Section A Directions: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said. The question will be read only once. After you hear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
[听力原文] W: What's this? I hear about your appearing on the six o'clock news. M: Oh that, some people were filming something on campus and I just happened to pass in front of the camera. Q: What does the man mean?
[解析] 男士解释说自己出现在早新闻的电视画面上纯属无意。
2.
A.In a doctor's office.
B.In an operating room.
C.In a professor's office.
D.In a gymnasium.
A B C D
A
[听力原文] M: I have an appointment to see Doctor Gram for a physical examination. W: Please have a seat. She is in surgery right now. Q: Where does this conversation probably take place?
[解析] 从“Please have a seat. She is in surgery right now. ”可知对话应该发生在医生办公室。
3.
A.She needs to improve her study skills.
B.She'll feel better if she get some rest.
C.She should make a doctor's appointment.
D.Her medication isn't working well.
A B C D
B
[听力原文] W: I feel awful. I'm thinking if I'm going to the clinic, maybe they would give me something to make me feel better. M: I'm no expert, but I know how hectic your schedule has been these days between your studying for finals and your part time job. You never go back to the dorm before midnight. Maybe you should try slowing down a little. Q: What does the man mean?
[解析] 从“Maybe you should try slowing down a little. ”可知男士建议女士应适当休息,放慢一下节奏。
4.
A.Throw the clothes away.
B.Make a donation of his old clothes.
C.Try to sell his old clothes.
D.Save the clothes to give to his friend.
A B C D
B
[听力原文] M: I'm selecting some of my old clothes for my closet. W: Why don't you put them in the bag for charity? Q: What does the woman mean?
[解析] 从“Why don't you put them in the bag for charity?”可知女士建议把旧衣服打包捐赠。
5.
A.Use cream on her rash.
B.See if her rash improves in a few days.
C.Check out a medical book from the library.
D.See a doctor about her rash.
A B C D
D
[听力原文] W: This rash on my arm is driving me crazy. What do you think it could be? M: I really couldn't say for sure, but it looks like something you ought to have checked out. Q: What does the man imply the woman should do?
[听力原文] M: Thank goodness spring break starts next week. Are you doing anything special? W: I have been planning to go to Florida with a friend of mine. But since she's backed out, everything's sort of on hold. Q: What does the woman mean?
[解析] 女士说本来打算和朋友去佛罗里达,但她朋友放弃,因此她什么都确定不了。
7.
A.She hurt her foot.
B.Her health problem has come back again,
C.She's feeling better now.
D.She needs an operation soon.
A B C D
C
[听力原文] M: Hi, Susan, how are you doing? I heard you had an operation over the spring break. W: Yes, Jack, thanks for asking. I was pretty much out of condition for a few weeks. But finally I'm back on my feet again. Q: How is Susan now?
[解析] 从“But finally I'm back in my feet again. ”最后我又能站起来了。可知她好多了。
8.
A.More doctors should be doing research.
B.He is studying to be a doctor.
C.An important new medical treatment may be available soon.
D.He has already tried the new medicine.
A B C D
C
[听力原文] W: Did you read today's newspaper? I heard there is something about a new wonder drug. M: I did read an article about medical researchers being on the verge of a major breakthrough. Q: What are they talking about?
[解析] 从“medical researchers being on the verge of a major breakthrough”可知医学研究人员即将取得重大突破。on the verge of“接近于”。
9.
A.Go to bed earlier.
B.Go to the gym less often.
C.Go to the gym later in the day.
D.Go to the gym with a friend.
A B C D
B
[听力原文] M: They say the exercise is good for me, but I don't know. I mean dragging myself out of bed six days and every day to go to the gym is reeking havoc on my sleeping schedule. W: Sure, but who says you need to go everyday? Q: What does the woman imply the man should do?
[解析] 由“but who says you need to go everyday?”可知女士觉得他没必要每天都去。
10.
A.Her hometown doctor works at the student health center.
B.She cannot help the man choose a doctor.
C.She didn't know she needed a physical exam to play basketball.
D.The man should visit a doctor in his hometown.
A B C D
B
[听力原文] M: Can you recommend one of the doctors in the students help center? I'll get a physical exam before they let me play basketball. W: Sorry, my hometown is so close so I just drive back there whenever I need to see a doctor. Q: What does the woman mean?
[解析] 从“sorry, my hometown is so close so I just drive back there whenever I need to C a doctor”可知女士不能帮男士推荐医生。
C.He forgot to take the medicine for his headache.
D.His head still hurts.
A B C D
D
[听力原文] W: Oh my, you still don't look too good. Didn't you take the pain reliever I gave you? M: Yeah, an hour ago. Guess I've got a headache that just won't quit. Q: What does the man mean?
[解析] 由“Guess I've got a headache that just won't quit”可知他现在头还在疼。“quit”此处指“去除,根除”。
12.
A.Meet at the bus stop.
B.Finish their candy bars.
C.Get off the bus at the next stop.
D.Meet in front of the rest rooms.
