银符考试题库-在线练习-四川大学考博英语2017年真题

四川大学考博英语2017年真题

Ⅰ Reading Comprehension
Directions: Read the following six passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C or D.

Passage One
When Mark Zuckerberg posted a picture of himself on Facebook in June, a sharp-eyed observer spotted a piece of tape covering his laptop's camera. The irony didn't go unnoticed: A man whose $350 billion company relies on users feeding it intimate details about their lives is worried about his own privacy. But Zuckerberg is smart to take precautions.
Many of the cameras that can be pointed at us today are easy to spot. But researchers are developing recording devices that can hide in plain sight, some by mimicking animals. A company called AeroVironment has produced a drone that looks and flies like a humming bird. Engineers at Carnegie Mellon, NASA, and elsewhere have designed "snakebots" that can maneuver in tight spaces and could be adapted for surveillance. Robotic bugs are in development, too, and engineers at UC Berkeley and in Singapore are developing cyborg beetles—real insects that can be remote-controlled via implanted electrodes and that might someday pack cameras.
With the advent of the Internet of Things, appliances and gadgets will monitor many aspects of our lives, from what we eat to what we flush. Devices we talk to will record and upload our conversations, as Amazon's Echo already does. Even toys will make us vulnerable. Kids say the darndest things, and the talking Hello Barbie doll sends those things wirelessly to a third-party server, where they are analyzed by speech-recognition software and shared with vendors.
Even our thoughts could become hackable. The technology company Retinad can use the sensors on virtual-reality headsets to track user's engagement. Future devices might integrate EEG electrodes to measure brain waves. In August, Berkeley engineers announced that they had produced "neural dust," implantable electrodes just a millimeter wide that can record brain activity for scientific or medical purposes.
As the data collected by all the devices around us become overwhelming, we'll increasingly rely on artificial intelligence to sift through them and make decisions, says Gary T. Marx, the author of Windows into the Soul: Surveillance and Society in an Age of High Technology. Algorithms are already used to identify potential terrorists, as well as to generate credit ratings and parole recommendations. Chicago police use an algorithm that analyzes arrest records, social networks, and other data to identify future criminals. Soon, bots will likely guide many aspects of personnel management, such as hiring and faring.

1. The word "sharp-eyed" in the first sentence of Paragraph One surely means ______.

A.able to see very well
B.far-sighted
C.short-sighted
D.having good-looking eyes

A B C D

[解析] 词义推断题。单词sharp-eyed在文中的语境为“六月，马克·扎克伯格在脸谱网上发布了一张自己的照片，一个______观察者发现了一块覆盖着他笔记本电脑摄像头的胶带”。四个选项的意思分别为“可以看得清楚的”；“有远见的”；“目关短浅的，近视的”；“有漂亮眼睛的”，结合选项与语境可知，选项A正确，表示“目光敏锐的”。故答案为A。

2. According to the second paragraph, which of the following statements is NOT true?

A.It is easy to detect many of the cameras watching us today.
B.Recording devices in the future may be totally invisible.
C.Some of the cameras may be designed in the shape of animals.
D.Real insects cannot be controlled to spy on people.

A B C D

[解析] 信息判断题。文章第二段首句“Many of the cameras that can be pointed at us today are easy to spot.”与选项A的信息一致，排除；第二段第二句提及研究人员正在开发用肉眼无法看见的(hide in plain sigh)录音设备，其中一些是通过模仿动物来实现的(some by mimicking animals)。选项B和选项C与该句信息对应，排除：第二段末句提出加州大学伯克利分校和新加坡的工程师们正在开发一种人造甲虫——可以通过植入电极进行遥控的真正昆虫(real insects that can be remote-controlled via implanted electrodes)。由此可知，真正的昆虫是可以用来监视人类的，选项D与原文信息相悖。故答案为D。

3. What kind of device is Amazon's Echo according to the third paragraph?

A.It may be a recording and talking machine.
B.It may be a gadget that can record and upload information.
C.It may be a device that tracks its owner's brain activities.
D.It may be a domestic appliance that helps people do their housework.

A B C D

[解析] 信息推断题。根据题干中心词Amazon's Echo定位信息在第三段。段中第二句提及我们对着说话的设备会记录和上传我们的对话，就像亚马逊的Echo智能音箱已经做到的那样。选项B“它可能是一个可以记录并上传信息的小器械”与文章意思一致。故答案为B。

4. Which of the following best paraphrases the first sentence in Paragraph Four?

A.Hackers can even enter into our head.
B.Future devices may enable people to gain unauthorized access to our brains and find out what we are thinking.
C.Our brains may be stolen by Internet hackers.
D.Implantable devices can record our brain activities for scientific or medical purposes.

A B C D

[解析] 信息推断题。解题的关键在于对单词hackable的理解。第四段首句为本段的中心句，之后作者进一步说明首句提出的观点。段中提及未来的设备可能会集成脑电图电极来测量脑电波。伯克利大学的工程师们也已经生产出“神经尘埃”，可植入电极，宽度只有一毫米，可以记录大脑活动以做科学或医学用途。hackable一词的原意是“可侵入的”，由此可推知，未来科技可以侵入人们的大脑。选项D“可植入的设备可以为了科学和医疗的目的记录大脑的活动”与文章信息一致。故答案为D。

5. In the last paragraph, the author seems to say that ______.

A.future devices for collecting data will have a negative effect on our life
B.artificial intelligence based on data collected by future devices can be very useful
C.artificial intelligence will deprive us of our rights to make decisions
D.artificial intelligence may be useful to the police, but not to individual management

A B C D

[解析] 信息推断题。文章最后一段主要说明人工智能对人们生活的影响。段中提及芝加哥警方使用一种分析逮捕记录、社交网络和其他数据的算法来识别未来的罪犯。不久，机器人可能会指导人事管理的许多方面，比如雇佣和解雇。由此可知，未来人工智能的影响是积极的，选项B与文章信息一致。故答案为B。

Passage Two
A survey of 2,000 U.S. physicians released in September found that roughly half believed they had met criteria for a mental health disorder in the past but had not sought treatment. The doctors listed a number of reasons they had shunned care, including worries that they'd be stigmatized and an inability to find the time. But they also voiced a troubling reason for avoiding treatment: medical licensing applications.
After graduating from medical school, doctors must complete residency training and apply for state medical licenses to practice medicine. According to a study that appeared in 2008, about 90 percent of state medical boards have licensing forms that include questions about an applicant's mental health.
Such questions are intended to protect the public, based on the idea that impaired or distressed physicians could endanger patients. A physician having hallucinations, for example, might not be able to focus or practice safely. Yet because applications can be used by medical boards to restrict licensing or mandate treatment, these questions may actually encourage silence.
Disclosing mental health issues can have dire consequences. In the words of one physician interviewed for the new study, "All of my fears were realized when I did report it. I was placed in a very strict and punitive program that didn't allow me to take meds written by my doctor for anxiety and insomnia. I am now not practicing at all because of this."
Given such professional risks, many doctors who need it are terrified about getting mental health care. A 2011 study found that more than 60 percent of surgeons who had experienced suicidal thoughts were reluctant to get help because of licensing concerns: a 2008 survey also found that nearly 20 percent of physicians with moderate to severe depression would not seek care out of fear of losing their medical licenses.
Even if brave enough to seek treatment, many doctors won't report this during licensure. According to the September survey, just 6 percent of physicians who received a mental health diagnosis or treatment had disclosed this to state medical boards. Physicians who didn't disclose mental health histories most commonly held back because they didn't believe they posed any safety risks to patients.
Indeed, it's debatable how relevant—or even legal—these questions from medical boards are. According to several court cases, asking about past illness rather than current functional impairment may violate the Americans With Disabilities Act. In a study published in 2009, researchers examined state medical board applications and estimated that 69 percent had health questions that were "impermissible" or "likely impermissible" under federal law.
Whether focusing on past or present, the phrasing of these questions matters. Fortunately, some states now focus more on impairment related to mental health rather than broadly screening for any history of mental health diagnoses or treatment. Moving the focus away from the past is an important nuance: A doctor who had mild anxiety as a teenager isn't the same as a physician with multiple recent hospitalizations for suicide attempts.
State medical boards are tasked with protecting the public from impaired medical professionals, and it's difficult to predict who might put patients at risk in the future. Yet sweeping questions about mental health past and present aren't the answer. I've seen little evidence to suggest that broad screening make patients safer, and studies tell us these questions deter doctors from getting help.

