可能陛大。
2. Which of the following is most clearly an example of allelomimetic?
Passage Five The biosphere is the name biologists give to the sort of skin on the surface of this planet that is inhabitable by living organisms. Most land creatures occupy only the interface between the atmosphere and the land; birds extend their range for a few hundred feet into the atmosphere; burrowing invertebrates such as earthworms may reach a few yards into the soil but rarely penetrate father unless it has been recently disturbed by men. Fish cover a wider range, from just beneath the surface of the sea to those depths of greater than a mile inhabited by specialized creatures. Fungi and bacteria are plentiful in the atmosphere to a height of about half a mile, blown there hy winds from the lower air. Balloon exploration of the stratosphere as long ago as 1936 indicated that moulds and bacteria could be found at heights of several miles, recently the USA's National Aeronautics and Space Administration has detected them, in decreasing numbers, at heights up to eighteen feet, compared with 50 to 100 per cubic foot at two to six miles (the usual altitude of jet aircraft), and they are almost certainly in an inactive state. Marine bacteria have been detected at the bottom of the deep Pacific trench, sometimes as deep as seven miles; they are certainly not inactive. Living microbes have also been obtained on land from cores of rock drilled (while prospecting for oil) at depths of as much as 1,200 feet. Thus we can say, disregarding the exploits of astronauts, that the biosphere has a maximum thickness of about twenty-five miles. Active living processes occur only within a compass of about seven miles, in the sea, on land and in the lower atmosphere, but the majority of living creatures live within a zone of a hundred feet or so. If this planet were scaled down to the size of an orange, the biosphere, at its extreme width, would occupy the thickness of the orange-colored skin, excluding the pith. In this tiny zone of our planet takes place the multitude of chemical and biological activities that we call life. The way in which living creatures interact with each other, depend on each other or compete with each other, has fascinated thinkers since the beginning of recorded history. Living things exist in a fine balance which is often taken for granted for, from a practical point of view, things could not be otherwise. Yet it is a source of continual amazement to scientists because of its intricacy and delicacy. The balance of nature is obvious most often when it is disturbed, yet even here it can seem remarkable how quickly it readjusts itself to a new balance after a disturbance. The science of ecology—the study of the interaction of organisms with their environment—has grown up to deal with the minutiae of the balance of nature.
1. According to the passage, the "biosphere" is the layer on the earth's surface ______.
A.where the atmosphere meets the sea
B.in which birds, fish and animals would die
C.in which plant and animal life can exist
D.in which earthworms and other invertebrates can live
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节题。第一段第一句对生物圈进行了释义,指出生物圈是生物学家们对一个表层的命名,这个表层是inhabitable by living organisms(能够被活着的有机体居住),选项C的plant和animal life全面涵盖了living organisms,因此选项C正确。
2. The writer states that fungi and bacteria ______.
A.are only found below the normal altitude of jet planes
B.have been found well at the normal altitude of jet planes
C.are not found below the surface of the earth
D.are mainly found below the surface of the earth
A B C D
B
[解析] 细节题。第一段中作者谈到,美国研究发现fungi和bacteria在18英尺的高空含量明显减少,而且那里的细菌大多处于不活跃状态(inactive state),而在2至6英尺高度,也就是与the usual altitude of jet aircraft相当的高度,每立方英尺则有50到100个细菌。四个选项中,只有B项“细菌在与喷气式飞机相当的高度能够被找到”符合文意。
3. The passage says that the biosphere ______.
A.extends only 1,200 feet below the earth's surface
B.is about seven miles in width
C.is as much as twenty-five miles in thickness
D.is a zone only about one hundred feet wide
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节题。第一段中作者明确指出disregarding the exploits of astronauts(不考虑外空的探索),the biosphere has a maximum thickness of about twenty-five miles(生物圈最厚的地方可达25英里),选项C正确。
4. According to the text, the balance of nature is ______.
A.something which we should not take for granted
B.most frequently apparent when it is upset
C.only now becoming of interest to scientists
D.very difficult to preserve
A B C D
B
[解析] 细节题。第二段结尾部分,作者谈到The balance of nature is obvious most often when it is disturbed(自然界的平衡在被打乱时表现得最为明显),选项B符合此意,该选项中的apparent对应原文的obvious,表示“明显”;upset对应原文的disturb,表示“打乱”。
