Section Ⅰ Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. The process by which academics check the work of their colleagues before it goes to print—peer review—is nearly as old as scientific publishing itself. But like every human 1 , it is full of human failing and the process can be 2 in a variety of ways. 3 , and as with many other aspects of publishing, peer review is the 4 of much experimentation. Peer review's current practice took 5 in the middle of the 20th century: authors submit a 6 to a publisher, who then seeks out academics suitable to 7 on it; they then submit critiques anonymously to the authors, who 8 the work to reflect the critiques. The system nearly 9 . The reasons for anonymity are varied, but that information asymmetry often causes trouble, with reviewers shooting 10 rival's work, stealing ideas, or just plain 11 their feet. There are a few green shoots of 12 in the field, though. One idea is to remove the 13 and carry out peer review publicly. Faculty of 1000, an online biology and medicine publisher, has taken this 14 with F1000 Research, its flagship journal. 15 it is taking the idea further. Michael Markie, an associate publisher for F1000 Research, believes that a 16 to change must also come from authors and reviewers. Mr. Markie 17 a kind of oath and a set of guidelines to encourage even-handed and helpful behaviours for reviewers. All of this may sound a bit 18 . But the truth is that there is no peer-review training. Marcia McNutt, editor-in-chief of Science, is concerned that some publishers 19 assume that reviewers are aware of an appropriate 20 of conduct. That is not the case, which is why the simple-sounding oath is better than no guidance at all.
[解析] 名词辨析题。本句后面说使同行评审公开化，and前后表达含义相同，所以前面是“去掉掩饰”，而remove the veil即“去掉掩饰”，因此B项是正确选项。 A项“伪装”和D项“阻碍”均不是同行评审的主要问题，可排除；C项“遮盖”是对违法之事的掩盖、掩饰，而此处同行评审只是存在一些不透明现象，并不是违法行为，可排除。
[解析] 名词辨析题。评审者知道什么是适当行为，code of conduct意即“行为准则”，故B项是正确选项。 A项“模型”、C项“指导方针”和D项“版本”与conduct均不搭，可排除。
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.
Text 1 The world has more than enough labour. Between 1980 and 2010, according to the McKinsey Global Institute, global nonfarm employment rose by about 1.1 billion, of which about 900m was in developing countries. The integration of large emerging markets into the global economy added a large pool of relatively low-skilled labour which many workers in rich countries had to compete with. That meant firms were able to keep workers' pay low. And low pay has had a surprising knock-on effect: when labour is cheap and plentiful, there seems little point in investing in labour-saving (and productivity-enhancing) technologies. By creating a labour glut, new technologies have trapped rich economies in a cycle of self-limiting productivity growth. Fear of the job-destroying effects of technology is as old as industrialisation. It is often branded as the lump-of-labour fallacy: the belief that there is only so much work to go round (the lump), so that if machines (or foreigners) do more of it, less is left for others. This is deemed a fallacy because as technology displaces workers from a particular occupation it enriches others, who spend their gains on goods and services that create new employment for the workers whose jobs have been automated away. A critical cog in the re-employment machine, though, is pay. To clear a glutted market, prices must fall, and that applies to labour as much as to wheat or cars. Where labour is cheap, firms use more of it. Carmakers in Europe and Japan, where it is expensive, use many more industrial robots than in emerging countries, though China is beginning to invest heavily in robots as its labour costs rise. In Britain a bout of high inflation caused real wages to tumble between 2007 and 2013. Some economists see this as an explanation for the unusual shape of the country's recovery, with employment holding up well but productivity and GDP performing abysmally. Productivity growth has always meant cutting down on labour. In 1900 some 40% of Americans worked in agriculture, and just over 40% of the typical household budget was spent on food. Over the next century automation reduced agricultural employment in most rich countries to below 5%, and food costs dropped steeply. But in those days excess labour was relatively easily reallocated to new sectors, thanks in large part to investment in education. That is becoming more difficult. In America the share of the population with a university degree has been more or less fiat since the 1990s. In other rich economies the proportion of young people going into higher education has gone up, but few have managed to boost it much beyond the American level.
1. It can be inferred from Paragraph 1 that ______.
A.competition between labors in different countries will lower worker's income.