1. The word "shunned" in the second sentence of Paragraph One most probably means ______.

A.escaped
B.avoided
C.concealed
D.refuted

A B C D

[解析] 词义推断题。第一段首句提及，在对美国医生的一份调查中发现，大约有半数人认为自己在过去有精神健康问题，但却没有寻求治疗(had not sought treatment)，第二句就解释了原因，原文提及a list of reasons that they had shunned care，分析前后两句话语义可知，had not sought treatment与had shunned care信息对应，表示“逃避治疗，不接受治疗”，由此可知，shunned在文中的意思应为“逃避”，选项avoided符合语义。故答案为B。

2. Why do most state medical boards ask questions in their licensing forms about an applicant's mental health?

A.Because the boards believe that many physicians must have mental health problems.
B.Because the boards intend to deprive doctors with mental problems of their licenses.
C.Because the boards consider doctors with mental health problems dangerous to patients.
D.Because the questions are intended to protect the public from having mental problems.

A B C D

[解析] 事实细节题。文章第二段末句提出90%的州医学委员会会问及医师资格申请者的精神健康问题，之后在第三段首句解释了原因，即：他们认为有精神问题的医生可能会危害病人。这些问题意在保护病人。选项C与文章信息一致。故答案为C。

3. Based on the context, the pronoun word "it" in the first line of Paragraph Five refers most probably to ______.

A.mental health care
B.a medical license
C.one of the professional risks
D.anxiety or insomnia

A B C D

[解析] 信息推断题。第五段中提及超过60%的曾经有过自杀想法的医生不愿意获得帮助，因为考虑到执照的问题；超过20%患有中度和重度抑郁的医生因为害怕失去医师执照而不愿意接受治疗，两个例子中提及的都是那些有精神健康问题的医生，因为害怕丢掉行医资格而拒绝接受治疗，与首句内容呼应。由此可推知，本段首句中it应指代的是“精神健康治疗”。故答案为A。

4. Which of the following is NOT an idea of the author?

A.All doctors must apply for state medical licenses to practice medicine.
B.Asking about past illness of doctors may be illegal.
C.It's not easy to conclude who might put patients at risk in the future.
D.Focusing more on impairment related to mental health rather than broadly screening for any history of mental health diagnoses or treatment may be a better choice.

A B C D

[解析] 信息判断题。文章倒数第三段首句与选项B信息对应，即：医学委员会询问医生过去病史的做法可能是违法的，排除；文章最后一句作者提及他几乎没有见过任何证据表明广泛的筛选会让病人更安全，与选项C“诊断谁可能在未来会危害病人是不容易的”的信息一致。倒数第二段最后一句与选项D信息一致，即：一种更好的选择是更好地关注与精神健康有关的损害，而不是一味地、广泛地筛选任何精神健康诊断或治疗史。只有选项A中的“所有医生都必须申请州行医执照”在文章中并未提及。故答案为A。

5. What can we infer from this passage concerning the attitude of the author?

A.The author does not like those questions at all.
B.The author believes that asking mental health questions does help protect the patients.
C.The author seems to question the quality of these questions.
D.The author seems to think that the negative effect of asking these questions is bigger than the positive one.

A B C D

[解析] 观点态度题。作者在文章最后一段表达了对广泛询问医生精神健康问题这一做法的态度。文中提及对于医生精神健康问题的广泛询问不是解决的办法，且没有任何证据证明这会使病人更安全，但研究却表明这会阻止医生获取帮助，选项D中提及“问这些问题的负面影响超过其正面影响”与文章意思相符。故答案为D。

Passage Three
Just after nine o'clock on a Tuesday morning in June, an environmental activist named Bill Kayong was shot and killed while sitting in his pickup truck, waiting for a traffic light to change in the Malaysian city of Miri, on the island of Borneo. Kayong had been working with a group of villagers who were trying to reclaim land that the local government had transferred to a Malaysian palm-oil company. A few days after the murder, the police identified Stephen Lee Kiang, a director and major shareholder of the company, Tung HuatNiah Plantation, as a suspect in the crime, but Kiang flew to Australia before he could be questioned by authorities. (Three other individuals were eventually charged in the case.) Around the world, environmental and human-fights activists added Kayong's death to the tally of violent incidents connected to the production of palm oil, which has quietly become one of the most indispensable substances on Earth.
The World Wildlife Fund says that half of the items currently on American grocery-store shelves contain some form of palm oil. The move away from trans fats in processed foods as a particular boon for the industry—semi-solid at room temperature, palm oil emerged as an ideal swap-in for the partially hydrogenated oils formerly used to enhance the texture, flavor, and shelf life of products like cookies and crackers. Since 2002, when a report from the National Academy of Sciences found a link between trans fats and heart disease, palm-oil imports to the U. S. have risen four hundred and forty-six percent, and have topped a million metric tons in recent years.
Eighty-five percent of the palm oil produced today comes from Indonesia or Malaysia. Rising palm-oil exports have helped both countries make enormous economic strides in the past few decades, but the growth has come at a cost: deforestation rates in both places have been listed among the highest in the world. The habitat destruction brought about by palm-oil production has helped push scores of the region's species, including orangutans and Sumatran elephants, rhinos, and tigers, to the brink of extinction. And, mostly thanks to palm-oil production, Indonesia can boast some of the world's highest levels of greenhouse-gas emissions.
Yet it is violence—against local populations, farmers, and activists—that has human-rights groups closely watching the palm-oil industry. The reports are often sad echoes of one another. In 2012, a human-rights lawyer named Antonio Trejo Cabrera was ambushed by gunmen while walking out of a church in Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Trejo had been representing local peasant organizations in a fight against the palm-oil company GrupoDinant, and had recently won a handful of cases forcing the company's plantations to be turned over to local residents.
In September of last year, a twenty-eight-year-old Guatemal an schoolteacher named Rigoberto Lima Choc was killed on the steps of a courthouse in the city of Sayaxche. Choc had led a group of activists that had filed a criminal complaint against the palm-oil company Reforestadora de Palmas del Peten, S.A., known as REPSA, based on evidence that REPSA's overflowing effluent ponds had triggered a large fish kill along a sixty-five-mile stretch of the Pasion River. Choc was shot the day after the judge overseeing the case ordered the six-month closure of REPSA. The company, at the time, issued a statement rejecting "any link of the company with the murder". Then, in June, it instituted a new anti-violence and intimidation policy, which pledges to "promote safe and secure communities in which we operate".
I recently spoke by phone with Baru Bian, a Malaysian politician who was a friend of Bill Kayong, the activist killed in June. Just a few weeks ago, Bian told me, yet another man was killed during a protest at an oil-palm plantation in the town of Mukah. Meanwhile, Kayong's family is still waiting to see if any of the individual charged in Kayong's murder will be convicted. "They are left without their husband and father," Bian told me, "Still waiting for justice to be done."

