Everyone dreams, but some people never recall their dreams, or do so very rarely. Other people always wake up with vivid recollections (记忆) of their dreams, though they forget them very quickly. In an average night of eight hours' sleep, an average adult will dream for around one hundred minutes, probably having three to five dreams, each lasting from ten to thirty minutes. Scientists can detect when someone is having a dream by using an instrument which measures the electrical waves in the brain. During dreaming, these waves move more quickly. Breathing and pulse rate also increase, and there are rapid eye movements under the lids, just as though the dreamer were really looking at moving objects. These signs of dreaming have been detected in all mammals (哺乳动物) studied, including dogs, monkeys, cats, and elephants, and also some birds and reptiles (爬行动物). This period of sleep is called the "D" state for around 50% of their sleep; the period reduces to around 25% by the age of 10. Dreams take the form of stories, but they may be strange and with incidents not connected, which make little sense. Dreams are seldom without people in them and they are usually about people we know. One estimate says that two-thirds of the "cast" of our dream dramas are friends and relations. Vision seems an essential part of dreams, except for people blind from birth. Sound and touch are senses also often aroused, but smell and taste are not frequently involved. In "normal" dreams, the dreamer may be taking part, or be only an observer. But he or she cannot control what happens in the dream. However, the dreamer does have control over one type of dream. This type of dream is called a "lucid" (清醒的) dream. Not everyone is a lucid dreamer. Some people are occasional lucid dreamers. Others can dream lucidly more or less all the time. In a lucid dream, the dreamer knows that he is dreaming.
1. Some people dream but cannot remember their dreams.
A.Right
B.Wrong
C.Not mentioned
A B C
A
[解析] 由文章第一段第一句话“Everyone dreams, but some people never recall their dreams, or do so very rarely.”可知，每个人都会做梦，但是有些人从来都记不起来他们的梦，或者说很少记得。因此题干中的说法是正确的，故选A。
2. In an average night, males dream longer than females.
3. When we dream, there is less movement of electrical waves in our brains.
A.Right
B.Wrong
C.Not mentioned
A B C
B
[解析] 由文章第二段第二句话“During dreaming, these waves move more quickly.”可知，在人们做梦的时候，这些电波活动得很快。这里，these waves指的就是上一句中的the electrical waves in the brain。因此题干中的说法是错误的，故选B。
1 Amongst the most popular books being written today are those which are usually classified as science fiction. Hundreds of titles are published every year and are read by all kinds of people. Furthermore, some of the most successful films of recent years have been based on science fiction stories. 2 It is often thought that science fiction is a fairly new development in literature, but its ancestors can be found in books written hundreds of years ago. These books were often concerned with the presentation of some form of ideal society, a theme which is still often found in modern stories. 3 Most of the classics of science fiction, however, have been written within the last hundred years. Books by writers such as Jules Verne and H.G. Wells, to mention just two well-known authors have been translated into many languages. 4 Modern science fiction writers don't write about men from Mars (火星) or space adventure stories. They are more interested in predicting the results of technical developments on society and the human mind; or in imagining future worlds which are a reflection of the world which we live in now. Because of this, their writing has obvious political undertones (含义). 5 In an age where science fact frequently overtakes (超过) science fiction, the writers may find it difficult to keep ahead of scientific advances. Those who are sufficiently clear-sighted to see the way we are going, however, may provide a valuable lesson on how to deal with the problems which society will inevitably face as it tries to master its new technology.
