Section Ⅰ Matching Match each of the following ten passages with its author. There are more authors than passages here, and one author may be matched with more than one passage. Write the passage number (1-10) and the corresponding author letter (A-L) for each answer. For example, the following is Passage 2: Only one same reason is shared by all of us: we wish to create worlds as real as, but other than the world that is. Or was. This is why we cannot plan. We know a world is an organism, not a machine. We also know that a genuinely created world must be independent of its creator; a planned world (a world that fully reveals its planning) is a dead world. It is only when our characters and events begin to disobey us that they begin to live. And its author is [M] Fowles. Then your answer should be: 2M. ●Passage 1● 1. Fourthly, the constant breeders, besides the gain of eight shillings sterling per annum by the sale of their children, will be rid of the charge of maintaining them after the first year. ●Passage 2● 2. How soon hath Time, the subtle thief of youth, Stol'n on his wing my three and twentieth year! My hasting days fly on with full career, But my late spring no bud or blossom shew'th. ●Passage 3● 3. It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way. ●Passage 4● 4. April is the cruelest month, breeding Lilacs out of the dead land, mixing Memory and desire, stirring Dull roots with spring rain. ●Passage 5● 5. They cussed Jim considerable, though, and give him a cuff or two, side the head, once in a while, but Jim never said nothing, and he never let on to know me, and they took him to the same cabin, and put his own clothes on him, and chained him again, and not to no bed-leg, this time, but to a big staple drove into the bottom log, and chained his hands, too, and both legs, and said he wasn't to have nothing but bread and water to eat, after this, till his owner come or he was sold at auction. ●Passage 6● 6. Success is counted sweetest By those who ne'er succeed. To comprehend a nectar Requires sorest need. ●Passage 7● 7. Whoso would be a man must be a nonconformist. He who would gather immortal palms must not be hindered by the name of goodness, but must explore if it be goodness. Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of our own mind. Absolve you to yourself, and you shall have the suffrage of the world. ●Passage 8● 8. The Soul selects her own Society— Then—shuts the Door— To her divine Majority— Presents no more— ●Passage 9● 9. "It is a part of Miss Havisham's plans for me, Pip," said Estella, with a sigh, as if she were tired: "I am to write to her constantly and see her regularly, and report how I go on—I and the jewels—for they are nearly all mine now." ●Passage 10● 10. Lives of great men all remind us We can make our lives sublime, And, departing, leave behind us Footsteps on the sands of time. ●Authors● A. T. S. Eliot H. Robert Frost B. William Wordsworth I. Mark Twain C. Charles Dickens J. William Shakespeare D. Jonathan Swift K. Emily Dickinson E. John Milton L. Ralph W. Emerson F. Francis Bacon M. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow G. Percy Bysshe Shelley
1.
D
[解析] 本文节选自乔纳森·斯威夫特(Jonathan Swift)的名作《一个温和的建议》(A Modest Proposal)。 乔纳森·斯威夫特，英国文学史上最伟大的讽刺散文作家。他的文风纯朴，语言平易而有力，著名的作品有《书籍之战》(The Battle of Books)、《一只桶的故事》(A Tale of a Tub)、《一个温和的建议》(A Modest Proposal)以及小说《格列佛游记》(Gulliver's Travels)。
2.
E
[解析] 本文节选自约翰·弥尔顿(John Milton)的十四行诗《满二十三周岁》(On His Being Arrived to the Age of Twenty-Three)。
3.
C
[解析] 本文节选自查尔斯·狄更斯(Charles Dickens)的小说《双城记》(A Tale of Two Cities)，这里选自小说的开始，是家喻户晓的名段。
[解析] 本文节选自艾米丽·迪金森的诗歌《灵魂选择自己的伴侣》(The Soul Selects Her Own Society)。
9.
C
[解析] 本文节选自查尔斯·狄更斯的《远大前程》(Great Expectations)。
10.
