Ⅰ.Multipe Choice Directions: In this section, you are given 15 questions beneath each of which are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to make the best choice either to complete the incomplete statement or to answer the question. One point is given to each correct choice.
1. It was ______ who has accomplished the functional linguistics and made the London School of Linguistics one of the most competitive linguistic theories in the world.
A.M.A.K. Halliday
B.Bronislaw Malinowski
C.J.R. Firth
D.Sigmund Freud
A B C D
A
[解析] 马利诺夫斯基是功能语言学派的先驱，他提出“语境(context of situation)”这一概念，弗尔斯使它成了伦敦学派的一个关键概念，尽管弗尔斯试图将语言成分与马利诺夫斯基的社会语言学见解结合起来并据此建立一个语言描写的理论模式，但他没能将其理论详解。而是语言学家韩礼德完成了弗尔斯的未竟事业，使伦敦语言学派成了当今世界上最具竞争力的语言理论之一。选项D弗洛伊德是著名的心理学家，创建了精神分析(Psychoanalysis)因此选A。
2. Leonard Bloomfield, a linguist in America, is regarded as the father of American______.
3. The years between 1940 and 1970 is known as______ period.
A.the Reform Movement
B.Modern Language Teaching and Research
C.Communicative Language Teaching
D.Structural Language Teaching
A B C D
D
[解析] 外语教学简史可以大致划分为四个阶段：第一阶段1882-1906年的外语教学改革运动(The Reform Movement)；第二阶段1906-1940年的现代语言教学与研究阶段(Modem language teaching and research)；第三阶段1940-1970年的结构主义语言教学阶段(Structural language teaching)；第四阶段1970-()的交际语言教学阶段(Communicative language teaching)。
4. An ultimate purpose of learning a foreign language in a Grammar-Translation classroom is to enable the learners to______.
A.think and communicate in the target language
B.get a practical command of the four basic skills of the language
C.get the same types of abilities that native speakers have
10. The People's Education Press joined hands with the Longman Group Ltd. in late 80s and early 90s and compiled a textbook series for Chinese ______ teaching.
11. By______, they mean that individuals of one culture have to go through the process of modification in attitudes, knowledge and behavior in order to function well in another culture.
13. In ______ English became a formal requirement for the college entrance examination in China and began to appear in the curriculum for the 4th and 5th year of primary schools.
A.1952
B.1962
C.1972
D.1982
A B C D
B
[解析] 到1962年，英语成了进大学高考的必考课程，英语也开始出现在小学四五年级的课程表上。
14. In Hyme's view, " ______ " refers to the ability not only to apply the grammatical rules of language but also to know when and where to use these and to whom.
Ⅱ.Filling Blanks Directions:In this section there are 20 statements with 20 blanks. You are to fin each blank with ONE appropriate word. One point is given to each blank.
1. In the early 1960s, the famous Swiss psychologist Piaget established his theory of______ development.
cognitive
[解析] 瑞士著名心理学家皮亚杰(Piaget)创立了认知发展理论(theory of cognitive development)和图式理论(Schema theory)。他认为，孩子在主动适应环境的同时，通过同化和适应(as-similation and accommodation)过程，把其行为组成图式结构(Schemata)，并使概念得到发展。
2. The ______ Method at one time was called Classical Method since it was first used in the teaching of the classical language of Latin and Greek.
Grammar-Translation
[解析] 语法翻译法是指以翻译和语法(translation and grammar)学习为主要教学活动的外语或第二语言教学法，由于这种教学法首先被用来进行拉丁语和希腊语等古典语言的教学，它曾一度被称为古典法(Classical Method)。
3. The two major types of cognitive structures are schemas and______.
4. Brunner, the famous American psychologist, holds that learners should organize knowledge for themselves by using discovery method rather than having materials ______ by the teacher.
6. The Grammer-Translation Method believes that grammar is the ______ of language, and language materials are arranged according to the grammar system.
10. The ______ Approach emphasizes on actual language use; successful, realistic communication; use of techniques to make classroom simulate real language environment.