B.new technologies will raise productivity and benefit rich economies.
C.low pay will enforce the development of the new technologies.
D.people will retreat to agriculture industry because of the technologies.
Text 2 For too long, too many judges have been too quiet about an evil of which we are a part: the mass imprisonment of people in the United States today. It is time that more of us spoke out. The basic facts are not in dispute. More than 2.2 million people are currently incarcerated in US jails and prisons, a 500 percent increase over the past forty years. Although the United States accounts for about 5 percent of the world's population, it houses nearly 25 percent of the world's prison population. The per capita imprisonment rate in the US is about one and a half times that of second-place Rwanda and third-place Russia, and more than six times the rate of neighboring Canada. Most of the increase in imprisonment has been for nonviolent offenses, such as drug possession. And even though crime rates in the United States have declined consistently for twenty-four years, the number of imprisoned persons has continued to rise over most of that period, both because more people are being sent to prison for offenses that once were punished with other measures and because the sentences are longer. On one issue—opposition to mandatory minimum laws—the Federal Judiciary has been consistent in its opposition and clear in its message. As for Congress, while occasionally approving reductions in the guidelines of minimum imprisonment recommended by the Sentencing Commission, it has much more often required the Sentencing Commission to increase the prison time reflected in those guidelines, thereby further supporting mass imprisonment. Yet even within the judiciary there is some modest cause for hope. Several brave federal district judges have for some time openly denounced the policy of mass imprisonment. More recently, a federal appellate judge, Gerard Lynch of New York, expressed his argument, "this idea of total imprisonment just isn't working," adding that in many instances it would be wiser to assign offenders to probation or other supervised release programs. Yet his willingness to confront publicly even some of the evils of mass imprisonment should be an inspiration to all other judges so inclined. In many respects, the people of the United States can be proud of the progress we have made over the past half-century in promoting racial equality. More haltingly, we have also made some progress in our treatment of the poor and disadvantaged. But the big, glaring exception to both these improvements is how we treat those guilty of crimes. Basically, we treat them like dirt. And while this treatment is mandated by the legislature, it is we judges who mete it out. Unless we judges make more effort to speak out against this inhumanity, how can we call ourselves instruments of justice?
1. It can be inferred from Paragraph 1 that ______.
A.Canada has a low imprisonment rate.
B.25% of Americans are sent to prisons.
C.most prisoners in the world are housed in the US.
Text 3 Legislation to turn every school in England into an academy independent of local authority control will be unveiled in the budget. Draft legislation, to be published possibly as early as Thursday, will begin the process of implementing a pledge made by David Cameron in his conference speech last autumn. The prime minister said his "vision for our schooling system" was to place education into the hands of headteachers and teachers rather than "bureaucrats" The white paper will come just days before the government's education and adoption bill is made law. That bill was introduced to "sweep away bureaucratic and legal loopholes" and speed up the process of dealing with failing schools by taking them out of local authority control and putting them in the hands of academy sponsors. Concerns have already been raised about whether there would be enough good sponsors to take on schools. With many more schools facing academisation, that task will be even greater at a time when some academy trusts are facing criticism for underachievement. Teachers' unions, who have been critical of the academisation process, said parents and teachers would be outraged. Kevin Courtney, the deputy general secretary of the National Union of Teachers, said: "Finally the government has come clean on its education priorities and admitted that its real agenda all along has been that every school must become an academy. The fig leaf of 'parental choice', 'school autonomy' and 'raising standards' has finally been dropped and the government's real agenda has been laid bare—all schools removed from collaborative structures within a local authority family of schools, all schools instead run by remote academy trusts, unaccountable to parents, staff or local communities." Councils reacted angrily to the news. Councillor Roy Perry, chairman of the Local Government Association's children and young people board, said: "Only 15% of the largest academy chains perform above the national average in terms of pupil progress, compared with 44% of council-run schools." "It's vital that we concentrate on the quality of education and a school's ability to deliver the best results for children, rather than on the legal status of a school, to make sure that we're providing the education and support needed in each area," he said. "We oppose forced academisation and giving significant powers relating to education to unelected civil servants with parents and residents unable to hold them to account at the ballot box."