A B C D
A
[听力原文] W: My fingers are sticky from that candy bar. Do you mind ifI use the restroom to wash up before we leave? M: Sure, I'll be over at the bus stop. Q: What will the speakers probably do next?
[解析] 从“Sure, I'll be over at the bus stop. ”可知两人会在公车站碰面。
13.
A.Visit her more often.
B.Stop arguing in front of other people.
C.Call her if they need her help.
D.Give her their new address.
A B C D
B
[听力原文] M: It's not fun being around Debbie and Mike these days. All they do is quarrel. W: I've noticed it too. I wish they would keep their squabbles to themselves. Q: What does the woman want Debbie and Mike to do?
[解析] 女士认为Debbie和Mike不该当着别人的面争吵。
14.
A.It wasn't open on Mondays.
B.Its opening had been postponed.
C.It was going to close before Monday.
D.It didn't deserve the praise I received.
A B C D
C
[听力原文] W: I'm going to see the sculpture exhibition at the University Museum next Monday. M: Oh, you mean they've decided to hold it over? Q: What had the man assumed about the exhibition?
[解析] hold over是指“延期”。男士原来以为周一前雕塑展就结束了。
15.
A.He doesn't like wearing one.
B.He doesn't feel professional wearing one.
C.He doesn't wear one in his department.
D.He doesn't want to pay for one.
A B C D
D
[听力原文] W: I know it's only a piece of clothing, but something about wearing a white lab coat makes me feel really, well, professional. M: Yeah, but I think the department should be paying for them, not us. Q: What does the man say about lab coats?
[解析] 从“I think the department should be paying for them, not us. ”可推知。
Section B Directions: In this section you will hear three passages. After each one, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the f our possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
[听力原文] W: So how are you feeling? M: Much better now that I began taking an antibiotic. Student health gave me one, and it's really help. You know what amazes me is that the human races survive before antibiotics. W: I agree. When my father was a young boy in the 1940's, he got blood poisoning and would have died. But his doctor had heard of this new drug, called penicillin. M: Wow, he was really lucky. And now we have lots of antibiotics that kill bacteria. W: Well, penicillin kills bacteria, but not all antibiotics do. Some are just slowing the bacteria down until our normal immune defenses can finish the job. Tetracycline works that way. M: Wow, you are a fund of drug trivia. How do you know all these? W: My mother used to look up all our medicines, prescription and non-prescription. There are lots of books around. It's interesting. What antibiotic are you taking? M: I don't remember. It's on the bottle. I think I'll take a new look at the label and drop by the library to see if they have reference books on medicines. See you in lab tomorrow.
What are the speakers mainly discussing?
[解析] 男士生病了,在吃抗生素,女士询问他的病情,随后两人便聊起了抗生素。
2.
A.Blood poisoning.
B.A penicillin.
C.A heart attack.
D.An car accident.
A B C D
A
[听力原文] What caused her father almost to die in the 1940's?
[解析] blood poisoning意为“败血病”。
3.
A.To give an example of a bad reaction to penicillin.
B.To show how penicillin has changed over the years.
C.To emphasize the importance of antibiotics.
D.To explain why penicillin requires a prescription.
A B C D
C
[听力原文] Why does the woman tell the story about her father?
[解析] 女士讲她父亲得败血病的故事是为了说明抗生素的重要性。
4.
A.In a pharmacology course.
B.From her mother.
C.At the student health center.
D.From her doctor.
A B C D
B
[听力原文] Where did the woman learn about antibiotics?
[解析] 从“My mother used to look up all our medicines, prescription and non-prescription. ”可知。
5.
A.Look up some information about his medicine.
B.Take an extra dose of his medicine.
C.Ask his doctor to change his prescription.
D.Begin to do research for his lab project.
A B C D
A
[听力原文] What will the man probably do next?
[解析] 男士说要drop by the library to see if they have reference books on medicines,可知他要到图书馆看医学方面的参考书。
D.Types of chemical products created with enzymes.
A B C D
A
[听力原文] Let's begin today by discussing enzymes. Enzymes are what make many of the body's biochemical reactions possible. Actually biochemical reactions can take place without them, but at much lower rates. In fact an enzyme may cause a reaction to proceed billions of times faster than it would otherwise. Before I go on to the biochemical specifics of how this works, let me provide a figurative example. I think it will help illustrate the power of enzymes more clearly. Now, suppose you got a bag and you put a bunch of locks in it, just small padlocks. Then you put in all the keys that go with the locks. And you closed the bag and shook it hard. No matter how long you shook, chances are very small that any key would get inserted in any of the locks. But if you took them all out of the bag and this time used your hands to insert the keys in the locks, you could combine them much quicker. Enzymes act like your hands, quickly allowing chemical reactions that would otherwise take much longer. Now, there are two reasons that enzymes are so effective at enabling biochemical reactions. First, enzymes greatly reduce the amount of energy required to start the reactions, and with less energy needed the reactions can proceed a lot faster than they could without the enzyme. The second reason is that a small amount of an enzyme is needed to enable the biochemical reaction. That's because the chemical structure of the enzyme itself does not become altered as if enables the reaction. So a single enzyme can be used to start the same biochemical reaction over and over again.