1. What can we infer from the author's description in the first paragraph?

A.Bill Kayong was shot and killed because he supported the production of palm oil.
B.Stephen Lee Kiang was identified as the suspect in the murder of Bill Kayong.
C.The number of deaths connected to the production of palm oil is growing.
D.Stephen Lee Kiang is an Australian who killed someone in Malaysia.

A B C D

[解析] 信息推断题。由段中“..., the police identified Stephen Lee Kiang...as a suspect in the crime”可知，Stephen Lee Kiang被警察认定为谋杀Bill Kayong的凶手。选项B与文章信息一致。第二句提及Bill Kayong与村民一起试图要回被政府转让给马来西亚棕榈油生产公司的土地，由此可知，Bill Kayong是反对棕榈油生产的，选项A提及“因支持棕榈油生产而被杀”与段中第二句信息相悖。选项C的内容在本段并未提及，选项D中认为Stephen Lee Kiang是澳大利亚人，与文章信息相悖。故答案为B。

2. The phrase "the partially hydrogenated oils" in Paragraph Two refers to ______.

A.palm oil
B.trans fats
C.cookies and crackers
D.items on American grocery-store shelves

A B C D

[解析] 词义推断题。文章第二段的第二句提及：在生产过程中抛弃反式脂肪对棕榈油企业而言是一种优惠(move away from trans fats...was a particular boon for the industry)，之后提及palm oil emerged as an ideal swap-in for the partially hydrogenated oils，分析两句可知，句中move away from trans fats...boon与an ideal swap-in for the partially hydrogenated oils信息对应，关键在于理解swap-in的意思，这里表示“替代物”，由此可知，the partially hydrogenated oils指代的是trans fats。故答案为B。

3. What is the main idea of the third paragraph?

A.Palm-oil exports have brought tremendous benefits to Indonesia and Malaysia.
B.Deforestation rates in both countries have been listed among the highest in the world.
C.Palm-oil production has led to the destruction of habitat of many species.
D.Rising palm-oil exports have caused serious environmental problems in both countries.

A B C D

[解析] 主旨大意题。段中第二句提及棕榈油出口量的增长促进了印度尼西亚和马来西亚两个国家经济的发展，但也付出了代价。之后列举一系列的生态环境问题：这两个国家的森林砍伐率是世界最高的，动植物生存环境遭到破坏，很多物种濒临灭绝。由此可知，本段中作者要表达的主要思想是棕榈油的生产导致了严重的环境问题。选项D与文章信息一致。故答案为D。

4. Why are human rights groups closely watching the palm-oil industry?

A.Because more and more people are being harmed.
B.Because more violence is used against those fighting against palm-oil companies.
C.Because some people are representing local peasant organizations.
D.Because palm-oil companies are fighting justifiably against the local population.

A B C D

[解析] 事实细节题。由题干中的human rights groups定位信息在第四段。本段首句提及：是暴力(针对当地人、农民和活动家)让人权组织开始密切关注棕榈油企业，选项B与文章信息一致，故答案为B。

5. Which of the following do you think can be used as the title of this passage?

A.What is unknown behind the palm-oil industry.
B.The violent costs of the global palm-oil industry.
C.Justice is to be done in the palm-oil industry.
D.Many people have to die for developing the palm-oil industry.

A B C D

[解析] 主旨大意题。文章开篇列举了一位环保活动家因对抗棕榈油生产而遭到杀害的事例，之后又提及其他有关棕榈油生产的暴力事件，并指出棕榈油生产对马来西亚和印度尼西亚环境的破坏。但问题并未解决，文章最后一句也提及等待正义得到伸张。由此可知，本文主要说明发生在棕榈油生产背后的暴力杀人事件和环境危害问题，选项A表达了文章的主旨。故答案为A。

Passage Four
How would you rank "important" languages? If asked to rattle them off, many people start with English, but after that are reluctant to go further. Important how, they ask. One approach would be to look at people and money; surely a language is important if it is spoken by lots of people, in countries with great wealth (and presumably, therefore, power).
But in December came a new approach. A group of scholars approached the task by first looking at how languages are connected to one another, rather than viewing them in isolation. They then decided to see if this was a good predictor of how many famous people spoke a given language. If a language is well connected to others (a "hub" language with many bilinguals), its speakers will tend to be famous. And the names of the connected languages turn out to be rather interesting.
To find links between languages, the researchers created a "global language network" (GLN) three different ways. One was Wikipedia editors: a bilingual Wikipedian who edits articles in both Arabic and English counts as strengthening the bond between Arabic and English. The second was Twitter: users who had tweeted at least six full sentences in a second language were treated as strengthening the bond between those two languages. The third was a more formal, old-fashioned metric: book translation. UNESCO, the United Nations' cultural organization, keeps a database of translated books, and each of the 2.2m translations was counted as a bond strengthening the two languages. (These bonds, of course, are asymmetrical: some languages have more books translated out of them than into them and vice versa.)
The resulting networks are striking in many ways. English is central to all of them. But with many other languages, their connectivity has little to do with their home country's modern power. Take the network implied by book-translation. The data come from 1979—2011, and so Russian is an important node in the network. Not only were books translated between Russian and other languages of the former Soviet Union (Armenian, Kirgiz and Latvian, say), but Russian is significantly connected to languages from South and South-East Asia and the Middle East. The contrast with Wikipedia and Twitter, which skew much more modern, is striking: Russian suddenly becomes a peripheral node.
Chinese, too, is peripheral in the authors' networks. In the book-translation network, the world's most spoken language is isolated, connected mainly to other Chinese languages plus a few in South-East Asia, notably Vietnamese. This may make sense given the time-frame of the book-translation database skewed to decades before China's spectacular rise. But Chinese is also a bit-player on Twitter, as a result of the popularity of Sina Weibo, a competing Twitter-like service in China. The same is true of Wikipedia: here Chinese is somewhat better connected, but it is still much less than its size or GDP would predict, possibly thanks to the existence of a Wikipedia-like Baidu Baike collaborative encyclopedia.
The upshot is clear: big languages are not necessarily global, and vice versa. Arabic and Hindi—two other languages with hundreds of millions of speakers—are as peripheral as Chinese and Russian. The big nodes in the networks besides English are predictable: French, Spanish and German, especially. The first two were successfully flung far and wide by colonialism. German has centuries of prestige in science, philosophy and literature, despite the failures of Germany's colonial efforts.
But these results must be handled with care, the authors note. The paper says nothing about the inherent qualities of any language, or the cleverness of its speakers. Cesar Hidalgo, one of the authors, notes that the paper is really about elites. Bilinguals with time to edit Wikipedia are not typical people, nor are book translators (or even bilingual Twitter users). But they do play an outsized role in the transmission of culture across borders. The main finding of the paper is that people are more likely to become globally famous (as measured, in part, among people with Wikipedia entries in at least 25 languages) if they speak one of the most networked languages. The world's most brilliant person may be a speaker of Hmong or Nahuatl, but the road to fame leads through other languages.

