Part Ⅰ Reading Comprehension Directions: There are 5 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. While the polltakers are most widely known for their political surveys, the greatest part of their work is on behalf of American business. There are three kinds of commercial surveys. One is a public relations research, such as that done for banks, which finds out how the public feels about a company. Another is employee-attitude research, which learns from rank-and-file workers how they really feel about their jobs and their bosses, and which can avert strikes by getting to the bottom of grievances quickly. The third, and probably most spectacular, is marketing research, testing public receptivity to products and designs. The investment a company must make for a new product is enormous--$ 5,000,000 to $ 10,000,000, for instance, for just one new product. Through the surveys a company can discover in advance what objections the public has to competing products, and whether it really wants a new one. These surveys are actually a new set of signals permitting better communication between business and the general public--letting them talk to each other. Such communication is vital in a complex society like our own. Without it, we would have not only tremendous waste but the industrial anarchy of countless new unwanted products appearing and disappearing.
1. The title below that best expresses the main idea of this passage is ______.
3. This paragraph is developed by means of ______.
A.cause and effect
B.contrast
C.illustrations
D.anecdotes
A B C D
C
这一段是通过说明的方式展开的。作者提到三种民意调查，并对每一种调查进行了说明。
4. Which is not mentioned as an area in which polls have been conducted?
A.New products.
B.Politics.
C.Public relations.
D.Family relationships.
A B C D
D
本文作者没有提到家庭关系的调查。
Another example of the exercise of power by Congress was the action it took during the Reconstruction Period after the Civil War. It has already been noted that President Johnson favored a lenient policy toward the South and attempted to carry out Lincoln's "10 percent plan". He pardoned most of the Southern leaders and permitted them to restore their state governments. They were permitted to elect Senators and Representatives. Congress, however, led by the Radical Republican Thaddeus Stevens, had other ideas about the handing of the defeated Confederacy. Congress favored punitive policies. The South should be treated as conquered territory, and its readmission should be handled by Congress rather than the President. Congress opposed the "Johnson Governments" and the "Black Codes" passed by Southern states which virtually restored former slaves to their masters. Accordingly, it passed the Reconstruction Act of 1867. This measure divided the South into five military districts and provided that a seceded state would be readmitted in the Union only after it had ratified the 14th Amendment which provided that all persons born or naturalized in the United States should be citizens of the United States and of the state in which they resided, granted equality before the law to all persons, and prohibited a state from depriving any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. Congress also barred rebel leaders from federal office, repudiated the Confederate debt, and reduced the representation of states which barred qualified persons from voting. Later it adopted the 15th Amendement guaranteeing the Negroes the right to vote. Johnson vigorously opposed these measures. He vetoed the Reconstruction Act and others, only to see Congress repass them over his veto. After such passage of the Tenure of Office Act, Johnson, believing it unconstitutional, violated it and removed a member of his Cabinet without consulting Congress. The House of Representatives proceeded to impeach Johnson. The Senate, however, failed, by one vote, to reach the two-thirds majority necessary for his removal.
5. The title below that best expresses the main idea of this passage is ______.
A.The Impeachment of President Johnson
B.The Reconstruction Period
C.Conflict between President Johnson and Congress
D.A Lenient President
A B C D
C
表达本文大意的最佳标题是：约翰逊总统和国会之间的冲突。整篇文章讲述约翰逊总统和国会之间的许多冲突。
6. We can infer that ______.
A.Johnson believed that the Reconstruction Act of 1867 carried out Lincoln's "10 percent plan"
B.Johnson exceeded his authority by removing a Cabinet member without consulting Congress
C.Johnson failed to be impeached by one vote
D.Johnson was less tolerant of the South than Congress was
"The highest merit we ascribe to Moses, Plato, and Milton," says Emerson, "is that they set at nought books and traditions, and spoke not what men thought but what they thought. A man should learn to detect and watch that gleam of light which flashes across his mind from within, more than the luster of the firmament of bards and sages. Yet he dismisses without notice his thought because it is his. In every work of genius we recognize our own rejected thoughts; they come back to us with a certain alienated majesty." It is strange that any one who has recognized the individuality of all works of lasting influence should not also recognize the fact that his own individuality ought to be steadfastly preserved. As Emerson says in continuation, "Great works of art have no more affecting lesson for us than this. They teach us to abide by our spontaneous impressions with goodhumored inflexibility, then most when the whole cry of voices is on the other side. Else tomorrow a stranger will say with masterful good sense precisely what we have thought and felt all the time, and we shall be forced to take with shame our opinion from another." Accepting the opinions of another and the tastes of another is very different from agreement in opinion and taste. Originality is independence, not rebellion. It is sincerity, not antagonism. Whatever you believe to be true and false, that proclaim to be true and false. Whatever you think admirable and beautiful, that should be your model, even if all your friends and all the critics storm at you as a crotchet-monger and an eccentric. Whether the public will feel its truth and beauty at once, or after long years, or never cease to regard it as paradox and ugliness, no man can foresee. Enough for you to know that you have done your best, have been true to yourself, and that the utmost power inherent in your work has been displayed.