M
[解析] 本题选自亨利·沃兹沃斯·朗费罗(Henry Wadsworth Longfellow)的名作《生命礼赞》(A Palm of life)。 亨利·沃兹沃斯·朗费罗(Henry Wadsworth Longfellow)，1807-1882，美国诗人。在他辞世之际，全世界的人都视他为美国最伟大的诗人。他在英格兰的声誉与丁尼生并驾齐驱。其代表作包括《箭与歌》、《生命礼赞》(A Psalm of Life)。当批评界盛行严格的现实主义的时期，人们更多地注意到朗费罗的缺点。他被称为“平庸的诗人”。但他恰有这样的天赋——平凡中散发光彩，音乐点缀着平凡。其诗歌的质朴和单纯虽使他深受儿童及一些成年人喜爱，但也常被说成是陈腐和平庸。然而，朗费罗依然以一个有着纯粹、亲切、温文尔雅风格的多才多艺的抒情诗人而获得了不朽的声誉。他的学术成就也令人钦敬。朗费罗对抒情诗这种诗歌形式的出色运用及他对十四行诗的精通使他广受赞誉。
Section Ⅱ Short Story
Once Upon a Time
Nadine Gordimer
Someone has written to ask me to contribute to an anthology of stories for children. I reply that I don't write children's stories; and he writes back that at a recent congress/book fair/seminar a certain novelist said every writer ought to write at least one story for children. I think of sending a postcard saying I don't accept that I "ought" to write anything. And then last night I woke up—or rather was awakened without knowing what had roused me. A voice in the echo-chamber of the subconscious? A sound. A creaking of the kind made by the weight carried be one foot after another along a wooden floor. I listened. I felt the apertures of my ears distend with concentration. Again: the creaking. I was waiting for it; waiting to hear if it indicated that feet were moving from room to room, coming up the passage—to my door. I have no burglar bars, no gun under the pillow, but I have the same fears as people who do take these precautions, and my windowpanes are thin as rime, could shatter like a wineglass. A woman was murdered (how do they put it) in broad daylight in a house two blocks away, last year, and the fierce dogs who guarded an old widower and his collection of antique clocks were strangled before he was knifed by a casual laborer he had dismissed without pay. I was staring at the door, making it out in my mind rather than seeing it, in the dark. I lay quite still—a victim already—the arrhythmia of heart was fleeing, knocking this way and that against its body-cage. How finely tuned the senses are, just out of rest, sleep! I could never listen intently as that in the distractions of the day, I was reading every faintest sound, identifying and classifying its possible threat. But I learned that I was to be neither threatened nor spared. There was no human weight pressing on the boards, the creaking was a buckling, an epicenter of stress. I was in it. The house that surrounds me while I sleep is built on undermined ground; far beneath my bed, the floor, the house's foundations, the stopes and passages of gold mines have hollowed the rock, and when some face trembles, detaches and falls, three thousand feet below, the whole house shifts slightly, bringing uneasy strain to the balance and counterbalance of brick, cement, wood and glass the hold it as a structure around me. The misbeats of my heart tailed off like the last muffled flourishes on one of the wooden xylophones made by the Chopi and Tsonga migrant miners who might have been down there, Under me in the earth at that moment. The stope where the fall was could have been disused, dripping water from its ruptured veins; or men might now be interred there in the most profound of tombs. I couldn't find a position in which my mind would let go of my body—release me to sleep again. So I began to tell myself a story, a bedtime story. In a house, in a suburb, in a city, there were a man and his wife who loved each other very much and were living happily ever after. They had a little boy, they loved him very much. They had a cat and a dog that the little boy loved very much. They had a car and a caravan trailer for holidays, and a swimming-pool which was fenced so that the little boy and his playmates would not fall in and drown. They had a housemaid who was absolutely trustworthy and an itinerant gardener who was highly recommended by the neighbors. For when they began to live happily ever after they were warned, by that wise old witch, the husband's mother, not to take on anyone off the street. They were inscribed in a medical benefit society, their pet dog was licensed, they were insured against fire, flood damage and theft, and subscribed to the local Neighborhood Watch, which supplied them with a plaque for their gates lettered YOU HAVE BEEN WARNED over the silhouette of a would-be intruder. He was masked; it could not be said if he was black or white, and therefore proved the property owner was no racist. It was not possible to insure the house, the swimming pool or the car against riot damage. There were riots, but these were outside the city, where people of another color were quartered. These people were not allowed into the suburb except as reliable housemaids and gardeners, so there was nothing to fear, the husband told the wife. Yet she was afraid that some day such people might come up the street and tear off the plaque YOU HAVE BEEN WARNED and open the gates and stream in...Nonsense, my dear, said the husband, there are police and soldiers and teargas and guns to keep them away. But to please her—for he loved her very much and buses were being burned, cars stoned, and schoolchildren shot by the police in those quarters out of sight and hearing of the suburb—he had electronically controlled gates fitted. Anyone who pulled off the sign YOU HAVE BEEN WARNED and tried to open the gates would have to announce his intentions by pressing a button and