1. Schools in England will turn into academies because of ______.
A.the tight budget of the government published last year.
B.local authority's strengthening control of schools.
C.all schools' adopt of a new management system.
D.Prime Minister's intention to reform the schooling system.
2. Which of the following is true of the academisation?
A.It has been implemented by local authority.
B.Bureaucrats are criticized for their underachievement.
C.The number of academy trusts is not enough.
D.Failing schools will be under the control of the government.
A B C D
C
[解析] 事实细节题。第三段第一句提到Concerns...about whether there would be enough good sponsors(是否有足够多好的承办人……担忧)，而从第二句可知academy trusts(学院信托)就是sponsors(承办人)，故C项“学院信托的数量是不够的”是正确选项。 第二段最后一句提到，“该法案……让他们走出地方当局的控制”，所以A项错误；第三段第二句提到是“学院信托会……被指责表现不佳的时候”，而并非官员，故B项错误；第二段第二句提到“较差的学校，让他们走出地方当局的控制”，所以并不是在政府的控制下，D项错误。
3. Teachers' Unions believe that academisation will lead to ______.
A.government's abandon of its previous priorities to education.
B.parents' free choices to different schools.
C.local communities' involvement in school management.
Text 4 It is a familiar ritual for many: after a late night out you reach for your smartphone to hail an Uber home, only to find—disaster—that the fare will be three times the normal rate. Like many things beloved by economists, "surge pricing" of the sort that occasionally afflicts Uber-users is both efficient and deeply unpopular. From a consumer's perspective, surge pricing is annoying at best and downright offensive when applied during emergencies. Extreme fare surges often lead to outpourings of public criticism: when a snowstorm paralysed New York in 2013, celebrities, including Salman Rushdie, took to social media to rail against triple-digit fares for relatively short rides. Some city governments have banned the practice altogether: Delhi's did so in April. Surge (or dynamic) pricing relies on frequent price adjustments to match supply and demand. Such systems are sometimes used to set motorway tolls (which rise and fall with demand in an effort to keep traffic flowing), or to adjust the price of energy in electricity markets. A lower-tech version is common after natural disasters, when shopkeepers raise the price of necessities like bottled water and batteries as supplies run low. People understandably detest such practices. It offends the sensibilities of non-economists that the same journey should cost different amounts from one day or hour to the next—and more, invariably, when the need is most desperate. Yet surge fares also demonstrate the elegance with which prices moderate a marketplace. When demand in an area spikes and the waiting time for a car rises, surge pricing kicks in; users requesting cars are informed that the fare will be a multiple of the normal rate. As the multiple rises, the market goes to work. Higher fares ration available cars by willingness to pay: to richer users, in some cases, but also to those less able to wait out the surge period or with fewer good alternatives. Charging extra to those without good alternatives sounds like gouging, yet without surge pricing such riders would be less likely to get a ride at all, since there would be no incentive for all the other people requesting cars to drop out. Surge pricing also boosts supply, at least locally. The extra money is shared with drivers, who therefore have an incentive to travel to areas with high demand to help relieve the crush. Whether Uber remains a big part of the transport network in future, and whether it retains surge pricing, depends in part on how well local governments manage the transport system as a whole. In other words, surge pricing is really only as painful as local officials allow it to be.
1. It can be inferred from Paragraph 1 that Uber's pricing strategy ______.
3. The word "detest" (Line 5, Paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to ______.
A.protest.
B.resent.
C.oppose.
D.exclude.
A B C D
B
[解析] 词汇理解题。第二段第五句举例“It offends the sensibilities of non-economists(违反了非经济学家的情感)，每一天价格都不一样”，因此可推测detest意思最接近resent(厌恶)，B项是正确选项。 A项“反对”、C项“反抗”和D项“排斥”均和原文词义不符，可排除。