9. The title below that best expresses the main idea of this passage is ______.
The Quechua world is submerged, so to speak, in a cosmic magma that weighs heavily upon it. It possesses the rare quality of being as it were interjected into the midst of antagonistic forces, which in turn implies a whole body of social and aesthetic structures whose innermost meaning must be the administration of energy. This gives rise to the social organism known as the ayllu, the agrarian community that regulates the procurement of food. The ayllu formed the basic structure of the whole Inca empire. The central idea of this organization was a kind of closed economy, just the opposite of our economic practices, which can be described as open. The closed economy rested on the fact that the Inca controlled both the production and consumption of food. When one adds to this fact the religious ideas noted in the Quechua texts cited by the chronicler Santa Cruz Pachacuti, one comes to the conclusion that in the Andean zone the margin of life was minimal and was made possible only by the system of magic the Quechua constructed through his religion. Adversities, moreover, were numerous, for the harvest might fail at any time and bring starvation to millions. Hence the whole purpose of the Quechua administrative and ideological system was to carry on the arduous task of achieving abundance and staving off shortages. This kind of a structure presupposes a state of unremitting anxiety, which could not be resolved by action. The Quechua could not do so because his primordial response to problems was the use of magic, that is, recourse to the unconscious for the solution of external problems. Thus the struggle against the world was a struggle against the dark depths of the Quechua's own psyche, where the solution was found. By overcoming the unconscious, the outer world was also vanquished. These considerations permit us to classify Quechua culture as absolutely static or, more accurately, as the expression of a mere state of being. Only in this way can we understand the refuge it took in the germinative center of the cosmic mandala as revealed by Quechua art. The Quechua empire was nothing more than a mandala, for it was divided into four zones, with Cuzco in the center. Here the Quechua ensconced himself to contemplate the decline of the world as though it were caused by an alien and autonomous force.
13. The Quechua world ______.
A.was dark
B.was primarily economic
C.may be placed in primitive South America
D.was located in Mexico
A B C D
C
奇楚亚人的世界可能位于原始的南部。第二段提到了安第斯地区，这说明奇楚亚人生活在南美。
14. The ayllu ______.
A.controlled the production and distribution food
B.was an open economy
C.was based on understanding the environment
D.was an example of a mandala
A B C D
A
农业区ayllu控制着食物的生产和分配。答案的依据是第一段最后两句。
15. We may conclude that the Quechua world was ______.
A.uncivilized
B.highly introspective
C.extremely dynamic
D.free of major worries
A B C D
B
我们可以下这样的的结论：全体奇楚亚人都很爱内省。第二段的后半部分是答案的依据。
16. The author calls the Quechua empire a mandala because ______.
A.it was agrarian
B.it was superstitious
C.a closed economy prevailed
D.it was divided into four zones
A B C D
D
作者把奇楚亚帝国称为曼荼罗，因为它被分成四个地区。最后一段的第三句是答案的依据。
Investment in the public sector, such as electricity, irrigation, quarrying, public services and transport (excluding vehicles, ships and planes) increased by about 10%, although the emphasis moved to transport and away from the other sectors mentioned. Trade and services recorded a 16 --17 % investment growth, including a 30% increase in investment in business premises. Industrial investment is estimated to have risen by 8%. Although the share of agriculture in total gross investment in the economy continued to decline, investment grew by 9% in absolute terms, largely spurred on by a 23% expansion of investment in agricultural equipment. Housing construction had 12% more invested in it in 1964, not so much owing to increased demand, as to fears of impending new taxes and limitation of building. Total consumption in real terms rose by close on 11% during 1964, and per capita personal consumption by under 7%, as in 1963. The undesirable trend towards a rapid rise in consumption, evident in previous years, remained unaltered. Since at current prices consumption rose by 16% and disposable income by 13%, there was evidently a fall in the rate of saving in the private sector of the economy. Once again consumption patterns indicated a swift advance in the standard of living. Expenditure on food, especially bread and staple items, declined in significance, although consumption of fruit increased. Outlay on furniture and household equipment, health, eduction and recreation continued to increase. The greatest proof of altered living standards was the rapid expansion of expenditure on transport (including private cars) and personal services of all kinds, which occurred during 1964. The progressive affluence of large sectors of the public was demonstrated by the changing composition of durable goods purchased. Saturation point was rapidly being approached for items such as the first household radio, gas cookers, and electric refrigerators, whereas increasing purchases of automobiles and television sets were registered.