What is the passage mainly about?
[解析] 纵观全文,可知文章讲的是酶对化学反应的影响。
2.
A.It divides into two different parts.
B.It keeps the same chemical structure.
C.It becomes part of a new chemical compound.
D.It produces more of the enzyme.
A B C D
B
[听力原文] What point does the professor make about an enzyme when it is involved in a biochemical reaction?
[解析] 酶在化学反应过程中自身化学结构不发生变化。
3.
A.Provide extra energy to start the reaction.
B.Raise the temperature of the chemicals.
C.Release a chemical needed to start the reaction.
D.Lower the amount of energy needed to start the reaction.
A B C D
D
[听力原文] What do enzymes do to help start a biochemical reaction?
[解析] 酶可以极大减少发生反应所需的能量。
4.
A.To show that enzymes are very effective.
B.To point out that enzymes can sometimes fail to work.
C.To explain what enzymes are made of.
D.To describe different types of enzymes.
A B C D
A
[听力原文] Why does the professor talk about locks and keys?
[解析] 从“In fact an enzyme may cause a reaction to proceed billions of times faster than it would otherwise. ”可知教授举挂锁和钥匙的例子是为了说明酶的高效。
5.
A.Enzymes are what make many of the body's biochemical reactions possible.
B.Enzymes are what make many of the body's chemical reactions possible.
C.Enzymes are what make many of the body's reactions possible.
D.Enzymes are what make many of the body's biochemical reactions impossible.
A B C D
A
[听力原文] What is enzymes?
[解析] 从“Enzymes are what make many of the body's biochemical reactions possible. ”可知。
A.The replacement of the harpsichord by the piano.
B.The development of electronic musical instruments.
C.The relative costs of different types of musical instruments.
D.The performance of classical music on synthesizers.
A B C D
B
[听力原文] We are rapidly nearing the end of this course in the history of classical music. We have covered several centuries in a very short time. Much too short to do the music justice, of course, but then this is a survey course. From now until the end of the term, we'll be talking about and listening to electronic music. You probably already know it was in the 1930's that musical computers and synthesizers first appeared in universities. The first commercial synthesizers were sold about this time, too. The sophistication and complexity of these instruments has now increased to the point that they can produce almost any kind of sound. Some alarmists believe these new instruments will bring an end to classical music or they've already have. You know I don't share this view, though I agree we are in the midst of a revolution in instrument design. This, however, is not the first such revolution in musical history and probably not the last one either. Remember we've already studied a similar case in the early nineteenth century when the piano replaced the harpsichord and modem brass and wind instruments came into being. One of the most important reasons for the great popularity of electronic instruments is of course their relatively cheap price. Well, just look at it. Only about 400 dollars for an electronic keyboard compared to nearly 3,000 dollars for a piano. Naturally, this has done a lot to increase sales of electronic instruments. But I don't think even the most ardent supporters of electronic instruments expect them to completely replace acoustic instruments.
What is the speaker's main topic?
[解析] 纵观全文,主题是电子乐器的发展。
2.
A.At the beginning.
B.In the middle.
C.Near the end.
D.Just after the end.
A B C D
C
[听力原文] At what point in the semester is this talk being given?
[解析] 从“We are rapidly nearing the end of this course in the history of classical music. ”可知。
3.
A.He is surprised by it.
B.He disagrees with it.
C.He thinks it is too soon to tell.
D.He is alarmed by it.
A B C D
B
[听力原文] What is the speaker's opinion of the idea that electronic instruments will destroy classical music?
[解析] 从“You know I don't share this view, though I agree we are in the midst of a revolution in instrument design. ”可知讲演者不同意这个观点。
4.
A.In the early nineteenth century.
B.In the late nineteenth century.
C.In the early twentieth century.
D.In the mid-twentieth century.
A B C D
A
[听力原文] When does the speaker say that another significant change in instrument design took place?
[解析] 由“Remember we've already studied a similar case in the early nineteenth century when the piano replaced the harpsichord”可知是在19世纪早期。
5.
A.The electronic instrument is much more expensive.
B.The electronic instrument is slightly more expensive.
C.The piano is slightly more expensive.
D.The piano is much more expensive.
A B C D
D
[听力原文] According to the speaker, how does the price of the electronic keyboard compared with the price of the piano?
[解析] 文中说“Only about 400 dollars for an electronic keyboard compared to nearly 3000 dollars for a piano. ”,很显然,钢琴比电子琴贵很多。
PartⅡ Vocabulary
Section A Directions: In this section all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D, are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then, mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
1. Sometimes you can get quite ______ when you are trying to communicate with someone in English.
Section B Directions: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
1. Peter was seen crying when he came out of the office. We can deduce that he must have been punished.
10. The boss felt suspicious about the truth of the account, therefore, he determined to get down to having a good check.