1. The phrase "rattle them off" in the first line of Paragraph One is closest in meaning to ______.

A.utter a list of them quickly
B.write down a list of them effortlessly
C.prepare a list of them formally
D.arrange a list of them one by one

A B C D

[解析] 词义推断题。由第一段中“How would you rank 'important' languages?(你将如何为‘重要’的语言排名?)”与“many people start with English, but after that are reluctant to go further(很多人从英语开始，然后就不愿继续了)”可推知，rattle off在这里有“飞快说出”的意思，选项A与信息一致。故答案为A。

2. We can infer from the first two paragraphs that ______.

A.ranking languages by looking at how they are connected is a better approach
B.ranking languages by looking at people and money might be an isolated approach
C.speakers of a well connected language tend to be more famous
D.language can be used as a good predictor of the number of famous people

A B C D

[解析] 信息推断题。本题可定位至第二段“But in December came a new approach. A group of scholars approached the task by first looking at how languages are connected to one another, rather than viewing them in isolation. (但是在12月份，出现了一种新的方式。一组学者在为重要语言排名时首先看语言如何相互联系，而不是孤立地看待它们)”。选项B“通过看人数和财富来为语言排名可能是一种孤立的方式”与文章信息一致。故答案为B。

3. According to the new approach, which of the following is true?

A.English stands in the center of all three minor networks.
B.Russian is an important node in the network of book-translation.
C.Chinese is peripheral in the networks implied by Twitter and Wikipedia.
D.Russian is an important language on Twitter and Wikipedia.

A B C D

[解析] 事实细节题。本题可定位至倒数第三段“But Chinese is also a bit-player on Twitter...The same is true of Wikipedia. (然而，中文在推特方面也是小角色……在维基百科方面也同样如此……)”。选项C“在推特和维基百科所暗示的网络里，中文是小众的”信息与文章内容一致。故答案为C。

4. According to the passage, the author seems to believe that ______.

A.important languages must be big languages
B.Hindi is an important, but not big, language
C.German is not an important language because Germany failed in its colonial efforts
D.the most important languages are English, French, Spanish and German

A B C D

[解析] 推理判断题。定位到倒数第二段“The big nodes in the networks besides English are predictable: French, Spanish and German, especially(除英语外，这些网络中的重要节点是可预测的，尤其是法语、西班牙语和德语)”。选项D“最重要的语言是英语、法语、西班牙语和德语”与文章信息一致。故答案为D。

5. How should we look at the results of the paper based on the new approach?

A.We should take these important results seriously.
B.We should regard them as just some of the possible results.
C.We should not believe these are correct results.
D.We should take these results for granted.

A B C D

[解析] 信息推断题。文章最后一段提及“但是作者们提醒说，看待这些这些结果要谨慎一点。这篇论文没有提到任何语言的固有品质，或者说话者的聪明才智，由此可推知，在论文中得到的结论不是绝对的，选项B“我们应该将他们仅仅视为一些可能的结果”与文章信息一致。故答案为B。

Passage Five
There are few more reliable routes to an early grave than cigarette smoking. As a matter of fact, some tobacco users are informed only about how tobacco use can affect people's respiratory system, but not about the fact that over 4,000 kinds of chemicals can be found in tobacco smoke. They are warned of the epidemic being carcinogenic, but not of the fact that at least 40 kinds of cancer-causing substances are lurking in the smoke. They know tobacco use is harmful, but they do not know that tobacco smoke is highly toxic with many pathogenic substances in it, including nicotine, nitrogen dioxide and lead. Tobacco smoke proves more dangerous than industrial air pollution, taking a varied toll on people's brain, heart, lung, liver, stomach and kidney, triggering sexual and procreative dysfunctions, and even leading to birth defects. But despite the dangers, nicotine addicts find it almost impossible to kick the habit. Half of those who try will fail within a week. Fewer than 5% manage to stay clean for a year or more. Crutches such as nicotine patches or gum, which provide the drug without the cigarettes, can help—but only a little.
One reason is that addiction is about more than mere chemistry. The rituals involved, such as holding a cigarette between the fingers or taking a long, luxuriant puff, can be as habit-forming as nicotine itself. So a better way to stop smoking might be a drug-delivery system that mimicked an ordinary cigarette as closely as possible, but had none of the pesky carcinogens and other poisons which come from burning a rolled-up mix of paper tobacco leaves and additives.
Electronic cigarettes would seem to fit that bill. They use a small electric heater to vaporize a mix of glycerin and propylene glycol (two fairly inoffensive chemicals) in which nicotine has been dissolved, turning it into a breathable mist that can be savored much as cigarette smoke is. And because some of these devices are designed to resemble traditional cigarettes, they can be held between the fingers and jabbed in the air for emphasis, just like the real thing.
However, the novelty of e-cigarettes (the first of which hit market in 2006) means there is only a smattering of evidence addressing the question of whether they actually do help smokers ditch the real thing. On December 17th, though, more evidence arrived—in the form of a review published by the Cochrane Collaboration, an international medical research organization. The review's authors, led by Peter Hajck of Queen Mary, a college of the University of London, examined results from 13 trials of e- cigarettes. The results, though a long way from being definitive, are encouraging.
Two of the studies the team looked at were randomized control trials. These are the highest form of medical evidence, in which doctors assign volunteers at random to the treatment being studied or to something else, and compare the results. In the cases examined, the something else was a placebo e-cigarette. This resembled the real thing, but delivered no nicotine. About 9% of people using electronic cigarettes in these studies managed to abstain from smoking for six months, as against 4% of those using the placebos. One of the studies also found that e-cigarettes were at least as useful as nicotine patches in encouraging abstinence (the other did not examine this question.)
Giving up smoking is the ideal outcome, but puffing less is good for you as well. Both studies suggested that e-cigarettes help those who cannot face giving up completely to cut their consumption significantly. Some 27% of smokers using placebo e-cigarettes, and 36% of those using the genuine electronic article, were able to do so by half or more. One of the trials also compared e-cigarettes with nicotine patches. In that study, 61% of e-cigarette users were able to cut their consumption by half, compared with only 44% of those using patches. These general conclusions were supported by the 11 remaining investigations, known as cohort studies, in which doctors merely monitored people for a time, without attempting to influence their behavior.

1. Which of the following does "taking a varied toll on" in the first paragraph mean?

A.Putting a big or small burden on.
B.Causing a heavy loss to.
C.Limiting the function of.
D.Causing different degrees of damage to.

A B C D

[解析] 信息推断题。文中第一段主要讲香烟对人体的危害。短语出现的语境为“Tobacco smoke proves more dangerous than industrial air pollution, taking a varied toll on people's brain...”，分析句子结构，现在分词taking a varied...做主句的状语，补充说明主句中提及的烟草烟雾带来的危险，结合选项和短语中单词varied“不同的”，选项D“对…产生不同程度的伤害”符合语境。故答案为D。

2. We learn from the first paragraph that ______.

A.not everyone is aware of the danger of smoking
B.most people are ignorant of the dangers of using tobacco
C.some smokers may not be well informed about the various dangers brought by tobacco
D.some smokers cannot quit smoking because they do not know the danger

A B C D

[解析] 信息推理题。由段中“As a matter of fact, some tobacco users are informed only about how tobacco use can affect people's respiratory system, but not about the fact that...”可知，一些吸烟者只知道香烟如何影响人的呼吸系统，却不知道在香烟烟雾中可以发现超过4000种化学物质的事实。选项C“一些吸烟者可能不太了解吸烟所带来的各种危害”与文章意思一致。选项A中的not...aware、选项B中的ignorant及选项D中的not know均与文中informed only意义不一致。故答案为C。

3. According to the passage, which of the following statements may NOT be true?

A.Holding the cigarette between the fingers is a cool part of smoking.
B.Addiction to smoking may be the result of a long time of habit-forming.
C.It is not easy to change the rituals involved in smoking.
D.Addiction to smoking is not merely a matter of a chemical reaction.