speaking into a receiver relayed to the house. The little boy was fascinated by the device and used it as a walkie-talkie in cops and robbers play with his small friends. The riots were suppressed, but there were many burglaries in the suburb and somebody's trusted housemaid was tied up and shut in a cupboard by thieves while she was in charge of her employers' house. The trusted housemaid of the man and wife and little boy was so upset by this misfortune befalling a friend left, as she herself often was, with responsibility for the possessions of the man and his wife and the little boy that she implored her employers to have burglar bars attached to the doors and windows of the house, and an alarm system installed. The wife said, She is right, let us take heed of her advice. So from every window and door in the house where they were living happily ever after they now saw the trees and sky through bars, and when the little boy's pet cat tried to climb in by the fanlight to keep him company in his little bed at night, as it customarily had done, it set off the alarm keening through the house. The alarm was often answered—it seemed—by other burglar alarms, in other houses, that had been triggered by pet cats or nibbling mice. The alarms called to one another across the gardens in shrills and bleats and wails that everyone soon became accustomed to, so that the din roused the inhabitants of the suburb no more than the croak of frogs and musical grating of cicadas' legs. Under cover of the electronic harpies' discourse intruders sawed the iron bars and broke into homes, taking away hi-fi equipment, television sets, cassette players, cameras and radios, jewelry and clothing, and sometimes were hungry enough to devour everything in the refrigerator or paused audaciously to drink the whisky in the cabinets or patio bars. Insurance companies paid no compensation for single malt, a loss made keener by the property owner's knowledge that the thieves wouldn't even have been able to appreciate what it was they were drinking. Then the time came when many of the people who were not trusted housemaids and gardeners hung about the suburb because they were unemployed. Some importuned for a job: weeding or painting a roof; anything, baas (boss), madam. But the man and his wife remembered the warning about taking on anyone off the street. Some drank liquor and fouled the street with discarded bottles. Some begged, waiting for the man or his wife to drive the car out of the electronically operated gates. They sat about with their feet in the gutters, under the jacaranda trees that made a green tunnel of the street—for it was a beautiful suburb, spoilt only by their presence—and sometimes they fell asleep lying right before the gates in the midday sun. The wife could never see anyone go hungry. She sent the trusted housemaid out with bread and tea but the trusted housemaid said these were loafers and tsotsis (criminals), who would come and tie her and shut her in a cupboard. The husband said, She's right. Take heed of her advice. You only encourage them with your bread and tea. They are looking for their chance... And he brought the little boy's tricycle from the garden into the house every night, because if the house was surely secure, once locked and with the alarm set, someone might still be able to climb over the wall or the electronically closed gates into the garden. You are right, said the wife, then the wall should be higher. And the wise old witch, the husband's mother, paid for the extra bricks as her Christmas present to her son and his wife-the little boy got a Space Man outfit and a book of fairy tales. But every week there were more reports of intrusion: in broad daylight and the dead of night in the early hours of the morning, and even in the lovely summer twilight-a certain family was at dinner while the bedrooms were being ransacked upstairs. The man and his wife, talking of the latest armed robbery in the suburb, were distracted by the sight of the little boy's pet effortlessly arriving over the seven-foot wall, descending first with a rapid bracing of extended forepaws down on the sheer vertical surface, and then a graceful launch, landing with swishing tail within the property. The whitewashed wall was marked with the cat's comings and goings and on the street side of the wall there were larger red-earth smudges that could have been made by the kind of broken running shoes, seen on the feet of unemployed loiterers, that had no innocent destination. When the man and wife and little boy took the pet dog for its walk round the neighborhood streets they no longer paused to admire this show of roses or that perfect lawn; these were hidden behind an array of different varieties of security fences, walls and devices. The man, wife, little boy and dog passed a remarkable choice: there was the low-cost option of pieces of broken glass embedded in cement along the top of walls, there were iron grilles ending in lance-points, there were attempts at reconciling the aesthetics of prison architecture with the Spanish Villa (spikes painted pink) and with the plaster urns of neoclassical facades (twelve-inch pikes finned like zigzags of lightning and painted pure white). Some Walls had a small board affixed, giving the name and telephone number of the firm responsible for the installation