A.mistrustful
B.furious
C.considerate
D.depressed
A B C D
C
[解析] 题干:律师建议他撤诉,因为他几乎没有胜诉的可能。event事件(强调有非同寻常的意义);incident事变,事件;case案例,病例;affair事务。只有case可以与动词drop搭配,drop the case意为“撤诉”。
PartⅢ Cloze Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices marked A, B, C and D on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, but this is largely because, 1 animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses are 2 to perceiving those smells which float through the air, missing the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact, though, we are extremely sensitive to smells, even if we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of 3 human smells even when these are 4 to far below one part in one million. Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, whereas others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate 5 smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send 6 to the brain. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell at first can suddenly become sensitive to it when 7 to it often enough. The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that brain finds it inefficient to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can 8 new receptors if necessary. This may also explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells we simply do not need to be. We are not 9 of the usual smell of our own house but we notice new smells when we visit someone else's. The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors 10 for unfamiliar and emergency signals such as the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.
PartⅣ Reading Comprehension Directions: In this section there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choices on the ANSWER SHEET.
Passage One When a heart-lung machine was invented that could take over the job of the heart, put oxygen into the blood and keep the circulation going during surgery, surgeons could stop the heart while they were cutting and suturing. Recently, in certain cases, some surgeons have begun operating without the pump while the heart continues to beat. "The benefits of off-pump surgery are tremendous for patients who meet the criteria for this procedure," said Dr. Jim Zellner with the Alliance of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgeons. "There is less need for blood products, less chance of complications during and after surgery, earlier recovery and earlier return to regular activity." Seawood Murray felt he was led by God to find Dr. Zellner and Memorial Hospital and to have off-pump surgery. A veteran of the United States Navy as a nuclear weapons security officer and commanding officer of a mine assembly group for more than 31 years, Seawood has never complained about stress or pain. He saw three tours of duty off the coast of Vietnam. However, after suffering from chest pain for almost a year and being misdiagnosed with chronic heartburn, Seawood knew something was seriously wrong. At the Veteran's hospital in Murfreesboro, he learned he had heart disease and was told to come back in six weeks. "I didn't want to wait that long and asked for a referral to The Chattanooga Heart Institute," Seawood said. "Dr. Noel Hunt found that 40% of my heart was not getting the amount of blood it needed to operate properly." Four days later, Seawood was undergoing off-pump triple bypass surgery at Memorial Hospital under the hand of Dr. Zellner. "I was sitting up that evening, walking around the second day and feeling good enough to go home the third day, but I stayed till the fourth morning," Seawood said. "Two others who had on-pump bypass surgery the same day I had mine off-pump were barely walking when I left."
1. How do surgeons usually operate on a heart-attacker according to the passage?
A.They operate without a pump.
B.They operate with a heart-lung machine.
C.They operate by stopping the heart.
D.They operate with nothing but cutting and suturing.
A B C D
B
[解析] 细节题。从第一段的句子When a heart-lung machine was invented..., surgeons could stop the heart...Recently,...some surgeons have begun operating without the pump...中可得出答案。
2. Which of the following statements is NOT the benefit of off-pump surgery?
A.The heart-attack patients will be recovered in one day.
B.There are fewer chances for heart-attack patients to suffer from other new diseases during the course of hear attack.
C.Off-pump surgery needs fewer blood products.
D.The heart-attack patients will be well again earlier.
A B C D
A
[解析] 推理题。从第二段的句子“...less need for blood products, less chance of complications..., earlier recovery and earlier return to regular activity. (输血更少,手术期间和手术后患并发症的可能性小,康复更快,也能使患者更快地恢复正常活动。)”中可得出B,C,D是无泵手术的好处。而从文章最后一段的句子“...I was sitting up at evening, walking around the second day and feeling good enough to go home the third day, but I stayed till the fourth morning, ”(我头天晚上坐起来,第二天下地溜达,第三天感觉很好觉得可以回家了,但是我还是待到了第四天早上。)可知无泵手术病人不可能在一天内康复,故答案为A。
3. What's wrong with Seawood Murray?
A.He suffered from chronic heartburn.
B.He suffered from heart attack.
C.He had three tours of duty off the coast of Vietnam.
D.His heart couldn't get blood it needed to operate.
A B C D
B
[解析] 细节题。从第五段的句子“However, after suffering from chest pain...he learned he had heart disease...”(然而,他胸疼之后,知道自己得了心脏病。)中可得出答案。
4. What did Dr. Zellner do for Seawood Murray's disease?
A.Dr. Zellner gave him a surgery with a heart-lung machine.
B.Dr. Zellner diagnosed his disease as chronic heartburn.
C.Dr. Zellner gave him an off-pump triple bypass surgery.
D.Dr. Zellner referred him to another hospital.
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节题。从倒数第二段的句子“...Seawood was undergoing off-pump triple bypass surgery... under the hand of Dr. Zellner. (做了一个无泵三重旁通管手术)”中可得出答案。
5. What can we learn from the last paragraph?
A.Seawood Murray could hardly walk four days after the surgery.
