Section Ⅰ Use of English The effect of the baby boom on the schools helped to make possible a shift in thinking about the role of public education in the 1920's. In the 1920's, but especially 1 the Depression of the 1930's, the United States experienced a 2 birth rate. Then with the prosperity 3 on by the Second World War and the economic boom that followed it, young people married and 4 households earlier and began to 5 larger families than had their 6 during the Depression. Birth rates rose to 102 per thousand in 1946, 106.2 in 1950, and 118 in 1955. 7 economics was probably the most important 8 , it is not the only explanation for the baby boom. The increased value placed 9 the idea of the family also helps to 10 this rise in birth rates. The baby boomers began streaming 11 the first grade by the mid-1940's and became a 12 by 1950. The public school system suddenly found itself 13 The wartime economy meant that few new schools were buih between 1940 and 1945. 14 , large numbers of teachers left their profession during that period for better-paying jobs elsewhere. 15 , in the 1950's, the baby boom hit an antiquated and inadequate school system. Consequently, the custodial rhetoric of the 1930's no longer made 16 ; keeping youths ages sixteen and older out of the labor market by keeping them in school could no longer be a high 17 for an institution unable to find space and staff to teach younger children. With the baby boom, the focus of educators 18 turned toward the lower grades and back to basic academic skills and 19 . The system no longer had much 20 in offering nontraditional, new, and extra services to older youths.
[解析] have interest in…对……有兴趣，固定搭配；ability能力；advantage优势；benefit益处。
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Text 1 Crying is hardly an activity encouraged by society. Tears, whether they are of sorrow, anger, or joy, typically make Americans feel uncomfortable and embarrassed. The shedder of tears is likely to apologize, even when a devastating tragedy was the provocation. The observer of tears is likely to do everything possible to put an end to the emotional outpouring. But judging from recent studies of crying behavior, links between illness and crying and the chemical composition of tears, both those responses to tears are often inappropriate and may even be counterproductive. Humans are the only animals definitely known to shed emotiomal tears. Since evolution has given rise to few, if any, purposeless physiological responses, it is logical to assume that crying has one or more functions that enhance survival. Although some observers have suggested that crying is a way to elicit assistance from others (as a crying baby might from its mother), the shedding of tears is hardly necessary to get help. Vocal cries would have been quite enough, more likely than tears to gain attention. So, it appears, there must be something special about tears themselves. Indeed, the new studies suggest that emotional tears may play a direct role in alleviating stress. University of Minnesota researchers who are studying the chemical composition of tears have recently isolated two important chemicals from emotional tears. Both chemicals are found only in tears that are shed in response to emotion. Tears shed because of exposure to cut onion would contain no such substance. Researchers at several other institutions are investigating the usefulness of tears as a means of diagnosing human ills and monitoring drugs. At Tulane University's Tear Analysis Laboratory Dr. Peter Kastl and his colleagues report that they can use tears to detect drug abuse and exposure to medication, to determine whether a contact lens fits properly of why it may be uncomfortable, to study the causes of "dry eye" syndrome and the effects of eye surgery, and perhaps even to measure exposure to environmental pollutants. At Columbia University Dt. Liasy Faris and colleagues are studying tears for clues to the diagnosis of diseases away from the eyes. Tears can be obtained painlessly without invading the body and only tiny amounts are needed to perform highly refined analyses.
1. It is known from the first paragraph that
A.crying usually wins sympathy from other people.
B.crying may often imitate people or even result in tragedy.
C.shedding tears gives unpleasant feelings to Americans.
D.one who sheds tears in public will be blamed.
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节题。由关键词the first paragraph定位至第一段，由Tears...make Americans feel uncomfortable and embarrassed可知，流泪让美国人感到不舒服和尴尬，因此答案为C项。
2. What does "both those responses to tears" (Para. 1) refer to?
A.Crying out of sorrow and shedding tears for happiness.