4. The cause of surge fares in automobiles lies in ______.
Part B Directions: Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are two extra subheadings. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. A. Invest in the relationship, even if it's temporary B. Check your attitude C. Hold your own responsibilities D. Maintain relationships E. Focusing on learning F. Discover the new priorities G. Always prepare for chances In some workplaces, reorgs and personnel changes are constant, which means that you might be getting a new boss every few months. How do you develop an effective relationship with your manager when the person filling that role keeps shifting? How much of an investment should you make? How can you get what you need to succeed and grow in your role? And is maintaining continuity yore responsibility? 1 Do a little detective work. We need to find out the reason why this boss was appointed and what it means for your organization and your career path. It may have something to do with the failures of the previous manager, but it's more likely that the new boss signals a change in the organization's direction or a shift in its mission. To find out, talk to your peers, your colleagues in other departments, or your boss's boss. Get involved in your new manager's orientation process. Then, align yourself with the new priorities. 2 You may find that you don't like or respect your new boss as much as your old one, but don't dwell on the negative. You should focus your attention and energy on areas you do have control over and things you can do to improve the situation like being a helping contributor. Similarly, don't moan to colleagues about your new-boss whiplash. If you need to vent, talk to your spouse or your friends (provided they don't work at your company). Seek out people who will give you honest feedback about the validity of your complaints. 3 Don't fall into the trap of thinking you don't need a strong relationship with a new boss who may soon be replaced. You need to make a big investment no matter how short you expect the person's tenure to be. Having good relationships with colleagues and your boss makes your workday more enjoyable and efficient. You don't have to be best friends with a new manager, but it's a good idea to make an effort to get to know her. Ask about her hobbies, her weekend plans, and her family. Be open and curious. 4 Even in the best professional situations, you shouldn't rely on your boss for all of your development needs. But a new manager will almost certainly have something useful to teach you. Perhaps he's a sales whiz, a brilliant marketing strategist, or has great technical chops. Transient bosses may not be in the best position to mentor and coach, especially when it comes to navigating the organization. They do often bring novel information—a new background, new experiences, and new perspectives. They can allow you to see your work with fresh eyes. 5 One bright spot of the frequent management switches: the number of senior managers who can vouch for your work increases. That's why it's smart to treat even short-term bosses as part of your growing professional network. The networks can be helpful to you down the road in ways you can't always foresee. Even if you decide it's too much work to stay in touch with all of them, never badmouth your current boss to your old boss.
1.
F。
[解析] 第二段最后一句里出现了priorities，此句的意思为“调整自己来与新的优先事项一致”，即为F项中所指的“发现新的priorities(优先事项)”，也就是寻找自己新的优先事项来适应公司的新变化。 C项“承担你自己的责任”，第一段最后有说到“持续承担你的责任”，但这两者意思并不相同。Hold your own responsibilities应该是“承担你自己的责任”，与“调整自己来适应公司的新变化”不一致。
2.
B。
[解析] 第三段里有出现respect，说的是你对旧老板和新老板的尊重。而且在本段的最后一句里出现了complaints(抱怨)，respect和complaints都是职员的态度。而且第一句后半句提到“don't dwell on the negative(不要停留在消极的方面)”。第三句说到“don't moan to colleagues about your new-boss whiplash(不要向同事抱怨新老板的严厉)”。这些都是说要改变自己的态度。所以选B项。 A项“投资关系，哪怕是暂时的”，此选项为混淆选项，本段主要在说改变自己的态度，重点放在“改变自己”上，还未提到要去和他人建立关系，所以A项不正确。
3.
A。
[解析] 第一句提到Don't fall into the trap of thinking you don't need a strong relationship with a new boss who may soon be replaced. (不要错误地认为，由于一个新的老板可能很快被取代，你就不需要与他建立一个良好的关系了。)这是本段的主题句，意思是“作为职员，需要与任何一任老板都建立良好关系”，所以答案选A项。 D项Maintain relationships(维持关系)为混淆选项。第二句出现的“You need to make a big investment”以及倒数第二句的“it's a good idea to make an effort to get to know her”都表现出这个“关系”还未建立，需要“投资”，所以还不能谈及“维持”。
4.