B.Seawood Murray got recovered more slowly than other patients.
C.Seawood Murray felt well and went home the third day after the surgery.
D.Seawood Murray went home the fourth day after the surgery.
Passage Two The brain is organized into different regions, each responsible for different functions, and in humans this organization is very marked. The largest parts of the brain are the cerebral hemispheres, which occupy most of the interior of the skull. They are layered structures, the most complex being the outer layer, known as the cerebral cortex, where the nerve cells are extremely densely packed to allow great interconnectivity. Its function is not fully understood, but we can get some indication of its purpose from studies of animals that have had it removed. A dog, for example, can still move in a coordinated manner, will eat and sleep, and even bark if it is disturbed. However, it also becomes blind and loses its sense of smell-more significantly, perhaps, it loses all interest in its environment, not responding to people or to its name, nor to other dogs, even of the opposite sex. It also loses all ability to learn. In effect, it loses the characteristics that we generally refer to as indicating intelligence-awareness, interest and interaction with an environment, and an ability to adapt and learn. Thus the cerebral cortex seems to be the seat of the higher order functions of the brain, and the core of intelligence. The cerebral cortex has been the subject of investigation by researchers for many years, and is slowly revealing its secrets. It demonstrates a localization of functions, in that different areas of the cortex fulfill different functions, such as motion control, hearing, and vision. The visual part of the cortex is especially interesting. In the visual cortex, electrical stimulation of the cells can produce the sensation of light, and detailed analysis has shown that specific layers of neurons are sensitive to particular orientations of input stimuli, so that one layer responds maximally to horizontal lines, while another responds to vertical ones. Although much of this structure is genetically pre-determined, the orientation-specific layout of the cells appears to be learnt at an early stage. Animals brought up in an environment of purely horizontal lines do not develop neuron structures that respond to vertical orientations, showing that these structures are developed due to environmental input and not purely from genetic pre-determination. This is called self-organization of the visual cortex since there is no external teacher to guide the development of these structures.
1. The organization of brain is characterized by ______.
A.the interior of the skull
B.different regions responsible for different functions
C.the outer layer-the cerebral cortex
D.the nerve cells densely packed
A B C D
B
[解析] 细节题。脑组织的特点在文章第一句中就给予了清楚的说明:“The brain is organised into different regions, each responsible for different functions, and in humans this organization is very marked. ”(大脑被分成不同的区域,每一个区域负责不同的功能,而在人体内这种区分是非常显著的。)因此,B为正确答案。
2. According to the passage, a dog can still move in a coordinated manner, will eat and sleep, and even bark when ______ is (are) removed.
A.nerve cells
B.the skull
C.the hemispheres
D.the cerebral cortex
A B C D
D
[解析] 细节题。文章第一段表明“Its function is not fully understood, but we can get some indication of its purpose from studies of animals that have had it removed. ”(它的功能没有被充分地理解,但是我们能从对摘除了大脑皮层的动物的研究中得到一些启示。)这里its function指的就是the cerebral cortex's function(大脑皮层的功能).同时后面所举的例子就是本题题目所说的狗的情况,因此选D。
3. The word "seat" in the first paragraph means ______.
A.a chair
B.part of the body
C.place where something is or where something is carried on
D.cortex
A B C D
C
[解析] 词汇题。本题问seat在文中的含义。文章第一段最后一句说“Thus the cerebral cortex seems to be the seat of the higher order functions of the brain, and the core of intelligence. ”那么B和D不合适,第一段中间“They are layered structures,...allow great interconnectivity. ”说明了the cerebral codex是神经细胞极其高度集中的地方,因此C为最佳选项。
4. The visual part of the cortex is especially interesting because ______.
A.specific layers of neurons are sensitive to particular orientations of input stimuli.
B.much of the structure is genetically pre-determined
C.horizontal lines are stimulated
D.vertical lines are stimulated
A B C D
A
[解析] 细节题。依据文章第二段中“The visual part of the cortex is especially interesting. ...and detailed analysis has shown that specific layers of neurons are sensitive to particular orientations of input stimuli,...”(大脑皮层的视觉部分特别有趣……详细的分析已经表明某些神经层对某些特定部位的刺激输入很敏感。)可确定A为正确答案。