B.The tear shedder's apology and the observer's effort to stop the crying.
C.The embarrassment and unpleasant sensation of the observers.
D.Linking illness with crying and finding the chemical composition of tears.
A B C D
B
[解析] 推断题。第一段共五句话。第一句概括说哭泣在美国是不受欢迎的。接下来的三句是对第一句的解释，哭泣的人要道歉，看见哭泣的人要阻止哭泣。最后一句话是最近研究表明这些行为对健康十分不利。由此可见both those responses to tears是指shedder of tears is likely to apologize...observer of tears is likely to do everything possible to put an end to the emotional outpouring，因此B项是对此的概括。
3. "Counterproductive" (Para. 1) very probably means
A."having no effect at all".
B."leading to tension".
C."producing disastrous impact".
D."harmful to health".
A B C D
D
[解析] 含义题。Counterproductive所在句子为both those responses to tears are often inappropriate and may even be counterproductive，由并列连词and可知counterproductive的意思应该是inappropriate(不合适的)，结合上下文，流泪的人可能要道歉，看见流泪的人要尽力停止这种情感的倾泻，这两种情形都对健康有害，因此答案为D项。
4. What does the author say about crying?
A.It must have a role to play in man's survival.
B.It is a pointless physiological response to the environment.
C.It is meant to get attention and assistance.
D.It usually produces the desired effect.
A B C D
A
[解析] 细节题。按照出题顺序寻找至第二段，根据最后一句可知A项It must have a role to play in man's survival(哭泣在人类生存中起一定作用)是对it is logical to assume that crying has one or more functions that enhance survival(认为哭泣有利于生存是符合逻辑的)的同义转述。
5. What can be inferred from the new studies of tears?
A.Environmental pollutants can induce the shedding of emotional tears.
B.Exposure to excessive medication may increase emotional tears.
C.Emotional tears can give rise to "dry eye" syndrome in some cases.
D.Emotional tears have the function of reducing stress.
A B C D
D
[解析] 推断题。根据new studies定位至第四段，由第一句the new studies suggest that emotional tears may play a direct role in alleviating stress可知，D项Emotional tears have the function of reducing stress是对其的同义转述，意为眼泪可以减轻压力，reduce是alleviate的同义词。
Text 2 It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors' names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal. No longer. The Internet—and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it—is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor. The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals. This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report's authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.
1. In the first paragraph, the author discusses
A.the background information of journal editing.
B.the publication routine of laboratory reports.
C.the relations of authors with journal publishers.
2. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?
A.It criticizes government-funded research.
B.It introduces an effective means of publication.
C.It upsets profit-making journal publishers.
D.It benefits scientific research considerably.
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节题。根据题干中的关键词OECD report可定位到第二段。通读第二段第三句至段尾可知，OECD的报告使至今一向获利丰厚的出版商们感到心情沉重(makes heavy reading for publishers)，而且报告还表明科学研究中一直很关键的一项因素发生了改变。因此C项为正确答案。A项偷换概念，报告批评的对象应该是“从政府投资的研究项目中牟利的出版商”，而不是研究项目本身。B项无法得知，在第四段中作者称该报告指出了三种新的出版模式，但没有对他们进行评价。D项为主观臆造，可排除。
3. According to the text, online publication is significant in that
A.it provides an easier access to scientific results.
B.it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.
C.it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.
D.it facilitates public investment in scientific research.
4. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to
A.cover the cost of its publication.
B.subscribe to the journal publishing it.
C.allow other online journals to use it freely.
D.complete the peer-review before submission.
A B C D
A
[解析] 细节题。可以直接回到原文最后一段找线索。从文中“there is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author to pay for the paper to be publish”可知答案为A项。B项、D项是对原文的曲解，C项属于无中生有。
5. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the text?
A.The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.
B.A new mode of publication is emerging.
C.Authors welcome the new channel for publication.
D.Publication is rendered easier by online service.