1. Paragraph 1 ______ A. Popularity of science fiction B. A fairly new development C. Classics of science fiction D. Difficulty in keeping ahead of scientific advances E. Origins of science fiction F. Themes of modern science fiction
5. Some form of ideal society is ______. A. a recurrent theme B. concerned with the problems to solve in the future C. reading books of science fiction D. political implications E. a current theme F. read worldwide
Clever genetic detective work may have found out the reason why a near-starvation diet prolongs the life of many animals. Ronald Kahn at Harvard Medical School in Boston, U.S., and his colleagues have been able to extend the lifespan (寿命) of mice by 18 per cent by blocking the rodent's (啮齿动物) increase of fat in specific cells. This suggests that thinness—and not necessarily diet—promotes long life in "calorie (热量卡) restricted" animals. "It's very cool work," says aging researcher Cynthia Kenyon of the University of California, San Francisco. "These mice eat all they want, lose weight and live longer. It's like heaven." Calorie restriction dramatically extends the lifespan of organisms as different as worms and rodents. Whether this works in humans is still unknown partly because few people are willing to submit to such a strict diet. But many researchers hope they will be able to trigger the same effect with a drug once they understand how less food leads to a longer life. One theory is that eating less reduces the increase of harmful things that can damage cells. But Kahn's team wondered whether the animals simply benefit by becoming thin. To find out, they used biology tricks to disrupt the insulin (胰岛素) receptor (受体) gene in lab mice—but only in their fat cells. "Since insulin is needed to help fat cells store fat, these animals were protected against becoming fat," explains Kahn. This slight genetic change in a single tissue had dramatic effects. By three months of age, Kahn's modified mice had up to 70 per cent less body fat than normal control mice, despite the fact that they ate 55 per cent more food per gram of body weight. In addition, their lifespan increased. The average control mouse lived 753 days, while the thin rodents averaged a lifespan of 887 days. After three years, all the control mice had died, but one-quarter of the modified rodents were still alive. "That they get these effects by just manipulating the fat cells is controversial," says Leonard Guarente of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, who studies calorie restriction and aging. But Guarente says Kahn has yet to prove that the same effect is responsible for increased lifespan in calorie-restricted animals. "It might be the same effect or there might be two routes to long life," he points out, "and that would be very interesting."
1. Ronald Kahn and his colleagues can make mice live longer by ______.
A.offering them less food
B.giving them a balanced diet
C.disrupting the specific genes in their fat cells
2. According to the passage, we do not know whether humans will benefit from taking in fewer calories partly because ______.
A.humans, worms and rodents are different
B.most people are not willing to be put on a strict diet
C.the effect is not known
D.genetic changes in tissues can not be performed on humans
A B C D
B
[解析] 由文章第四段第二句“Whether this works in humans is still unknown partly because few people are willing to submit to such a strict diet.”可知，B项为正确答案。
3. What does the last sentence in the third paragraph imply?
A.People like to lose weight, but they do not like to eat less.
B.People want to go to heaven, but they do not want to die.
C.Mice will go to heaven if they lose weight.
D.Mice enjoy losing weight.
A B C D
A
[解析] 由第三段最后两句“These mice eat all they want, lose weight and live longer. It's like heaven.”可知，人们之所以认为实验鼠的这种状态就像在天堂，是因为这也是人们最想要的状态。这反映出人们想减肥但是不想控制饮食的想法。故选A。
4. The average modified mouse lived ______.
A.3 years
B.753 days
C.more than 3 years
D.887 days
A B C D
D
[解析] 由文章第八段第二句话“The average control mouse lived 753 days, while the thin rodents averaged a lifespan of 887 days.”可知，D项为正确答案。
5. What can be inferred from the passage about the route to long life?
A.It remains to be studied.
B.It has already been discovered.
C.Eating more leads to long life.
D.Eating less leads to long life.
A B C D
A
[解析] 由文章最后一段最后一句Guarente的话“It might be the same effect or there might be two routes to long life”“and that would be very interesting.”可知，延长寿命的方法还需要继续进行研究。故选A。
第二篇
Preserving Nature for Future
Demands for stronger protection for wildlife in Britain sometimes hide the fact that similar needs are felt in the rest of Europe. Studies by the Council of Europe, of which 21 countries are members, have shown that 45 per cent of reptile species and 24 per cent of butterflies are in danger of dying out. European concern for wildlife was outlined by Dr. Peter Baum, an expert in the environment and natural resources division of the council, when he spoke at a conference arranged by the administrators of a British national park. The park is one of the few areas in Europe to hold the council's diploma for nature reserves of the highest quality, and Dr. Peter Baum had come to present it to the park once again. He was afraid that public opinion was turning against national parks, and that those set up in the 1960s and 1970s could not be set up today. But Dr. Baum clearly remained a strong supporter of the view that natural environments needed to be allowed to survive in peace in their own right. "No area could be expected to survive both as a true nature reserve and as a tourist attraction," he went on. "The short-sighted view that reserves had to serve immediate human demands for outdoor recreation should be replaced by full acceptance of their importance as places to preserve nature for the future." "We forget that they are the guarantee of life systems, on which any built-up area ultimately depends," Dr. Baum went on. "We could manage without most industrial products, but we could not manage without nature. However, our natural environment areas, which are the original parts of our countryside, have shrunk to become mere islands in a spoiled and highly polluted land mass."