A B C D

[解析] 信息判断题。文章第二段前两句提及：一个原因是(吸烟)上瘾不仅仅与化学方面有关。吸烟所涉及的仪式，如将一支香炯夹在手指间或喷出一股长而奢华的烟雾，可能与尼古丁本身一样上瘾。选项A中提及将香烟夹在手指间很酷，文中并未提及。故答案为A。

4. According to the Paragraphs 4 and 5, e-cigarettes or electronic cigarettes ______.

A.were the same as the placebos in terms of their effects
B.turned out to be more effective than the placebos in encouraging abstinence
C.were as useful as nicotine patches in helping people abstain from smoking
D.looked very much like the real placebos

A B C D

[解析] 信息判断题。由文章第五段“About 9% of people using electronic cigarettes in these studies managed to obtain from smoking...”可知，使用电子烟的人大约有9%的人设法戒烟6个月，而使用安慰剂的人中只有4%的人设法戒烟6个月，由此可知，选项B“被证明相比安慰剂在鼓励戒烟方面更有效”与文章内容一致。故答案为B。

5. What do you think the author wants to convey by writing this article?

A.E-cigarettes are one of the many effective ways to help people quit smoking.
B.Using e-cigarettes may be a better way to help people abstain from smoking.
C.Nicotine patches should not be used in helping people abstain from smoking.
D.E-cigarettes have helped many tobacco users successfully drop smoking.

A B C D

[解析] 信息推断题。文章开篇就介绍了香烟给人类带来的各种危害，之后在第二、三段提出一个更好的戒烟方法就是电子香烟，它能尽可能地模仿普通香烟，但没有令人讨厌的致癌物和其他有毒物质。在第四、五段指出电子香烟优于安慰剂和尼古丁贴片的戒烟效果，选项B“使用电子烟可能是帮助人们戒烟的一种更好的方式”与文章主旨一致。故答案为B。

Passage Six
Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) was concerned primarily with how societies could maintain their integrity and coherence in the modem era, when things such as shared religious and ethnic background could no longer be assumed. In order to study social life in modern societies, Durkheim sought to create one of the first scientific approaches to social phenomena. Along with Herbert Spencer, Durkheim was one of the first people to explain the existence and quality of different parts of a society by reference to what function they served in keeping the society healthy and balanced—a position that would come to be known as functionalism. Durkheim also insisted that society was more than the sum of its parts. Thus, unlike his contemporary Max Weber, he focused not on what motivates the actions of individual people (methodological individualism), but rather on the study of "social facts", a term which he coined to describe phenomena which have an existence in and of themselves and are not bound to the actions of individuals. He argued that social facts had an independent existence greater and more objective than the actions of the individuals that composed society and could only be explained by other social facts rather than, say, by society's adaptation to a particular climate or ecological niche.
In his 1893 work, The Division of Labor in Society, Durkheim examined how social order was maintained in different types of societies. He focused on the division of labor, and examined how it differed in traditional societies and modern societies. Authors before him such as Herbert Spencer and Ferdinand Toennies had argued that societies evolved much like living organisms, moving from a simple state to a more complex one resembling the workings of complex machines. Durkheim reversed his formula, adding his theory to the growing pool of theories of social progress, social evolutionism and social Darwinism. He argued that traditional societies were "mechanical" and were held together by the fact that everyone was more or less the same, and hence had things in common. In traditional societies, argued Durkheim, the collective consciousness entirely subsumed individual consciousness—social norms were strong and social behavior was well-regulated. In modern societies, he argued, the highly complex division of labor resulted in "organic" solidarity. Different specializations in employment and social roles created dependencies that tied people to one another, since people no longer could count on filling all of their needs by themselves. In "mechanical" societies, for example, subsistence farmers live in communities which are self-sufficient and knit together by a common heritage and common job. In modern "organic" societies, workers earn money, and must rely on other people who specialize in certain products (groceries, clothing, etc) to meet their needs. The result of increasing division of labor, according to Durkheim, is that individual consciousness emerges distinct from collective consciousness—often finding itself conflict with collective consciousness.

1. What is NOT true about Emile Durkheim?

A.He tried to explain the elements of a society and how they functioned.
B.He lived in the time of Max Weber but did not share his views on society.
C.Functionalism was a new approach he sought to create to study modern societies.
D.He did not care much about methodological individualism.

A B C D

[解析] 事实细节题。由文中第一段“Along with Herbert Spencer, Durkheim was one of the first people to explain the existence and quality of different parts of a society by...—a position that would come to be known as Functionalism.”可知，Durkheim创立了功能主义学说，与选项C一致；再由首段中“Thus, unlike his contemporary Max Weber, he focused not on what motivates the actions of individual people(methodological individualism), but rather on the study of 'social facts'”可知，Durkheim的重点不是什么激发个人的行动(方法论的个人主义)，而是在研究“社会事实”，与同时代的Max Weber研究社会的方法不同，选项B提及的是对社会的观点不同，与文章相悖。故答案为B。

2. Which point about "social facts" is mentioned in the passage?

A.Social facts are all the things we see.
B.Social facts include what people do.
C.Social facts exist independent of people.
D.Social facts can be explained by a particular climate.

A B C D

[解析] 事实细节题。由题干中关键词“social facts”定位信息在首段最后一句，句中提及social facts有着独立的存在(an independent existence)，选项C与文章意思一致，故为答案。

3. The word "subsumes" in the middle of the second paragraph can be best replaced by ______.

A.discredits
B.includes
C.substitutes
D.replaces

A B C D

[解析] 词义推断题。由第二段“He argued that traditional societies were 'mechanical' and were held together by the fact that everyone was more or less the same, and hence had things in common.”可知，传统社会是“机械”的，因为每个人或多或少都是一样的。在后文中又提及“集体意识”是规范的，是强有力的，行为是有节制的。由此可判断the "collective consciousness" entirely subsumes individual consciousness表达的意思应为“集体意识完全包含个人意识”，故答案为B。

4. Which of the following can best describe the identity of Emile Durkheim?

A.A social evolutionist.
B.A social Darwinist.
C.A social scientist.
D.A social revolutionary.