Text 3 Gene therapy and gene based drugs are two ways we could benefit from our growing mastery of genetic science. But there will be others as well. Here is one of the remarkable therapies on the cutting edge of genetic research that could make their way into mainstream medicine in the coming years. While it's true that just about every cell in the body has the instructions to make a complete human, most of those instructions are inactivated, and with good reason: the last thing you want for your brain cells is to start churning out stomach acid or your nose to turn into a kidney. The only time cells truly have the potential to turn into any and all body parts is very early in a pregnancy, when so called stem cells haven't begun to specialize. Yet this untapped potential could be a terrific boon to medicine. Most diseases involve the death of healthy cells—brain cells in Alzheimer's, cardiac cells in heart disease, pancreatic cells in diabetes, to name a few; if doctors could isolate stem cells, then direct their growth, they might be able to furnish patients with healthy replacement tissue. It was incredibly difficult, but last fall scientists at the University of Wisconsin managed to isolate stem cells and get them to grow into neural, gut, muscle and bone cells. The process still can't be controlled, and may have unforeseen limitations; but if efforts to understand and master stem cell development prove successful, doctors will have a therapeutic tool of incredible power. The same applies to cloning, which is really just the other side of the coin. True cloning, as first shown with the sheep Dolly two years ago, involves taking a developed cell and reactivating the genome within, resetting its developmental instructions to a pristine state. Once that happens, the rejuvenated cell can develop into a full-fledged animal, genetically identical to its parent. For agriculture, in which purely physical characteristics like milk production in a cow or low fat in a hog have real market value, biological carbon copies could become routine within a few years. This past year scientists have done for mice and cows what Ian Wilmut did for Dolly, and other creatures are bound to join the cloned menagerie in the coming year. Human cloning, on the other hand, may be technically feasible but legally and emotionally more difficult. Still, one day it will happen. The ability to reset body cells to a pristine, undeveloped state could give doctors exactly the same advantages they would get from stem cells: the potential to make healthy body tissues of all sorts, and thus to cure disease. That could prove to be a true "miracle cure".
1. The writer holds that the potential to make healthy body tissues will ______.
A.aggravate moral issues of human cloning
B.bring great benefits to human beings
C.help scientists decode body instructions
D.involve employing surgical instruments
A B C D
B
[解析] 本题是观点态度题，根据题干定位到第三段。第二段段末指出“...cells truly have the potential to turn into any and all body parts...”(细胞具有发展成为身体组织的潜能)。由此可以推知，第三段的第一句中的“this untapped potential”指的正是细胞的这种繁殖潜能。作者随即指出这种潜能“...could be a terrific boon to medicine”，可以通过推动药物的发展，从而使人类获益。
2. The word "rejuvenated" (Para. 5) most probably means ______.
A.modified
B.recollected
C.classified
D.reactivated
A B C D
D
[解析] 本题为语义理解题，根据题干定位到第五段，由线索“Once that happens...”可知，“rejuvenated”和前一句的“reactivating”有着时间上的继承性和意义上的对照关系，二者构成同义复现。
3. The research at the University of Wisconsin is mentioned to show ______.
A.the isolation of stem cells
B.the effects of gene therapies
C.the advantages of human cloning
D.the limitations of tissue replacements
A B C D
A
[解析] 本题为事实细节题，根据题干定位到第四段，由第四段第一句“...the University, of Wisconsin managed to isolate stem cells...”可知，虽然研究很困难，但这所大学还是在去年秋天设法分裂了干细胞。
4. Which of the following is true according to the text?
A.The principle of gene therapy is applicable to that of cloning.
B.The isolation of stem cells is too difficult to be feasible.
C.It is reasonable for all body instructions to be activated.
D.Cloned animals will eventually take control of the world.