5. Which of the following headings is the best title for this passage?
Passage Three Most people would be impressed by the high quality of medicine available to most Americans. There is a lot of specialization, a great deal of attention to the individual, a vast amount of advanced technical equipment, and intense effort not to make mistakes because of the financial risk which doctors and hospitals must face in the courts if they handle things badly. But the Americans are in a mess. The problem is the way in which health care is organized and financed. Contrary to public belief, it is not just a free competition system. To the private system has been joined a large public system, because private care was simply not looking after the less fortunate and the elderly. But even with this huge public part of the system, which this year will eat up 84.5 billion dollars—more than 10 percent of the U.S. budget—large numbers of Americans are left out. These include about half the 11 million unemployed and those who fail to meet the strict limits on income fixed by a government trying to make savings where it can. The basic problem, however, is that there is no central control over the health system. There is no limit to what doctors and hospitals charge for their services. Other than what the public is able to pay. The number of doctors has shot up and prices have climbed. When faced with toothache, a sick child, or a heart attack, all the unfortunate person concerned can do is pay up. Two-thirds of the population are covered by medical insurance. Doctors charge as much as they want knowing that the insurance company will pay the bill. The medical profession has as a result become America's new big businessmen. The average income of doctors has now reached $100,000 a year. With such vast incomes the talk in the doctor's surgery is as likely to be about the doctor's latest financial deal, as about whether the minor operation he is recommending at several thousand dollars is entirely necessary. The rising cost of medicine in the U.S.A. is among the most worrying problem facing the country. In 1981 the country's health cost climbed 15.9 percent—about twice as fast as prices in general.
1. In the U.S. patients can expect, in medical treatment, ______.
A.occasional mistakes by careless doctors
B.a great deal of personal attention
C.low charge by doctors and hospitals
D.stacking nurses and bad services
A B C D
B
[解析] 细节题。第一段提到美国的医疗措施很不错,专业化很强,对病人照顾周全,医疗器械也很先进等。A、C两项与原文内容不符;B项和文中“a great deal of attention to the individual”是一致的;D项在文中没有体现。故答案为B。
2. Doctors and hospitals try hard to avoid making mistakes because ______.
Passage Four Cell membranes act as barriers to most, but not all, molecules. Development of a cell membrane that could allow some materials to pass while constraining the movement of other molecules was a major step in the evolution of the cell. Cell membranes are differentially permeable barriers separating the inner cellular environment from the outer cellular (or external) environment. Water potential is the tendency of water to move from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration. Energy exists in two forms: potential and kinetic. Water molecules move according to differences in potential energy between where they are and where they are going. Gravity and pressure are two enabling forces for this movement. These forces also operate in the hydrologic (water) cycle. Remember in the hydrologic cycle that water runs downhill (likewise it falls from the sky, to get into the sky it must be acted on by the sun and evaporated, thus needing energy input to power the cycle). Diffusion is the net movement of a substance (liquid or gas) from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration. You are on a large (10 ft x 10 ft x 10 ft) elevator. An obnoxious individual with a lit cigar gets on at the third floor with the cigar still burning. You are also unfortunate enough to be in a very tall building and the person says "Hey we're both going to the 62nd floor!" Disliking smoke you move to the farthest comer you can. Eventually you are unable to escape the smoke! An example of diffusion in action. Nearer the source the concentration of a given substance increases. You probably experience this in class when someone arrives freshly doused in perfume or cologne, especially the cheap stuff. Since the molecules of any substance (solid, liquid, or gas) are in motion when that substance is above absolute zero (0 degrees Kelvin or -273 degrees C), energy is available for movement of the molecules from a higher potential state to a lower potential state, just as in the case of the water discussed above. The majority of the molecules move from higher to lower concentration, although there will be some that move from low to high. The overall (or net) movement is thus from high to low concentration. Eventually, if no energy is input into the system the molecules will reach a state of equilibrium where they will be distributed equally throughout the system. The cell membrane functions as a semi-permeable barrier, allowing a very few molecules across it while fencing the majority of organically produced chemicals inside the cell. Electron microscopic examinations of cell membranes have led to the development of the lipid bilayer model (also referred to as the fluid-mosaic model). The most common molecule in the model is the phospholipid, which has a polar (hydrophilic) head and two nonpolar (hydrophobic) tails. These phospholipids are aligned tail to tail so the nonpolar areas form a hydrophobic region between the hydrophilic heads on the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane. This layering is termed a bilayer since an electron microscopic technique known as freeze-fracturing is able to split the bilayer.