A B C D

[解析] 信息推断题。文章首段提及“Durkheim主要关注的是现代社会如何能够保持其完整性和连贯性，因为已不存在共同的宗教和族裔背景。为了研究现代社会中的社会生活，他试图创造一种研究社会现象的科学方法。”由此可知，他是一个社会科学家(social scientist)。故答案为C。

5. According to Durkheim, the increasing division of labor is ______.

A.a necessary result of all complex societies
B.an important element causing modern societies to differ from traditional ones
C.what creates dependencies that tie people to one another
D.one obvious symbol of "mechanical" societies

A B C D

[解析] 信息推断题。由题干中increasing division of labor定位信息在第二段。该段第二句指出，Durkheim关注division of labour，并检测现代社会与传统社会的不同。后文指出，division of labour导致现代社会是一个“有机”整体，社会成员互相依存，个体意识与集体意识不再像传统社会里那样一致了。由此可知，division of labour是造成现代社会与传统社会不同的重要因素。故答案为B。

Ⅱ Vocabulary

1. Upon returning to their tent on the riverbank, the explorers were astonished to see that their boat had ______ away.

A.flushed
B.floated
C.frowned
D.diverged

A B C D

[解析] 动词词义辨析。flush“脸红”；float“浮动；散播；摇摆；”；frown“皱眉；不同意”；diverge“分歧；偏离；离题”。由句中关键词boat与away可知“飘浮”符合语境，句意为：回到自己在河堤上的帐篷后，这些探险者吃惊地看到自己的船已漂走。故答案为B。

2. Fierce as they are, beasts like tigers and lions usually do not ______ to violent killing unless they are very hungry.

A.prefer
B.alternate
C.resort
D.confront

A B C D

[解析] 固定搭配。prefer to“更加喜欢；宁愿”；alternate to“替代……”；resort to“求助于；诉诸”；confront to“正视，正对”。空格短语的宾语为violent killing，结合选项，C符合语境。句意为：尽管像老虎和狮子一样的野兽很凶猛，但是除非非常饥饿，它们通常不会诉诸暴力的杀戮。故答案为C。

3. The airlines charge half-price for the students. ______, I've already bought my ticket to New York.

A.Incidentally
B.Accidentally
C.Expectantly
D.Coincidentally

A B C D

[解析] 副词词义辨析。incidentally“顺便提一下；偶然地；附带地”；accidentally“意外地；偶然地”；expectantly“期待地；期望地”，coincidentally“巧合地；一致地”。句中后半句是对前半句的补充，A符合语境。句意为：这些航空公司对学生收取半价。顺便提一下，我已购买了去纽约的机票。故答案为A。

4. He's trying to ______ all the support he can obtain for the political party he's formed.

A.stimulate
B.mobilize
C.organize
D.motivate

A B C D

[解析] 动词词义辨析。stimulate“刺激；鼓舞”；mobilize“动员；集合；使……流通”；organize“组织”；motivate“刺激；激发……的积极性”。语境为：他正设法______可以为自己所组建的政党所获取的一切支持。动词的宾语为support，选项能与support搭配且符合语境的为B选项，表示“动员”的意思。

5. The professor spoke clearly and ______ and we could understand every word he said.

A.distinguished
B.distinctly
C.distinctively
D.distinguishable

A B C D

[解析] 形容词和副词词义辨析。distinguished“著名的；卓著的；高贵的”；distinctly“明白地；确实地”；distinctively“特殊地；区别地”；distinguishable“可区别的；辨认得出的；可辨识的”。空格处副词与clearly共同修饰教授的讲话，distinctly“明白地”符合语境。故答案为B。

6. Before you start, spend a few minutes ______ yourself with the rules of the game.

A.accustoming
B.directing
C.familiarizing
D.accompanying

A B C D

[解析] 动词词义辨析。accustom“使习惯于”；direct“管理；指挥”；familiarize“使熟悉”；accompany“陪伴；伴随”。空格处单词修饰“比赛的规则(the rules of the game)”，选项中familiarize“使熟悉”符合语境。故答案为C。

7. I was so surprised when he turned up—I'd ______ someone much older.

A.visualized
B.perceived
C.recognized
D.encountered

A B C D

[解析] 动词词义辨析。visualize“形象化；想象，设想”；perceive“感觉；理解；认知”；recognize“认出；识别；承认”；encounter“遭遇；遇到”。句中语境为“他出现时，我非常吃惊”。由此可知，与我的想象不一样，visualize“想象”符合语境。句意：他出现时，我非常吃惊——我想象中他年龄要偏大一些。故答案为A。

8. Presently, no international organizations can take the place of UN, which east a (n) ______ influence on international affairs.

A.individual
B.immeasurable
C.unique
D.indispensable

A B C D

[解析] 形容词词义辨析。individual“个人的；个别的；独特的”；immeasurable“无限的；不可估量的；不能测量的”；unique“独特的；独一无二的”；indispensable“不可缺少的”。句中提及“没有国际组织可以替代联合国”，由此推知，其影响力是“不可估量的”，indispensable“不可缺少的”一般与“作用”搭配。故答案为B。

9. A well-constructed building must be properly ______.

A.evaporated
B.ventilated
C.circulated
D.regenerated

A B C D

[解析] 动词词义辨析。evaporate“使……蒸发；使……脱水”；ventilate“使通风；给……装通风设备”；circulate“使循环；使流通；使传播”；regenerate“使再生；革新”。句中“a well-constructed building”(构建良好的建筑)与选项中ventilate搭配。句意：一栋构建良好的建筑一定要适当地安装通风设备。故答案为B。

10. A comprehensive market system should be established to ______ the flow of talent, funds and materials.

A.necessitate
B.facilitate
C.cultivate
D.activate

A B C D

[解析] 动词词义辨析。necessitate“使成为必需；迫使”；facilitate“促进；帮助；使容易”；cultivate“培养；耕作”；activate“刺激”。语境为：一个无所不包的市场体系应该能够______人才、资金和物资的流动。结合选项，B符合语境。

11. The human brain is the most delicate and complex ______ in all living things.

A.mechanism
B.mechanics
C.merchandise
D.machinery

A B C D

[解析] 名词词义辨析。mechanism“机制；结构”；mechanics“力学；机学”；merchandise“商品；货物”；machinery“机械；机器”。由句中关键词human brain可知“结构”符合语境，句意：人类大脑是所有生物中最微妙且复杂的结构。故答案为A。

12. The noise is so faint that the engineers have to ______ their ears to hear it.

A.stir
B.stress
C.strain
D.stride

A B C D

[解析] 固定搭配。strain one's ears“侧耳细听”，句意为：噪音太微弱了，机械师不得不侧耳细听。故答案为C。

13. The ______ at the highest point in the United States is 20,000 feet at Mt. McKinley in Alaska.

A.elevation
B.attitude
C.summit
D.top

A B C D

[解析] 名词词义辨析。elevation“高地；海拔”；attitude“态度”；summit“顶点；最高级会议”；top“顶部”。句意为：美国最高点处的海拔是2万英尺，位于阿拉斯加麦金利山。故答案为A。

14. A person who is truly considerate does thoughtful things for others ______ without having to be asked or reminded.

A.consciously
B.deliberately
C.intentionally
D.spontaneously

A B C D

[解析] 副词词义辨析。真正体贴的人在没有被要求或提醒的情况下不由自主地为他人做体贴的事情。consciously“有意识地”；deliberately“故意地；谨慎地；慎重地”；intentionally“故意地；有意地”；spontaneously“自发地”。由句中“truly considerate”(真正体贴的)和without having to be asked or reminded(在没有被要求或提醒的情况下)可知，体贴他人是“自发地”，故答案为D。

15. The pattern of weather in the last few weeks ______ the norm for this time of year.

A.deviates from
B.originates from
C.diverts from
D.differentiates from

A B C D

[解析] 动词词组辩析。deviate from“偏离；脱离”；originate from“发源于”；divert from“转移”；differentiate from“将……区别开来；与……不同”。由句中the norm for this time of year(一年中这个时候的天气常态)可知，“偏离”符合语境，故答案为A。