A B C D
A
[解析] 本题是事实细节题，根据选项定位到本文第五段，第五段第一句话指出“the same applies to cloning”，表明其实基因治疗的原理和克隆的原理两者完全是可以通用的。
5. Towards the genetic research, the author's attitude can best be said to be that of ______.
A.frustration
B.indifference
C.amazement
D.opposition
A B C D
C
[解析] 本题是观点态度题，根据题干定位到全文，需要对作者态度进行综合分析。作者尽管提到有困难，但科学家们正在谈论克服困难的办法而且非常努力，并且作者最后说道“That could prove to be a true 'miraclecure'”，当真正使用克隆技术为人类治疗的时候，那将会是真正的“神奇疗法”，足见作者本身对基因科学感到非常惊奇。
Text 4 As long as her parents can remember, 13-year-old Katie Hart has been talking about going to college. Her mother, Tally, a financial-aid officer at a California University, knows all too well the daunting thing of paying for a college education. Last year the average yearly tuition at a private, four-year school climbed 5.5 percent to more than $17,000. The Harts have started saving, and figure they can afford a public university without a problem. But what if Katie applies to Princeton (she's threatening), where one year's tuition, room and board—almost $ 34,000 in 2007—will cost more than some luxury cars? Even a number cruncher like Tally admits it's a little scary, especially since she'll retire and Katie will go to college at around the same time. Paying for college has always been a hard endeavor. The good news: last year students collected $74 billion in financial aid, the most ever. Most families pay less than full freight. Sixty percent of public-university students and three quarters of those at private colleges receive some form of financial aid— mostly, these days, in the form of loans. But those numbers are not as encouraging as they appear for lower-income families, because schools are changing their formulas for distributing aid. Eager to boost their magazine rankings, which are based in part on the test scores of entering freshmen, they're throwing more aid at smarter kids—whether they need it or not. The best way to prepare is to start saving early. A new law passed last year makes that easier for some families. So-called 529 plans allow parents to sock away funds in federal-tax-free-investment accounts, as long as the money is used for "qualified education expenses" like tuition, room and board. The plans aren't for everyone. For tax reasons, some lower and middle income families may be better off choosing other investments. But saving is vital. When's the best time to start? "Sometime," says Jack Joyce of the College Board, "between the maternity ward and middle school." Aid packages usually come in some combination of grants, loans and jobs. These days 60 percent of all aid comes in the form of low-interest loans. All students are eligible for "unsubsidized" federal Stafford loans, which let them defer interest payments until after graduation. Students who can demonstrate need can also qualify for federal Perkins loans or "subsidized" Staffords, where the government pays the interest during school. Fortunately, this is a borrower's market. "Interest rates are at their lowest level in the history of student loans," says Mark Kantrowitz, publisher of Finaid. Kantrowitz expects rates to fall even further when they're reviewed this summer. Traditional scholarships, academic or athletic, are still a part of many families' planning. Mack Reiter, a 17-year-old national wrestling champion, gets so many recruiting letters he throws most away. He'll almost certainly get a free ride. Without it, "we would really be in a bind," says his mother, Janet. For everyone else, it's worth the effort to pick through local and national scholarship offerings, which can be found on Web sites like collegeboard. com.
1. What does the author intend to illustrate with the example of the Harts?
A.The difficulty of paying the tuition.
B.The far-sight of the parents.
C.The promising future of Katie.
D.The increasing tuition in the university.
A B C D
A
[解析] 本题是事实细节题，根据题干定位到第一段，从“the daunting thing of paying for a college education”(支付大学学费这件恐怖的事)和“One year's tuition, room and board—almost $34,000 in 2007—will cost more than some luxury cars”(一年的学费、住宿费高达34000美元，比豪华车还要贵)这些细节，以及段末塔莉妈妈对自己将于女儿入学的时候退休的担忧，可知哈特一家的例子是为了说明支付学费的困难。
2. What can we infer from the second paragraph?
A.Some families are too poor to pay the full amount of the tuition.
B.The parents do not favor the form of loans.
C.Paying the tuition makes the parents feel humble.