1. Recent studies by the Council of Europe have indicated that ______.
A.wildlife needs more protection only in Britain
B.all species of wildlife in Europe are in danger of dying out
C.there are fewer species of reptiles and butterflies in Europe than else where
D.many species of reptiles and butterflies in Europe need protecting
Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979— 1980, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time? The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term. Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude oil have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past. Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production. For each dollar of GDP (inconstant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a lull year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25%～0.5% of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies—to which heavy industry has shifted—have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed. One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. The Economist's commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%.
1. The main reason for the rise of oil price since March is ______.
A.Iraq's suspension of exports
B.reduction in supply
C.fast growth in economy
D.global inflation
A B C D
B
[解析] 由文章第一段的第二句话“Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December.”可知，石油输出国决定降低供给量使得油价上升。故选B。
2. It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up dramatically in Europe if ______.
3. The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries ______.
A.manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed
B.heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive
C.income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices
D.oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP
A B C D
D
[解析] 南文章第四段第五句话“The OECD estimates in its latest Economic outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25%～0.5% of GDP.”可知，油价的上涨对GDP的影响很小，只有0.25%～0.5%。故选D。
4. We can draw a conclusion from the text that ______.
A.oil-price shocks are less shocking now
B.energy conservation can keep down the oil prices
C.inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks
D.the price rise of crude oil leads to the shrinking of heavy industry
Interviewing (采访) is one of those skills that you can only get better at. You will never again feel so ill at ease as when you try it for the first time, and probably you'll never feel entirely comfortable trying to get from another person answers that he or she may be too shy to reveal. 1 The rest is instinct, which can all be learned with experience. The basic tools for an interview are paper and two or three well-sharpened pencils. But keep your notebook or paper out of sight until you need it. There's nothing less likely to relax a person than the arrival of someone with a note-taking pad. 2 Take a while just to chat, judging what sort of person you're dealing with, getting him or her to trust you. Never go into an interview without doing whatever homework you can. If you are interviewing a town official, know his voting record. If it's an actor, know what plays he has been in. 3 Many beginning interviewers are afraid that they are forcing the other person to answer questions and have no right to inquire about his personal secrets. 4 Unless the person really hates being interviewed, he is delighted that somebody wants to interview him. Most men and women lead lives that are uninteresting, and they grasp any chance to talk to an outsider who seems eager to listen. This doesn't necessarily mean that it will go well. In general you will be talking to people who have never been interviewed before, and they will get used to the process awkwardly, perhaps not giving you anything that you can use. 5 You will both even begin to enjoy it—proof that you aren't forcing your victim to do something he doesn't really want to. A. Come back another day; it will go better. B. But at least half of the skill is mechanical. C. As one philosopher interviewed in the film notes, they lack irony. D. You will not be liked if you inquire about facts that you could have learned in advance. E. This fear is almost 100 percent unnecessary. F. Both of you need time to get to know each other.
When I was in my teens and 20s, hitchhiking was a main form of long-distance transport. The kindness or curiosity of strangers 1 me all over Europe, North America, Asia and Southern Africa. Some of the lift-givers became friends, many provided hospitality 2 the road. Not only did you find out much more about a country than 3 traveling by train or plane, but also there was that element of excitement about where you would finish up that night. Hitchhiking featured importantly in Western culture. It has books and songs about it. So what has happened to 4 ? A few years ago, I asked the same question about hitchhiking in a column on a newspaper. 5 of people from all over the world responded with their view on the state of hitchhiking. "If there is a hitchhiker's 6 , it must be Iran," came one reply. Rural Ireland was recommended as a friendly place for hitchhiking, 7 was Quebec, Canada—"if you don't mind being berated for not speaking French." But while hitchhiking was clearly still alive and well in many parts of the world, the 8 feeling was that throughout much of the west it was doomed. With so much news about crime in the media, people assumed that anyone on the open road without the money for even a bus ticket must present a danger. But do we 9 to be so wary both to hitchhike and to give a lift? In Poland in the 1960s, 10 a Polish woman who e-mailed me, "The authorities introduced the Hitchhiker's Booklet. The booklet contained coupons for drivers, so each time a driver who had 11 somebody, he or she received a coupon. At the end of the season, 12 who had picked up the most hikers were rewarded with various prizes. Everybody was hitchhiking then." Surely this is a good idea for society. Hitchhiking would increase respect by breaking down 13 between strangers. It would help fight 14 warming by cutting down on fuel consumption as hitchhikers would be using existing fuels. It would also improve educational standards by delivering instant 15 in geography, history, politics and sociology.
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