of the devices. While the little boy and the pet dog raced ahead, the husband and wife found themselves comparing the possible effectiveness of each style against its appearance; and after several weeks when they paused before this barricade or that without needing to speak, both came out with the conclusion that only one was worth considering. It was the ugliest but the most honest in its suggestion of the pure concentration-camp style, no frills, all evident efficacy. Placed the length of walls, it consisted of a continuous coil of stiff and shining metal serrated into jagged blades, so that there would be no way of climbing over it and no way through its tunnel without getting entangled in its fangs. There would be no way out, only a struggle getting bloodier and bloodier, a deeper and sharper hooking and tearing of flesh. The wife shuddered to look at it. You're right, said the husband, anyone would think twice... And they took heed of the advice on a small board fixed the wall: Consult DRAGON'S TEETH The People For Total Security. Next day a gang of workmen came and stretched the razor-bladed coils all round the walls of the house where the husband and wife and little boy and pet dog and cat were living happily ever after. The sunlight flashed and slashed, off the serrations, the cornice of razor thorns encircled the home, shining. The husband said, Never mind. It will weather. The wife said, You're wrong. They guarantee it's rust-proof. And she waited until the little boy had run off to play before she said, I hope the cat will take heed... The husband said, Don't worry, my dear, cats always look before they leap. And it was true that from that day on the cat slept in the little boy's bed and kept to the garden, never risking a try at breaching security. One evening, the mother read the little boy to sleep with a fairy story from the book the wise old witch had given him at Christmas. Next day he pretended to be the Prince who braves the terrible thicket of thorns to enter the palace and kiss the Sleeping Beauty back to life: he dragged a ladder to the wall, the shining coiled tunnel was just wide enough for his little body to creep in, and with the first fixing of its razor-teeth in his knees and hands and head he screamed and struggled deeper into its tangle. The trusted housemaid and the itinerant gardener, whose "day" it was, came running, the first to see and to scream with him, and the itinerant gardener tore this hands trying to get at the little boy. Then the man and his wife burst wildly into the garden and for some reason (the cat, probably) the alarm set up wailing against the screams while the bleeding mass of the little boy was hacked out of the security coil with saws, wire-cutters, choppers, and they carried it-the man, the wife, the hysterical trusted housemaid and the weeping gardener-into the house.
1. Summarize the plot of the following story in your own words (around 200 words).
The story Once upon a time by Nadine Gordimer, follows the pattern of a fairy tale but it does not have a happily ever-after ending. (概括小说主题) The characters involved are a mother, a father and a little boy, and an evil step mother that was referred to as a witch. They lived in an almost perfect city and they had everything they ever needed and wanted. Anyway, the evil step mother that was kind of like a witch gave the family money to build the horrible contraption of a fence. She said that they needed it to keep out the scary and negative things in their city. At first they just had a security system with signs to warn trespassers, but then they came to realize the error in their ways so they went to the extremes of buying barbed wire to put on top of their already great fence. So their almost perfect house turned into what looked like a prison. Then one fateful day the little boy was playing the prince that saves the princess and he decided to play in the fence because it was sharp like the "thicket" of thorns that the prince had to brave in the story. In the finish he ended up reaching his conclusion as he mangled horribly in the metal contraption that was a fence it looked like a big metal thing with circular wires on the top. (概括小说内容) The moral of the story is don't try to protect yourself too much because you will end up only hurting yourself and others around you that you love, very much. (总结，揭示小说寓意)
2. Make a brief comment on the characterization of the man and his wife.
Nadine Gordimer's characterization is nuanced, revealing more through the characters' inner traits like moods, feelings and ideas. The story is best for its first person account. And the protagonists' features are rendered generally as loving, careful, but fearful, hysterical and more importantly alienated. The story begins with a description of their careful, law-abiding and loving nature, as they buy insurance and get the dog licensed and the family "loves each other very much". However, the riots and a number of social crimes outside set them in a fearful and insecure life, and lead to an increasing anxiety about their life. After neighbors install various devices for security concerns, they are determined to follow the footsteps. Towards the end of the story, the upgrading devices rise to the extreme, reflecting their fearful state of mind reach the climax—a hysterical and isolated dilemma.