17. From this passage, we may infer that the people of the country were ______.
A.spending more money than they earn
B.investing and consuming at an accelerated pace
C.saving more money than previously
D.spending their money wisely
A B C D
B
根据短文我们可以推断，该国人民以很快的速度投资并消费。这篇短文的两段都说明了支出和消费的增长。
18. The author calls the trend towards a rapid rise in consumption "undesirable" because ______.
A.expenditures on frills and luxuries increased
B.the standard of living was rising
C.people were eating less
D.people were saving less
A B C D
D
作者把消费迅猛增长的趋势说成是“不可取的”，因为人们积蓄得更少，储蓄率下降，所以可以认为不可取。
19. We may conclude that the country being discussed is not the United States ______.
A.because expenditures for food declined
B.from the statement that the saturation point was rapidly being approached for first household radios
C.because no mention is made of military expenditures
Part Ⅱ English-Chinese Translation Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate each underlined part into Chinese. 21. We might be inclined to attribute to the act of thinking complete from language if the individual formed or were able to form his concepts without the verbal guidance of his environment. Yet most likely the mental shape of an individual, growing up under such conditions, would be very poor. Thus we may conclude that the mental development of the individual and his way of forming concepts depend to a high degree upon language. This makes us realize to what extent the same language means the same mentality. In this sense thinking and language are linked together. What distinguishes the language of science from languages, as we ordinarily understand the word? How is it that scientific language is international? What science strives for is an utmost acuteness and clarity of concepts as regards their mutual relation and their correspondence to sensory data. As an illustration, let us take the language of Euclidean geometry and algebra. They manipulate with a small number of independently introduced concepts, respectively symbols, such as the integral number, the straight line, the point, as well as with signs which designate the fundamental concepts. This is the basis for the construction, respectively definition of all other statements and concepts. The connection between concepts and statements on the one hand and the sensory data on the other hand is established through acts of counting and measuring whose performance is sufficiently well determined. 22. The super-national character of scientific concepts and scientific language is due to the fact that they have been set up by the best brains of all countries and all times. In solitude and yet in cooperative effort as regards the final effect they created the spiritual tools for the technical revolutions which have transformed the life of mankind in the last centuries. Their system of concepts has served as a guide in the bewildering chaos of perceptions so that we learned to grasp general truths from particular observations. 23. What hopes and fears does the scientific method imply for mankind? I do not think that this is the right way to put the question. Whatever this tool in the hand of man will produce depends entirely on the nature of the goals alive in this mankind. Once these goals exist, the scientific method furnishes means to realize them. Yet it cannot furnish the very goals. The scientific method itself would not have led anywhere. It would not even have been born without a passionate striving for clear understanding. 24. Perfection of means and confusion of goals seem--in my opinion--to characterize our age. If we desire sincerely and passionately the safety, the welfare and the free development of the talents of all men, we shall not be in want of the means to approach such a state. Even if only a small part of mankind strives for such goals, their superiority will prove itself in the long run.
Architecture and urban design, like other art forms in Britain, are experiencing an unprecedented period of vitality and international recognition. At the same time, interest in architecture is increasing worldwide, as, in the face of the rapid global shift towards urbanization, cities are having to accommodate ever growing populations. The challenge for contemporary architects and urban designers is to create buildings and public spaces which are not only functional, aesthetically pleasing and ecologically sound, but which are also in keeping with the physical and social features of their local environments. These issues are of particular relevance to China, where growing economic prosperity and rapid modernization have fueled massive increase in demand for new office and residential buildings. Of particular concern is the need to accommodate these new developments harmoniously within the existing architecture, natural environment and social fabric of their surrounding neighborhoods.
Part Ⅵ Writing Directions: In this part, you are required to write a composition entitled How Do I Study American Culture in no less than 200 words. Your composition should be based on the following outline:
How Do I Study American Culture? Different people may define "American culture" differently. Here I should like to give a definition of it. In my view, American culture is a mixture of American people's ideas, customs, skills, arts, values and beliefs. The mention of American culture reminds me of such qualities as honesty, courage, loyalty, gratitude, compassion, responsibility and perseverance, which constitute the foundation of American culture. We can see such qualities in the movies like Forrest Gump and The Bridge of Madison County. As a devotee of American culture, I regard reading books on American culture as an enjoyment. Whenever I come across some questions or uncertainties, I'll ask experts on American culture at home and abroad for help. I once wrote to a native of Missouri to ask why Missouri is nicknamed Show Me State, he was deeply moved and immediately gave me a satisfactory answer. Seeing American movies is another channel through which I study American culture. God does not treat a person with high aspirations and determination unfairly. After several years' efforts, I have made some progress in studying American culture. I have published some research papers in this area. What makes me feel proud is that my paper On the Understanding and Translation of the Last Sentence in Gettysburg Address appeared in an influential journal.
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