16. Before I noticed a small difference, I had thought the machines were ______.

A.artificial
B.identical
C.equivalent
D.resemblant

A B C D

[解析] 形容词词义辨析。artificial“人造的；仿造的；虚伪的”；identical“完全相同的”；equivalent“等价的；相等的”；resemblant“相似的”。由句中noticed a small difference可知空格单词应表示“相同的”的意思，选项B符合语境。

17. As people ______ more wealth, they tend to spend a greater proportion of their incomes.

A.accommodate
B.accelerate
C.accumulate
D.accomplish

A B C D

[解析] 动词词义辨析。accommodate“容纳；使适应；调解”；accelerate“使……加快；使……增速”；accumulate“积累”；accomplish“完成”。空格动词修饰“more wealth”(更多财富)，accumulate符合语境，故答案为C。

18. Many officials initially reacted with shock and ______ to the charge of corruption.

A.indulgence
B.indignation
C.indigence
D.indifference

A B C D

[解析] 名词词义辨析。indulgence“嗜好；放纵；沉溺”；indignation“愤慨；愤怒”；indigence“穷困；贫乏；贫穷”；indifference“漠不关心；冷淡”。语境为：对于针对自己的腐败指控，很多官员最初的反应是吃惊和______。结合选项，indignation“愤慨；愤怒”更符合语境，故答案为B。

19. The key to the popularity of aluminum is its incredible ______.

A.versatility
B.validity
C.visibility
D.subtlety

A B C D

[解析] 名词词义辨析。versatility“多功能性；多才多艺；用途广泛”；validity“有效性；正确性”；visibility“能见度；可见性”；subtlety“微妙；敏锐”。铝受欢迎的关键是它用途广泛。空格单词说明aluminum受欢迎的特点，结合选项，versatility“多功能性；用途广泛”符合语境。故答案为A。

20. Tony was in plain clothes, watching for a ______ character at London Airport all night.

A.suspicious
B.suspect
C." susceptible
D.suspended

A B C D

[解析] 形容词词义辨析。suspicious“可疑的；怀疑的；多疑的”；suspect“嫌疑犯”；susceptible“易受影响的；易感动的”；suspended“悬浮的；暂停的”。句中提及“in plain clothes(穿着便衣)”与“watching for(密切注视着)”，由此可知语境应为“可疑的人物”。故答案为A。

Ⅲ Cloze
Many researchers have found 1 dependence and obedience in very young girls, greater 2 and activity in boys. When a barrier is set up to separate children 3 their mothers, boys try to knock it down; girls cry helplessly. There is little 4 that mother's encouragement or discouragement of such behavior plays a major role in determining adult personality. For example, a mother often stimulates male autonomy by throwing a toy far away from her young son, thus silently suggesting to him that he leaves her to get it.
Animal studies suggest that there may be a biological factor in 5 behavior; mothers of some monkeys punish their male babies earlier and more often than their 6 offspring; they also touch their female babies more often and act more 7 toward them.
As for the 8 question of female "passivity", psychologist Helen Deutsh believes that the concept has been misunderstood. "There is no contradiction between being feminine and working. The self can be active in both men and women," she says. It is only in love and sex that passivity is particularly 9 for woman. As she sees it, passivity is no 10 than a kind of openness and warmth; it does not mean "inactivity of emptiness".
Another controversy 11 over the effect of hormones. Aggressive women, who 12 hormonal influence, disagree violently with scientific researchers, who almost 13 agree that hormones help determine how people feel and act. 14 far, there have been few studies of male hormones, but scientists think they may 15 discover hormonal cycles in men that produce 16 changes in mood and behavior. As 17 females, studies have indicated that 49% of female medical and surgical admissions, most psychiatric hospital admission and 62% of violent 18 among women 19 are related with 20 cycles in women.

A.bigger
B.greater
C.larger
D.stronger

A B C D

[解析] 近义词辨析。bigger和larger一般指代“更大的(指代物体或数量)”；stronger“更强壮的”，great还可以修饰抽象的东西，如知识、能力、人格等，空格后dependence and obedience表示抽象意义，故使用greater。

A.dependence
B.obedience
C.autonomy
D.ambition

A B C D

[解析] 上下文语义。dependence“依赖；依靠”；obedience“遵守”；autonomy“自主”；ambition“野心，雄心”。分析句子结构可知，前后两个分句是比较男生与女生的不同，前文中提及dependence and obedience(依赖和服从)，与之意义相对，选项中与前文dependence意义相反的只有autonomy，表示“自主”的意思。故答案为C。

A.against
B.with
C.behind
D.from

A B C D

[解析] 动词搭配。与separate搭配使用的介词from，表示“把……和……分开”的意思，故答案为D。

A.doubt
B.question
C.suspicion
D.problem

A B C D

[解析] 固定搭配。前文提及：母亲对孩子行为的鼓励或劝阻在决定成人性格方面发挥主要的作用，这是事实。there is little doubt that表示“毫无疑问的是”符合语境，为习惯用语，故答案为A。

A.paternal
B.maternal
C.animal
D.human

A B C D

[解析] 上下文语义。由空格后“mothers of some monkeys punish their male babies earlier(一些猴子的母亲会更早惩罚自己的雄性幼儿)”与“they also touch their female babies more often(她们也会更经常地触摸自己的雌性幼儿)”可知前文指代“母亲行为方面的生物学因素”，paternal“父亲的”；maternal“母亲的；母系的”。故答案为B。

A.female
B.sisterly
C.own
D.young

A B C D

[解析] 上下文语义。由句子中的more...than结构可知，空格处的单词与前文中male对应，且babies与offspring对应，female符合上下文语义。故答案为A。

A.restrictive
B.offensive
C.instructive
D.protectively

A B C D

[解析] 上下文语义。空格所在句所描写的语境：母亲更多地会抚摸雌性幼儿。并与前句中punish their male babies(惩罚她们的雄性后代)对应，由此可知，空格处单词应选择与punish相反的形容词，protectively“保护性地”符合上下文语境。restrictive“限制的”；offensive“攻击的”；instructive“有益的”故答案为D。

A.confusing
B.contrary
C.controversial
D.contending

A B C D

[解析] 上下文语义。由下一段第一句中“Another controversy(另外一个争议)”可知这里指代“对于有争议的女性‘顺从’问题”，由此知C项controversial“有争议的”正确。confusing“混乱的；混淆的”；contrary“相反的”；contending“争先的”。故答案为C。

A.appropriate
B.regulated
C.approximate
D.formulated

A B C D

[解析] 词义辨析。前文中提及男性和女性都可以是活跃的，言外之意，女性也可以活跃，不是男性特有的。空格所在句only和love, sex提示本句所说内容为女性特有的，选项中appropriate“适当的，恰当的，合适的”符合语境，表示“顺从只是在爱与性方面尤其适合女性”。regulated“规定的，控制的”；approximate“近似的”；formulated“规划的”。故答案为A。

10.

A.merely
B.rather
C.more
D.less

A B C D

[解析] 固定搭配。空格后说它(顺从)并不意味着空虚不活泼，空格所在句是说明passivity指什么，结合选项，no more than表示“只是，只不过”，符合语境，表示“顺从只是一种开朗和热情”。故答案为C。

11.