E。
[解析] 本段第二句说到But a new manager will almost certainly have something useful to teach you. (但是一个新的经理几乎肯定会有一些有用的东西来教你。)也就是说作为职员的你肯定有可以向他学习的地方。最后一句提到They can allow you to see your work with fresh eyes, "fresh eyes"指“新鲜的目光”，即从老板那里学习到新的东西。所以本题选E项。 F项“发现新的优先事项”，关键在于priorities这个词的意思，意为“优先事项”，而不是“新的知识或经验”，所以这个选项不准确。
Part C Directions: Read the text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. "HONOR TO BEETHOVEN" was the motto that appeared at the top of a program, printed by the Beethoven Quartet Society, in 1845. 1 Over the course of eight weeks, the group of passionate London musicians mounted the first-ever survey of Beethoven's sixteen string quartets. The Society distributed scores for dedicated audience members to peruse; attendees were asked to arrive thirty minutes early so as not to disrupt the music. 2 The benefits of listening to a full set of sonatas, symphonies, or quartets are obvious: they paint a rich portrait of a composer's musical development, allowing connections to be heard across an artistic career. Biss spoke of Beethoven's sonatas as "twenty-five hours' worth of a private diary of a genius." For the interpreter, cycles offer an opportunity to grapple with repertoire on a grand scale. "The appeal of the Beethoven sonatas is that I won't come to the end of what fascinates me about them, or what puzzles me about them," Biss said. Yet, there is something puzzling about the classical fixation on cycles. Unlike Wagner's "Ring" or Schubert's "Winterreise," Beethoven's sonatas do not tell a singular, unified story. The composer did not know that he would write a ninth symphony when he composed his first. 3 These omnipresent cycles represent, instead, an outdated grouping—one made only in hindsight and informed by a shrewd combination of the Romantic ethos of classical music and the box-set mentality of the record industry. And, though they claim to embrace a wide swath of music, cycles are symptomatic of the past century's thinning of the repertory, one that has squeezed out much fascinating music and left behind only the most pre-sanctioned of classics. 4 The cyclic approach dates back to the end of Beethoven's life, when his music helped define the orchestral repertory, itself a new concept. In the early nineteenth century, a typical concert might include a single movement of a symphony as an overture, followed by a grab bag of shorter works for varying forces. Opera arias were often thrown into the mix. The piano recital as we know it did not exist. 5 Performing a Mozart or Haydn symphony in total was still a rare phenomenon; in Berlin, it was a minor miracle when Beethoven's Fifth Symphony was played four times within a single five-month stretch.
1. Directions: Your university president is going to cancel school buses. Write an email of about 100 words to the university president to show your strong opposing attitude to it. You should tell the university president about the need of school buses. You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.
[范文] Dear president, I hope you would take time to read this email. Recently my classmates have been complaining and it seems to be confirmed that the school buses have been canceled. I am here to demonstrate my protest against this decision. The school bus is helpful for us students to go to school. If there is no school bus, many of US have to change buses many times before we reach school. It costs too much, both time and money. Still, school bus is much safer for us students than most public transport. Finally I assume that the tuition fees we have paid must be sufficient to support the running of the school buses. I hope you can consider my advice and I really appreciate your time.
1. Directions: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should 1) describe the drawing briefly, 2) interpret its intended meaning, and 3) give your comments. You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
[范文]
Legalizing Tips in Tourism Industry: Not Fair, Not Effective
The drawing virtually reminds its audience a phenomenon in China, that is tour guides usually ask tips from tourists. It sparked a debate on whether tips in tourism industry should be legalized. Those who support the notion believe that legalizing tips will help solve the long-standing problem of forcing tourists to shop and thus improve consunption experience. However, those who are against the idea believe that legalizing tips would lead to unfair treatment of tour guides to consumers who have paid tips and those who have not. I believe that tips should not be legalized in the tourism industry. Firstly, it is not fair to legalize tips only in tourism industry. Those who work in other industries in the service sector provide quality service to consumers as well and deserve the same amount of respect and thanks from consumers as those who work in tourism industry do. Secondly, legalizing tips is not an effective solution to the wrong conduct of getting kickback from shop by forcing tourists to shop. The reason for tour guides to do this is that they are not fairly paid by their employers. As people do not have the habit or the mindset of giving tips in China, tour guides will get less from tips than they do from continuing the wrong conduct of getting kickbacks. It is not hard to predict what choices they will make.
深色：已答题 浅色：未答题