5. The writer says that ecology is primarily concerned with the ______.
A.finer details of the balance of nature
B.role of organisms in the environment
C.way living creatures compete with each other
D.way nature readjusts to a new balance
A B C D
A
[解析] 细节题。文章结尾部分,作者阐明了生态学ecology的研究对象是the minutiae of the balance of nature,句中minutiae指的是“微小的细节”,选项A中finer details与minutia相对应。
Passage Six The most interesting architectural phenomenon of the 1970's was the enthusiasm for refurbishing old buildings. Obviously, this was not an entirely new phenomenon. What is new is the wholesale interest in reusing the past, in recycling, in adaptive rehabilitation. A few trial efforts, such as Ghirardelli Square in San Francisco, proved their financial viability in the 1960's, but it was in the 1970's, with strong government support through tax incentives and rapid depreciation, as well as growing interest in ecology issues, that recycling became a major factor on the urban scene. One of the most comprehensive ventures was the restoration and transformation of Boston's eighteenth century Faneuil Hall and the Quincy Market, designed in 1824. This section had fallen on hard times, but beginning with the construction of a new city hall immediately adjacent, it has returned to life with the intelligent reuse of these fine old buildings under the design leadership of Benjamin Thompson. He has provided a marvelous setting for dining, shopping, professional offices, and simply walking. Butler Square, in Minneapolis, exemplifies major changes in its complex of offices, commercial space, and public amenities carved out of a massive pile designed in 1906 as a hardware warehouse. The exciting interior timber structure of the building was highlighted by cutting light courts through the interior and adding large skylights. San Antonio, Texas, offers an object lesson for numerous other cities combating urban decay. Rather than bringing in the bulldozers, San Antonion's leaders rehabilitated existing structures, while simultaneously cleaning up the San Antonio River, which meanders through the business district.
1. What is main idea of the passage?
A.During the 1970's, old buildings in many cities were recycled for modem use.
B.Recent interest in ecology issues has led to the cleaning up of many rivers.
C.The San Antonio example shows that bulldozers are not the way to fight urban decay.
D.Strong government support has made adaptive rehabilitation a reality in Boston.
A B C D
A
[解析] 文章的第一段有明确交代:The most interesting architectural phenomenon of the 1970's was the enthusiasm for refurbishing old buildings. (20世纪70年代,最有趣的建筑现象就是人们对翻新旧建筑的狂热。)这个句子是第一段的主题句,也是全篇文章的论点。文章的第二段、三段、四段为第一段提供了论据和例证,都是为这个论点服务的。
2. What is the space at Quincy Market now used for?
A.Boston's new city hall.
B.Sports and recreational facilities.
C.Commercial and industrial warehouses.
D.Restaurants, offices, and stores.
A B C D
D
[解析] 第二段的最后一句回答了这个问题:He has provided a marvelous setting for dining, shopping, professional offices, and simply walking. (他已经提供了一个非常棒的环境,可以吃饭、购物、办公以及散步。)dining指restaurant;shopping指商店;simply walking指recreation,故D为正确答案。
3. According to the passage, Benjamin Thompson was the designer for a project in ______.
A.San Francisco
B.Boston
C.Minneapolis
D.San Antonio
A B C D
B
[解析] 答案在文中第二段,文章指出:“...it has returned to life with the intelligent reuse of these fine old buildings under the design leadership of Benjamin Thompson. ”it指this section,在这个地区有两座建筑物(Faneuil Hall and Quincy Market)要整修,这是波士顿18世纪的建筑,毫无疑问,本杰明所领导和设计的这项工程发生在波士顿,而不是其他地方。
4. When was the Butler Square building originally built?
A.In the eighteenth century.
B.In the early nineteenth century.
C.In the late nineteenth century.
D.In the early twentieth century.
A B C D
D
[解析] 文章的第三段告诉读者:Butler Square, in Minneapolis, exemplifies major changes in its complex of offices, commercial space, and public amenities carved out of a massive pile designed in 1906 as a hardware warehouse. 根据这段文字可知Butler Square始设计于1906年,所以应该选D20世纪初。
5. What is the author's opinion of the San Antonio project?
A.It is clearly the best of the projects discussed.
B.It is a good project that could be copied in other cities.
