单项选择题 CC标准是ISO和______发布的一个标准。CC是信息技术安全性通用评估准则，用来评估______。 So it is today. Schedule disaster functional misfits, and system bugs all arise because the left hand doesn't know what the right hand is doing. As work ______, the several teams slowly change the functions, size, and speeds of their own programs, and they explicitly or implicitly ______ their assumptions about me inputs available and the uses to be made of the outputs.
For example, the implementer of a program-overlaying function may run into problems and reduce speed relying on statistics that show how ______ this function will arise in application programs. Meanwhile back at the ranch, his neighbor may be designing a major part of the supervisor so that it critically depends upon the speed of this function. This change in speed itself becomes a major specification change, and it needs to be proclaimed abroad and weighed from a system point of view.
How, then, shall teams ______ with one another? In as many ways as possible.
Informally. Good telephone service and clear definition of intergroup dependencies will encourage the hundreds of calls upon which common interpretation of written documents depends.
Meetings. Regular project meetings, with one team after another giving technical briefings, are ______. Hundreds of minor misunderstandings get smoked out this way.
Workbook.A formal project workbook must be started at the beginning. Computer will become more advanced and they will also become easier to use. Improved speed recognition will make the operation of a computer easier. Virtual reality(虚拟现实), the technology of ______ with a computer using all of the human senses, will also contribute to better human and computer ______. Other, exotic(奇异的) models of computation are being developed, including biological computing that uses living organisms, molecular computing that uses molecules with particular ______, and computing that uses DNA, the basic unit of heredity(遗传) to store data and carry out operations. These are examples of possible future computational platforms that, so far, are limited in abilities or are strictly ______. Scientists investigate them because of the physical limitations of miniaturizing circuits embedded in silicon. There are also ______ related to heat generated by even the tiniest of transistors. At a basic level, cloud computing is simply a means of delivering IT resources as ______. Almost all IT resources can be delivered as a cloud service: applications, compute power, storage capacity, networking, programming tools, even communication services and collaboration ______.
Cloud computing began as large-scale Internet service providers such as Google, Amazon, and others built out their infrastructure. An architecture emerged: massively scaled, ______ distributed system resources, abstracted as virtual IT services and managed as continuously configured, pooled resources. In this architecture, the data is mostly resident on ______ "somewhere on the Internet" and the application runs on both the "cloud servers" and the user's browser.
Both clouds and grids are built to scale horizontally very efficiently. Both are built to withstand failures of ______ elements or nodes. Both are charged on a per-use basis. But while grids typically process batch jobs, with a defined start and end point, cloud services can be continuous. What's more, clouds expand the types of resources available-file storage, databases, and Web services-and extend the applicability to Web and enterprise applications. Extreme Programming (XP) is a discipline of software development with ______ of simplicity, communication, feedback and courage. Successful software development is a team effort - not just the development team, but the larger team consisting of customer, management and developers. XP is a simple process that brings these people together and helps them to successd together. XP is aimed primarily at object-oriented projects using teams of a dozen or fewer programmers in one location. The principles of XP apply to any ______ project that needs to deliver quality software rapidly and flexibly.
An XP project needs a ______ customer to provide guidance. Customers, programmers, managers, are all working ______ to build the system that's needed. Customers - those who have software that needs to be developed - will learn simple, effective way to ______ what they need, to be sure that they are getting what they need, and to steer the project to success. Ravi, like many project ______, had studied the waterfall model of software development as the primary software life-cycle ______. He has all set to use it for an upcoming project, his first assignment. However, Ravi found that the waterfall model could not be used because the customer wanted the software delivered in stages, something that implied that the system had to be delivered and built in ______ and not as ______.
The situation in many other projects is not very different. The real world rareley presents a problem in which a standard process, or the process used in a previous project, is the best choice. To be the most situation, an existing process must be ______ to the new problem.