A.runs
B.ranges
C.tracks
D.watches

A B C D

[解析] 动词词组辨析。run over“辗过；复查”；range over“包括；涉及”；没有track over这个搭配：watch over“看守；监视；照管”。空格词组的宾语为the effect of hormones(荷尔蒙的影响)，选项B符合语境，表示“涉及”的意思。故答案为B。

12.

A.refuse
B.disconcert
C.ignore
D.discount

A B C D

[解析] 动词词义辨析。由后文中disagree violently with scientific researcher(极不同意研究人员的观点)可知，空格句所说的语境应为一些活跃女性(aggressive women)不同意荷尔蒙造成女性顺从的观点，选项中discount“打折；低估；忽视”最符合语境。refuse“拒绝”；disconcert“使仓皇失措：使困惑”；ignore“忽视；不理睬”。故答案为D。

13.

A.stubbornly
B.deliberately
C.willingly
D.unanimously

A B C D

[解析] 副词词义辨析。stubbornly“顽固地，倔强地”；deliberately“故意地；谨慎地”；willingly“欣然地”；unanimously“全体一致地”。由空格前scientific researcher(科学研究人员)与空格后agree(同意)可知unanimously更符合语境，故答案为D。

14.

A.So
B.By
C.Thus
D.Too

A B C D

[解析] 逻揖关系。由空格后there have been为现在完成时态可知空格所在句为时间状语，由此可直接排除C项thus和D项too。by far“到目前为止；非常(与比较级或最高级连用)”，一般不用在句首，故答案为A。so far表示“到目前为止”的意思。

15.

A.eventually
B.successively
C.potentially
D.expectedly

A B C D

[解析] 副词词义辨析。空格前there have been few studies of male hormones(很少有关于男性荷尔蒙的研究)与“but scientists think they may...(但是科学家认为自己可能……)”，结合选项，eventually“最后，终于”；successively“相继地”；willingly“欣然地”；expectedly“预期地；意料之中地”可知，句子语境要强调的是最终会进行男性荷尔蒙的研究。故答案为A。

16.

A.regular
B.monthly
C.cyclic
D.radical

A B C D

[解析] 上下文语义。分析上下文可知，空格前hormonal cycles(荷尔蒙周期)与changes in mood and behavior(情绪和行为改变)对应，cyclic“循环的：周期的”符合语境。故答案为C。

17.

A.among
B.to
C.for
D.with

A B C D

[解析] 介词用法。由空格前“谈及荷尔蒙对男性影响的研究”和空格后“females(女性)”可知，空格句所说的“谈及荷尔蒙对女性影响的研究”，由此知C项as for“对于……”符合语境。故答案为C。

18.

A.wrongs
B.crimes
C.sufferings
D.feelings

A B C D

[解析] 上下文语义。同空格前violent“暴力的”搭配使用，crime“犯罪；罪恶”更符合语境。故答案为B。

19.

A.actors
B.patients
C.prisoners
D.doctors

A B C D

[解析] 上下文语义。分析上下文可知前文“暴力犯罪”和空格信息一致，选项中prisoner“罪犯”与上下文一致。故答案为C。

20.

A.emotional
B.monthly
C.regular
D.hormonal

A B C D

[解析] 上下文语境。由空格前hormonal cycles in men(男性的荷尔蒙周期)与空格后cycles in women(女性的周期)可知，这里指代“女性的荷尔蒙周期”，故答案为D。

Ⅳ Translation

Part A
Translate the following passage into Chinese.

1. To most people it is not easy to explain why Einstein's theory eventually shook the whole scientific and intellectual world. But because of it, scientists never again regarded the world as they had before. Basically, the theory proposed, among other things, that the greatest speed possible in the universe is that of light; that mass appears to increase with speed; that the rate of a clock moving through space will decrease as its speed increases; and that energy and mass are equal and interchangeable. This latter claim, based on the formula E=mc² (energy equals mass times the square of the speed of light) was later proved by atomic fission, on which the atomic bomb is based. Later in life, when Einstein was asked to explain his law of relativity to a group of young students, he said: "When you sit with a nice girl for two hours, you think it's only a minute. But when you sit on a hot stove for a minute, you think it's two hours. That is relativity."

对大多数人来说，解释为何爱因斯坦的理论最后动摇了整个科学界和知识界并不容易。然而，由于爱因斯坦的理论，科学家们从此不再以以前的方式看待世界。大致说来，该理论提出：宇宙中的最快速度可能是光速；质量似乎随着速度的增加而增加；穿过太空的时钟的速率会随着它穿过的速度的增加而减小；能量与质量是对等且可互换的。最后这一条基于公式E=mc²(即能量等同于质量乘以光速的平方)，其后来被原子裂变所证实。原子弹就是基于原子裂变而研发的。后来当有人要求爱因斯坦去向一群年轻学生解释他的相对论时，他说：“若你跟一个漂亮的姑娘坐在一起两个小时，你会觉得只过了一分钟。但是，若你坐在火炉上一分钟，你会认为过了两个小时。这就是相对论。”

Part B
Translate the following sentences into English.

1. “宁为鸡首，不为牛后。”这句谚语的确是中国人偏爱自己创业的最佳注解。

Better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion. This proverb is indeed the best interpretation for Chinese people's preference on self-employment.

2. 一场大地震，震碎了许多家庭，震垮了许多房子，却拉近了人与人的感情、地方与地方的距离。

A big earthquake shattered many families and destroyed a lot of houses, but it tightened interpersonal ties and made the distance between regions shorter.

3. 随着总统选举活动不断升温，“中国”两字将会越来越频繁地出现在新闻报道中。

As the presidential election campaign continuously heats up, the word "China" will more frequently appear in news reports.

4. 这次演讲的题目应是留学生在美国的生活，他却东拉西扯，说到南极探险上去了，真是离题万里。

Although the speech title for this time should be the lives of overseas students in the USA, he talked aimlessly with his speech topic shifting to Antarctic exploration, thus going adrift far from the subject.

5. 目前旅居法国的作家郑宝娟，嫁给来自四川的先生，几年前随他返乡探亲后，也见识了麻辣火锅在当地的威势。

After getting married with a man from Sichuan province in China, Zheng Baojuan, who is a writer and now lives in France, returned to Sichuan with her husband several years ago and also saw the power and influence of the spicy hot spot there.

Ⅴ Writing

1. Directions: Some people regard attending college as an important step to a good job and so students should choose career-oriented courses, while others consider higher education an enrichment of life and encourage students to pursue whatever they are interested in. Please write a composition to comment on both views and give your own opinion. Your composition should be about 150 English words. Write your composition on the ANSWER SHEET.

Whether choosing the career-oriented courses or the ones you're interested in, different people hold a variety of opinions. Some people regard attending college as an important step to a good job and students should choose career-oriented courses, while others consider higher education enrichment of life and encourage students to pursue whatever they are interested in.
Choosing career-oriented courses is of great importance for college students to find fancy jobs after graduation. Career-oriented courses will facilitate students to get used to their jobs and be more needed by companies. While choosing the courses students interested in will be easier for them to learn. As for me, students should choose the courses they are interested in. Since interest is the best teacher, students will be well motivated if they choose the courses they want to learn.
In a word, both the career-oriented and the interest-based courses have their advantages and disadvantages. Which one is appropriate for students depends on one's interest and their study motives.