C.The extensive use of bulldozers made the project unnecessarily costly.
D.The work done on the river was more important than the work done on the buildings.
A B C D
B
[解析] 作者对San Antonio工程的意见反映在文章的最后一段:San Antonio, Texas, offers an object lesson for numerous other cities combating urban decay. (得克萨斯的San Antonio为其他一些与衰退作斗争的城市提供了可供借鉴的例证。)若选A,文章中并没有说它是所谈到的最好的工程;C项,文章中也没有说它们给工程造成不必要的损失。D项,哪项工作重要,哪项工作不重要,作者没有对它们进行比较。
PartⅤ Writing
1. Directions: Please read the following article in Chinese carefully, and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that you cover all the major points of the article. 数月前,比尔·克林顿和托尼·布莱尔联合宣布了科学史上最伟大的成就之一:揭秘人类基因组或日“生命之书”。2月份,科学家们首次一展实验证据,在《自然》和《科学》两杂志上发表了官方的人类基因组序列论文。 两家旗鼓相当的测序对手机构——公共人类基因组计划和美国生物技术赛莱拉公司——完成了大量的科学论文。他们给出的最令人惊讶的结论是:人类拥有的基因数那么少,只不过3万个左右。这与小鼠的基因数目相当,是果蝇或线虫基因数目的两倍。绝大多数科学家预测人类有10万个基因,有的科学家则估计达14万个。 美国怀特海德基因组研究中心主任埃里克·兰德说:“这么少的基因数目对人类的尊严似乎是某种冒犯啊。” 正如赛莱拉总裁克雷格·温特所说的那样,“基因无所谓‘好’、‘坏’,只存在着不同层次、不同联系的网络活动,以及对干扰作出反应的敏感程度的不同。一个基因等于一种疾病,或说一个基因制造一种关键性的蛋白质的学说,已被彻底否定。” 没有人能说出究竟有多少蛋白质。这个问题的答案需要等上几年,由新兴的蛋白质学告诉我们。蛋白质学是继基因组学之后即将出现的新学科。但是,温特博士估计人类有25万种不同的蛋白质,也就是说每一个基因负责大约10个蛋白质,从而执行人体内的基本任务。 一些专家说,未料到人类基因数目如此少,但这对医学可能是个好消息,因为这样需要弄明白的基因就较少。不好的是,从相反的角度来看,它们也会发挥同样的功能,即基因间的复杂相互作用有可能对像利用基因疗法中改变一、两个基因就能治病的过程带来更大的困难。但这也有可能部分地解释了为什么基因疗法在过去十多年的临床实践中一直给出令人失望的结果。而新兴的干细胞技术用有潜能的新细胞替代失去功能的细胞,有可能产生更理想的结果,因为病人一下子接受到的是全部完整的遗传系统。 发现DNA差异是人类基因组工程未完成工作的最重要的一个部分。例如,这可能是药物基因组学的基础,这也就解释了为什么患某种特殊疾病的某些人比另一些人对某种药物治疗反应好的原因。 研究工作的另一个途径是把人类基因组与其他动物的作详细对比。它们间的差异将会帮助我们揭开基因多种功能。同时,技术专家们正在忙着降低DNA测序成本,即个人基因组可以在基因芯片上按程序读出。哈佛大学利佩尔计算遗传学中心主任乔治·丘奇指出,将来一个人基因组的信息可以存放在计算机的DVD盘里。 注意:写作部分要求50分钟内完成。
[范文] Several months ago, Bill Clinton and Tony Blair linked up to proclaim one of science's greatest achievements: Decoding the human gene or "book of life". Their most striking conclusion is how few genes we have: around 30,000. That is about the same number as a mouse. No one knows how many proteins there are. The answer will be revealed over the next few years by the emerging field of proteomics, successor to genomics20. Some experts were saying that the unexpectedly low number of human genes would be good for medicine, since there are fewer genes to understand. But it could work equally well in the opposite direction: the complex interactions between genes may make it harder to cure disease by changing one or two of them, for example through gene therapy. Discovering the DNA differences that matter is one of the most important pieces of unfinished business for the human genome project. Another important avenue of research will be to compare the human genome in detail with other animals. Meanwhile, technologists are working to drive down the costs of DNA sequencing so individual human genomes can routinely be read out on gene chips.