5. The development of the lipid bilayers model ______.
A.owes to the studies on the hydrophilic heads on the inner and outer surface of the membrane
B.paves the way to the research of cell membranes
C.is the result of electron microscopic examinations of cell membranes
D.leads to the development of an electron microscopic technique
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节题。根据第五段第二句,Electron microscopic examinations of cell membranes have led to the development of the lipid bilayer model (also referred to as the find-mosaic model). (细胞膜的电子显微镜检查导致了脂类双分子层模型的发展。)这句话说明“lipid bilayer model”是电子显微镜细胞检查的结果。
Passage Five Breast cancer is second only to skin cancer as the most common malignancy diagnosed in women in the United States. In 2001, about 192,200 new cases of invasive breast cancer were diagnosed and 40,200 women died of the disease. Only lung cancer accounts for more cancer deaths in women. The incidence of breast cancer has increased over the last 20 years. Although some of the increase can be attributed to changes in reproductive patterns, such as delayed childbearing and having fewer children, much of the rise is due to the increased detection of smaller, earlier-stage cancers with the widespread adoption of mammography screening in asymptomatic women. According to data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program, incidence rates of tumors less than 2.0cm in diameter more than doubled from 1980 to 1987, whereas rates of tumors greater than 3.0cm decreased by 27%. In particular, incidence rates of in situ breast cancer have risen dramatically over the last 25 years. The annual increase in age-adjusted ductal carcinoma in situ incidence rates from 1983 to 1992 was 17.5%. Although the incidence of breast cancer has been increasing, there has been a decline in breast cancer mortality. Death rates decreased 1.6% annually between 1989 and 1995, then 3.4% annually between 1995 and 1998. This improvement in the mortality rate has been attributed to both mammography screening and improvements in breast cancer treatment. Breast cancer has a number of identifiable risk factors. Aside from a personal history of breast cancer, the most important risk factor in women is age. Between 1994 and 1998, 77% of new cases of breast cancer and 84% of breast cancer deaths occurred in women older than 50 years. Other nonmodifiable risk factors include family history, age at birth of the woman's first child, early menarche, and late menopause. Potentially modifiable risk factors include alcohol consumption, use of postmenopausal hormones, and obesity after menopause. Risk factors and their relative risk are listed in table 1 in order of the strength of their association. Although most breast cancer cases are sporadic, up to 10% are linked to genetic predisposition. Women with a family history of breast cancer, especially in a first-degree relative (ie, mother, sister, or daughter), have an increased risk of breast cancer. In general, a "positive family history" of breast cancer confers a relative risk of 2.0 to 3.0, with the degree of risk varying directly with the closeness of the relationship. Paternal and maternal relatives with breast cancer contribute similarly to the increased risk. Most women with a family history of breast cancer do not have a history striking enough to suggest the presence of an inherited breast cancer syndrome. In many cases, primary care physicians can readily distinguish between families with heritable cancers and those with several sporadic cases. Women at high risk of inherited breast cancers typically have several relatives with breast cancer diagnosed before age 45 to 50 and may also have a family history of bilateral breast cancer, ovarian cancer, or male breast cancer.
1. The author of the passage is mainly concerned with ______.
2. The author implies that there were fewer cases of breast cancer in the past ______.
A.because they were not detected with mammography screening in asymptomatic women
B.because many women did not have as many children as they do now
C.because they were smaller than they are now
D.because breast cancer was not common in childbearing women
A B C D
A
[解析] 推理题。根据第二段Although some of the increase can be attributed to changes in reproductive patterns,...,much of the rise is due to the increased detection of smaller, earlier-stage cancers with the widespread adoption of mammography screening in asymptomatic women. (尽管乳腺癌发病率的提高一部分可以归咎于繁殖方式的变化,……,但是主要还是因为随着乳腺扫描仪的发明许多无症状病例和早期病例被发现造成的。)可以推断出过去乳腺癌发病率较低的原因之一可能是由于没有发明出乳腺扫描仪,故许多无症状病例未被发现。
3. The incidence of breast cancer has increased while mortality has decreased owing to ______.
A.reduced risk factors
B.changed reproductive patterns
C.regular mammography screening and improvements in breast cancer treatment
D.the annual increase in age-adjusted ductal carcinoma in situ incidence rate
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节题。根据第三段This improvement in the mortality rate has been attributed to both mammography screening and improvements in breast cancer treatment. (死亡率的降低归功于乳腺扫描仪和乳腺癌治疗方法的改善。)可知C是正确答案。
4. Risk factors of breast cancer do NOT include which of the following?
A.The most common malignancy diagnosed in the United States.
B.Delayed childbearing and having fewer children.
C.Alcohol consumption and use of postmenopausal hormones.
5. According to the passage, women with a family history of breast cancer ______.
A.may not necessarily have an inherited breast cancer syndrome
B.do not have any striking history of breast cancer
C.have an increased risk of breast cancer
D.usually have a family history of sporadic breast cancer
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节题。根据第五段Women with a family history of breast cancer,...,have an increased risk of breast cancer(有如乳腺癌家族史的女性患乳腺癌的危险性高。)得知,正确答案为C。
Passage Six For some time scientists have believed that cholesterol plays a major role in heart disease because people with familial hypercholesterolemia, a genetic defect, have six to eight times the normal level of cholesterol in their blood and they invariably develop heart disease. These people lack cell-surface receptors for low-density lipoproteins (LDL's), which are the fundamental carriers of blood cholesterol to the body cells that use cholesterol. Without an adequate number of cell-surface receptors to remove LDL's from the blood, the cholesterol-carrying LDL's remain in the blood, increasing blood cholesterol levels. Scientists also noticed that people with familial hypercholesterolemia appear to produce more LDL's than normal individuals. How, scientists wondered, could a genetic mutation that causes a slowdown in the removal of LDL's from the blood also result in an increase in the synthesis of this cholesterol-carrying protein? Since scientists could not experiment on human body tissue, their knowledge of familial hypercholesterolemia was severely limited. However, a breakthrough came in the laboratories of Yoshio Watanabe of Kobe University in Japan in 1980. Watanabe noticed that a male rabbit in his colony had ten times the normal concentration of cholesterol in its blood. By appropriate breeding, Watanabe obtained a strain of rabbits that had very high cholesterol levels. These rabbits spontaneously developed heart disease. To his surprise, Watanabe further found that the rabbits, like humans with familial hypercholesterolemia, lacked LDL receptors. Thus, scientists could study these Watanabe rabbits to gain a better understanding of familial hypercholesterolemia in humans. Prior to the breakthrough at Kobe University, it was known that LDL's are secreted from the liver in the form of a precursor, called very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL's), which carry triglycerides as well as relatively small amounts of cholesterol. The triglycerides are removed from the VLDL's by fatty and other tissues. What remains is a remnant particle that must be removed from the blood. What scientists learned by studying the Watanabe rabbits is that the removal of the VLDL remnant requires the LDL receptor. Normally, the majority of the VLDL remnants go to the liver where they bind to LDL receptors and are degraded. In the Watanabe rabbit, due to a lack of LDL receptors on liver cells, the VLDL remnants remain in the blood and are eventually converted to LDL's. The LDL receptors thus have a dual effect in controlling LDL levels. They are necessary to prevent oversynthesis of LDL's from VLDL remnants and they are necessary for the normal removal of LDL's from the blood. With this knowledge, scientists are now well on the way toward developing drugs that dramatically lower cholesterol levels in people afflicted with certain forms of familial hypercholesterolemia.