D.Those who are in great need may not get what they need.
A B C D
D
[解析] 本题是推理判断题，根据题干定位到第二段，第二段最后一句指出“Eager to boost their magazine rankings, which are based in part on me test scores of entering freshmen, they're throwing more aid at smarter kids-whether they need it or not.”学校为了提高其杂志排名，就在经济上给予那些比较聪明的孩子较大的帮助，不管他们需不需要帮助。由此可以推知，学校倾向于将经济援助发给那些聪明但可能并不需要帮助的学生，而急需帮助的学生并不一定就能获得帮助。
3. The last paragraph suggests that ______.
A.many recruiting letters failed to provide Mack Reiter with scholarships
B.Mack Reiter wanted to help his family go out of the trouble
C.traditional scholarships are a good solution to the tuition problems in some families
D.Mack Reiter was very proud of his national wrestling championship
A B C D
C
[解析] 本题是推理判断题，根据题干定位到最后一段，最后一段首句“Traditional scholarships, academic or athletic, are still a part of many families planning.”指出“许多家庭还在依赖传统的奖学金，不管是学习上的还是体育上的。”，紧接着用麦克的例子证明这一点，而麦克妈妈的话“Without it, we would really be in a bind”(如果没有这项奖学金，我们真的要陷入困境了)也验证了体育奖学金作为传统奖学金的一种对这个家庭的作用。
4. What does the author mean by "better off"(Line 4, Paragraph 3)?
Part B Today, some 30% of small business owners don't have a Web presence at all, while the vast majority who do are watching their sites sit stale, waiting and wanting for business. Where did things go wrong? There are common principles followed by those whose dreams of online success have become reality. 1 Build your site around your customer: Thinking of your site as your online storefront, built around delivering the highest-quality customer experience from the moment your customer steps through the "door". 2 Just because you built it doesn't mean they'll come: If you aren't seeing a large volume of targeted traffic to your site, it's time to up the ante. 3 Integrate customer loyalty programs and promotions: Methods contain discounts, news, or friendly service reminders. Use discount promotional offers to stay in touch with past visitors to your site. 4 Justify your monthly spending through product bundling: While pay-per-click Internet advertising is much more cost-effective than traditional media channels, bundling products together will not only increase your sales revenue, but also enable you to get more out of your per-click ad rates. 5 Measure your progress: Your site may be live, but how is it performing? Armed with these simple lessons, vow to make your business realize the true promise of the Internet. A. A manufacturing company selling $50 items was having trouble justifying the cost of online keyword ads. By bundling products to create packages of $100 or more and advertising to wholesale customers looking to buy in bulk, the manufacturer dropped its sales representative agencies and focused on large-volume buyers, such as Wal-Mart and Target. Needless to say, the company had no trouble exceeding its yearly sales quota. B. One of my past clients had a well-designed physical storefront, solid prices, and quality offerings. However, he wasn't able to drive enough store traffic despite targeted advertising efforts in print publications and other offline venues. We decided to shift those ad dollars to an online pay-per-click campaign—in which the advertiser pays whenever someone clicks on its entry posted during the course of a site search based on keywords relevant to his business. The immediate impact was staggering. Online revenue soared tenfold to $1 million from $100,000 within only a few months. C. With today's technology, your return can be easily measured. If you rely on your Web site as a sales tool, you can't afford not to invest in site analytics. Make sure your Web solution includes an easy-to-use reporting tool that presents this information in a clear, concise format. After all, while metrics are a critical part of the Web equation, you don't have the time to spend hours digging through reams of data. D. Years ago, I worked with a woman who sold purses online through a home-built site that lacked critical e-commerce components. After a simple redesign including product descriptions, comprehensive navigation, and a secure, user-friendly ordering system, her revenue increased fivefold. And she began receiving rave reviews from customers impressed with the ease and convenience of the online shopping experience. E. Online success demands more than simple presence. Your Internet investment should pay for itself with new customers and increased sales. Find a trusted partner who can help you navigate today's (and tomorrow's) technology and who understands the bottom-line realities of your business. F. One villa rental company had a Web site that generated very few calls and online bookings. I helped the company set up a "last minute deals" distribution list. By subscribing, site visitors would receive weekly e-mails offering 11th-hour discounts on villa rentals. As a result, the company captured contact information for thousands of possible customers, reduced its unused inventory to almost zero, and increased revenue significantly.