3. Define the major theme of the following short story.
The central theme brought out through this short story is the idea that human fear represents the greatest obstacle to human happiness, or "the fear of the other." The family in the short story possess a fear of the dialectical opposite, what lies outside, and fear what could be. There is an escalating fear which presents itself throughout the short story. Rather than accept "the other" and attempt to integrate it into their lives, they resist it and their continued resistance features fairly awful consequences. Another ensuing theme that comes out of the short story is the idea that every act of creation inevitably leads to destruction. The family's fear leads them to embrace a path where they believe they will achieve a perfect state of perfection. This is something rejected by the story's end. Since the family "loves each other very much," as indicated in the opening details, the family's fear of crime, urban unrest, and overall freight of "the other," compels them to increasingly insulate themselves without an examination of these feelings. Each time someone in the story suggests a protective measure, the family does not hesitate to acquiesce with their general refrain "Let's take heed of their advice." The family seeks to keep the outside world and its threats at bay, but in the process, they actually end up bringing greater harm within their protected world of wealth and privilege. Their desire to protect themselves driven by the fear of what lies outside their electronically controlled gates, actually sows the seed of their own destruction, as the boy climbs the wall at the end and is repeatedly pierced by the glass shards that lie at the top of the wall. The penultimate measure of protection ends up becoming the undoing of the family. In telling the story of this family, Gordimer raises a serious theme of the results of acting out of irrational fear and not examining one's values in a thorough and lucid manner. The family consistently believes that the outside world is the monster, yet through their fear, the monster actually walks amongst them. In the desire to eradicate insecurity, disastrous consequences result. It seems thai Gordimer is suggesting that in the modern setting, fear and insecurity is constant companions. Rather than seeking to eliminate them, one might be better off in attempting to simply understand their presence and their function.
[解析] 本文可供分析的主题较多，考生不必拘泥，可以从多角度进行解读小说。本文比较容易入手的两个主题就是人类的恐惧以及自我毁灭。首先，小说认为人的恐惧心理是幸福的最大障碍。恐惧而不愿意接受其他人的存在，而这正是恐惧导致了现代人的孤独与异化。其次，小说也隐射了文明或是人类自己的发明导致了自身的灭亡。尤其小说最后当自己的孩子成为了文明牺牲品的时候，更是象征了纯真在当代社会的湮灭。 纳丁·戈迪默(Nadine Gordimer，1923年-)，南非作家，1991年诺贝尔文学奖的获得者，也是第一位获得此奖的南非作家。她的长篇小说和短篇小说描述了南非的防备性社会准则对每个人和他们彼此间的关系所造成的影响。她的小说结构严谨，观察细腻，描写精确，擅长人物塑造、讽刺和心理洞察。她的作品通常关注种族隔离(1948年到1991年间的一项政府政策)的影响及其对南非黑人和白人的生活所造成的后果。戈迪默运用自己小说中的各种要素，来表达自己对南非的种族分歧和歧视的反对。戈迪默深信个人生活不可能与社会问题相分离，这在她的作品中有所体现。《贵宾》(A Guest of Honor，1970)也许是她最知名的长篇小说。与其他作品不同的是，这部小说以一个虚构的刚刚独立的非洲国家为背景。
Section Ⅲ Critical Thinking Identify errors of logic or reasoning, if any, in the following arguments. Briefly explain the cause of error.
1. Luck is in contradiction to God's sovereign plan, because Albert Einstein stated that, "God does not play dice."
The reasoning is problematic. The major premise, say, Albert Einstein's words, cannot lead to the conclusion, for the fact that Einstein has the authority in physics does not mean that his causal remarks are 100 percent right.
[解析] 爱因斯坦虽然是物理学上的权威，但这并不代表他的随意之言也具有权威性。
2. Voucher programs will not harm schools, since no one has ever proven that vouchers have harmed schools.
In this statement, the logic error lies in a hasty conclusion. There has been no evidence so far to support the idea that vouchers have harmed schools, but there may exist evidence in the future to prove the vouchers' bad influence on schools.
[解析] 虽然代金券至今并没有对学校造成危害，但未来是否依然无害就不得而知了，因此因果关系不成立。
3. Mr. Wang is a great teacher because he is so wonderful at teaching.
Wonderful Teaching is but one of the qualities a great teacher should require. Therefore, the antecedent lacks sufficient evidence to prove that Mr. Wang is a great teacher.
[解析] 教学水平只是评价教师好坏的一个标准，所以前件不能推导出后件。
4. If you allow a camel to poke his nose into the tent, soon the whole camel will follow.
In the fable The Arab and the Camel, the whole camel finally get its whole body into the tent, but it is only a coined story. So in reality, the story doesn't necessarily become true. The whole statement is a rule of thumb.
[解析] 本题考查的是经验法则(以旧的经验来解释新的事物)从而导致了认识上的错误。
5. Statistic show that Hawaiians live longer than other Americans. If you want to live longer you should move to Hawaii.
In this statement, the major premise is unable to create a sufficient condition for the conclusion. The word "Hawaiian" is not well-defined and can be interpreted in several ways. It includes the sense of "a person who is native to Hawaii" in the previous statement and the sense of "a person who lives to Hawaii" in the conclusion. Since these two meaning are not unified, the conclusion becomes a fallacy.
深色：已答题 浅色：未答题