1. In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with ______.
A.presenting a hypothesis and describing compelling evidence in support of it
B.raising a question and describing an important discovery that led to an answer
C.showing that a certain genetically caused disease can be treated effectively with drugs
D.discussing the importance of research on animals for the study of human disease
2. The passage supplies information to answer which of the following questions?
A.Which body cells are the primary users of cholesterol?
B.How did scientists discover that LDL's are secreted from the liver in the form of a precursor?
C.Where in the body are VLDL remnants degraded?
D.Which body tissues produce triglycerides?
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节题。根据第三段,Normally, the majority of the VLDL remnants go to the liver where they bind to LDL receptors and are degraded. (正常情况下,大部分超低密度脂蛋白(VLDL)残余到达肝脏,在那里和低密度脂蛋白(LDL)受体融合并被降解。)所以选C。
3. According to the passage, by studying the Watanabe rabbits scientists learned that ______.
A.VLDL remnants are removed from the blood by LDL receptors in the liver
B.LDL's are secreted from the liver in the form of precursors called VLDL's
C.VLDL remnant particles contain small amounts of cholesterol
D.LDL receptors remove LDL's from the blood
A B C D
A
[解析] 细节题。参看第三段,What scientists learned by studying the Watanabe rabbits is that the removal of the VLDL remnant requires the LDL receptor. (通过研究Watanabe兔子,科学家发现了VLDL残余的清楚需要LDL受体。)
4. The development of drug treatments for some forms of familial hypercholesterolemia is regarded by the author as ______.
A.possible, but not very important
B.interesting, but too costly to be practical
C.promising, but many years off
D.highly probable
A B C D
D
[解析] 细节题。答案在第三段最后一句话With this knowledge, scientists are now well on the way toward developing drugs that dramatically lower cholesterol levels in people afflicted with certain forms of familial hypercholesterolemia. (用这种知识,科学家现在正在开发药物来快速有效地降低家族性高胆固醇血症患者的胆固醇水平。)作者用well on the way toward developing来表达他对此持非常肯定的态度。
5. The passage implies that Watanabe rabbits differ from normal rabbits in which of the following ways?
A.Watanabe rabbits have more LDL receptors than do normal rabbits.
B.The blood of Watanabe rabbits contains more VLDL remnants than does the blood of normal rabbits.
C.Watanabe rabbits have fewer fatty tissues than do normal rabbits.
D.The blood of Watanabe rabbits contains fewer LDL's than does the blood of normal rabbits.
1. Directions: Please read the following article in Chinese carefully, and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that you cover all the major points of the article.
It is an important problem to be solved in modem society—medical ethics. In a ward, a patient is flying into a rage because a nurse is apologizing to him, "I'm sorry, sir. You have to be given two more injections because the last two were forgotten to apply medicinal powder." Over the past years, with the increase of medical complaints, medical ethics receives more and more concern. Then how to solve the problem? First and foremost, the conventional concepts about relationship between doctor and patient should be changed. Patients should not be regarded as consumers in terms of a market economy, but as humans whom we are obliged to help; meanwhile, doctors should become the ones who offer help and care for patients, and learn to put themselves in the place of the patients. Moreover, the hospital should formulate related regulation to evaluate doctors not only according to skills, but also medical ethics. Last but not least, many so-called "ethical conflicts" in medical ethics are traceable back to a lack of communication and understanding. These gaps should be remedied, and many insurmountable "ethics" problems can be solved. In conclusion, joint efforts of both doctors and patients and mutual understanding are helpful in promoting the medical ethics. We believe with the promotion of medical ethics, the relationship between doctors and patients will become more and more harmonious.