[解析] 此处概括句是“你仅仅是建立了它，并不意味着顾客就会光临”。下面作者只给出了一句话作为说明，即如果你没有看到大量的顾客光临你的网站，就是时候提高赌注了。考生应该抓住这一句的关键部分：提高赌注。从常识上讲，“下赌注”一般意味着做出某种新的尝试或者改变。而前半句提到的“没有大量顾客光临你的网站”是促使你做出这种尝试或改变的原因。阅读选项，内容和逻辑上衔接最贴切的是B项，其中enough store traffic和原文中的a large volume of targeted traffic相呼应，该项提到的“将网下广告的经费转移到网络销售上”则是新的大胆尝试。因此确定B项为正确答案。
3.
F
[解析] 此处概括句是“将顾客忠诚计划和促销手段结合在一起”。在下文的论述中，作者给出了实施这一原则和建议的具体方法：包括打折、新闻和友好的提醒性服务。通过提供打折的促销活动来与网站的访问者保持联系。因此，接下来论述的内容至少应该与顾客忠诚或促销有关，甚至可能继续论述打折的销售手段。在剩余的几个选项中，F项直接出现了discount(折扣)一词，即提供别墅租赁折扣，此外该项中的contact information for thousands of possible customers与原文中的stay in touch with past visitors to your site相呼应。所以F项为正确答案。
Part C There is an old saying that philosophy bakes no bread. It is perhaps equally true that no bread would ever have been baked without philosophy. For the act of baking implies a decision on the philosophical issue of whether life is worthwhile at all. Bakers may not have often asked themselves the question in so many words. 1 But philosophy traditionally has been nothing less than the attempt to ask and answer, in a formal and disciplined way, the great questions of life that ordinary men might put to themselves in reflective moments. In a world of war and change, of principles armed with bombs and technology searching for principles, the alarming thing is not what philosophers say but what they fail to say. 2 When reason is overturned, blind passions are unrestrained, and urgent questions mount, men turn for guidance to scientists, sociologists, politicians, journalists—almost anyone except their traditional guide, the philosopher. Ironically, the once remote theologians are in closer touch with humanity's immediate and intense concerns than most philosophers. Many feel that the "queen of sciences" has been dethroned. Once all sciences were part of philosophy's domain, but gradually, from physics to psychology, they seceded and established themselves as independent disciplines. Above all, for some time now, philosophy itself has been engaged in a vast revolt against its own past and against its traditional function. 3 This intellectual clearance may well have been necessary, but as a result contemporary philosophy looks inward at its own problems rather than outward at men, and philosophizes about philosophy, not about life. A great many of his colleagues in the U.S. today would agree with Donald Kalish, chairman of the philosophy department at U.C.L.A., who says: "There is no system of philosophy to spin out. There are no ethical truths, there are just clarifications of particular ethical problems. You are mistaken to think that anyone ever had the answers. There are no answers." 4 As a result, philosophy today is bitterly separated, and most of the major philosophy departments and scholarly journals are the exclusive property of one sect or another. 5 Chances are, however, that philosophy will learn to coexist with science and reach is delayed maturity, provided it resolutely insists on being a separate discipline dealing publicly and intelligibly in first-order questions. Caution is bound to remain. Instead of one-man systems, philosophy in the future will probably consist of a dialogue of many thinkers, each seeking to explore to the fullest one aspect of a common problem.
深色：已答题 浅色：未答题