A development process, even after tailoring, generally cannot handle change requests. To accommodate change requests without losing control of the project, you must suppliment the development process with a requirement change management process. People are indulging in an illusion whenever they find themselves explaining at a cocktail(鸡尾酒) party, say, that they are "in computers," or "in telecommunications," or "in electronic funds transfer". The implication is that they are part of the high-tech world. Just between us, they usually aren't. The researchers who made fundamental breakthroughs in those areas are in a high-tech business. The rest of us are ______ of their work. We use computers and other new technology components to develop our products or to organize our affairs. Because we go about this work in teams and projects and other tightly knit working group(紧密联系在一起的工作小组), we are mostly in the human communication business. Our successes stem from good human interactions by all participants in the effort, and our failures stem from poor human interactions.
The main reason we tend to focus on the ______ rather than the human side of work is not because it's more ______, but because it's easier to do. Getting the new disk drive installed is positively trivial compared to figurine out why Horace is in a blue funk(恐惧)or why Susan is dissatisfied with the company aver only a few months. Human interactions are complicated and never very crisp(干脆的，干净利落的) and clean in their effects, but they matter more than any other aspect of the work.
If you find yourself concentrating on the ______ rather than the ______, you're like the vaudeville character(杂耍人物)who loses his Keys on a dark street and looks for them on the adjacent street because, as he explains, "The light is better there!" Observe that for the programmer, as for the chef, the urgency of the patron(顾客)may govern the scheduled completion of the task, but it cannot govern the actual completion. An omelette(煎鸡蛋), promised in two minutes, may appear to be progressing nicely. But when it has not set in two minutes, the customer has two choices--waits or eats it raw. Software customers have had ______ choices.
Now I do not think software ______ have less inherent courage and firmness than chefs, nor than other engineering managers. But false ______ to match the patron's desired date is much more common in our discipline than elsewhere in engineering. It is very ______ to make a vigorous, plausible, and job risking defense of an estimate that is derived by no quantitative method, supported by little data, and certified chiefly by the hunches of the managers.
Clearly two solutions are needed. We need to develop and publicize productivity figures, bug-incidence figures, estimating rules, and so on. The whole profession can only profit from ______ such data. Until estimating is on a sounder basis, individual managers will need to stiffen their backbones and defend their estimates with the assurance that their poor hunches are better than wish derived estimates. Why is ______ fun? What delights may its practitioner expect as his reward? First is the sheer joy of making things. As the child delights in his mud pie, so the adult enjoys building things, especially things of his own design. Second is the pleasure of making things that are useful to other people. Third is the fascination of fashioning complex puzzle-like objects of interlocking moving parts and watching them work in subtle cycles, playing out the consequences of principles built in from the beginning. Fourth is the joy of always learning, which springs from the ______ nature of the task. In one way or another the problem is ever new, and its solver learns something: sometimes ______, sometimes theoretical, and sometimes both. Finally, there is the delight of working in such a tractable medium. The ______, like the poet, works only slightly removed from pure thought-stuff. Few media of creation are so flexible, so easy to polish and rework, so readily capable of realizing grand conceptual structures.
Yet the program ______, unlike the poet's words, is real in the sense that it moves and works, producing visible outputs separate from the construct itself. It prints results, draws pictures, produces sounds, moves arms. Programming then is fun because it gratifies creative longings built deep within us and delights sensibilities we have in common with all men. For nearly ten years, the Unified Modeling Language(UML) has been the industry standard for visualizing, specifying, constructing, and documenting the ______ of a software- intensive system. As the ______ standard modeling language, the UML facilitates communication and reduces confusion among project ______. The recent standardization of UML 2.0 has further extended the language's scope and viability. Its inherent expressiveness allows users to ______ everything from enterprise information systems and distributed Web-based applications to real-time embedded systems. The UML is not limited to modeling software. In fact, it is expressive enough to model ______ systems, such as workflow in the legal system, the structure and behavior of a patient healthcare system, software engineering in aircraft combat systems, and the design of hardware. To understand the UML, you need to form a conceptual model of the language, and this requires learning three major elements: the UML's basic building blocks, the rules that dictate how those building blocks may be put together, and some common mechanisms that apply throughout the UML. 
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