Communicative
[解析] 纽南(Nunan)将交际法的特点总结为五点：(1) 强调运用目标语学习交际(Emphasis on learning to communicate in the target language)；(2) 在学习情境中使用真实语篇(The introduction of authentic texts into learning situations.)；(3) 使学习者不仅重视语言而且重视学习过程自身(Focus not only on language but also the learning process itself)；(4) 利用学习者的个人经验(Making use of learner' s own personal experiences)；(5) 将课堂学习与课外语言活动紧密结合起来(Linking classroom language learning with language activation outside the classroom)。从上述五点可以看出交际法重语言实际使用，努力创造真实交流场景。
11. Palmer tried out the ______ Method in his teaching.
18. To teach a foreign language well, we must divide it into small ______ units.
manageable
[解析] 教授外语的原则是尽量把语言材料划分成具有操作性的各个单位，便于进行讲解记忆。
19. According to the Oral Approach, simple forms of grammar are taught before______ ones, and inductively.
complex
[解析] According to the Oral Approach, simple forms of grammar are taught before complex ones, and inductively. 根据口语法的主要特征，语法项目需按照从简单到复杂的原则分级讲授，只有当学生已经在有上下文的情境中练习了语法点之后才能教语法规则，也就是说，要用归纳法来教语法。 35．
20. Suggestopaedia believes that language learning can occur at a much faster rate than it is often expected if learners can make better use of their______ powers.
mental
[解析] Suggestopaedia believes that language learning can occur at a much faster rate than it is often expected if learners Can make better use of their mental powers． 暗示法是洛扎诺夫提倡的，他认为，如果学习者能够充分使用自己的脑力，语言学习的速度可以比人们预期的快得多，因此，为了更好的利用脑力资源，学习者应当对自己认为存在的一些心理局限进行“反暗示”。
Ⅲ.Matching Directions:This section consists of three groups of pairs listed in two columns, A and B. You are to match the one marked 1), 2), 3) ,4) or 5) in Column A with the one marked a, b, c, d or e in Column B. One point is given to each pair you match. 1) ______ the Grammar-Translation Method 2) ______ the Direct Method 3) ______ the Audiolingual Method 4) ______ the Cognitive Approach 5) ______ the Communicative Approach a) The primary function of language is communication. b) All languages originated from one language and were ruled by a common grammar. c) Language is a system of structurally related elements for the expressions of meaning. d) Every language has its own structures and can not be forced into the constraining pattern of Latin grammar. e) A native speaker has in his brain a set of grammar rules which he can use to make sentences with.
直接法所依据的语言理论主要来自以下观点：(1) 每一种语言都有自己独特的结构(Every language has its own structure)：(2) 口头语言早于书面语言(Spoken language comes before written language)；(3) 口头语言是可以学习的声音体系(Spoken language is a learnable system of sounds)；(4) 语言和思想有着密切的联系(Language and thought are closely linked)。其中观点一认为每种语言都有自己独特的结构，不能被死搬硬套进拉丁语语法中，这种观点否定了在传统教学法中翻译法的主导作用，并推动了直接法来代替翻译法作为外语教学的主要方法。
1) ______ the theory of language underlying the communicative approach 2) ______ the theory of learning underlying the communicative approach 3) ______ one of the objectives of the communicative approach 4) ______ one of the techniques of the communicative approach 5) ______ one of the main features of the communicative approach a) language best learned through use in social context b) to develop the students communicative competence c) role play d) the introduction of authentic texts into the learning situation e) functional linguistics
6.
e
交际法的语言理论起源于功能主义学派，因此他们的理论依据是：语言即交际(Language is for communication)，认为语言是用来进行社会交际的工具，而不是一个孤立的系统。他的语言理论还包括韩礼德的话语篇章分析及语用学等。
交际法提倡听说读写四种技能的综合运用，课堂教学中有很多方法可以达到这一目的，如利用视听材料培养学生边听边看边做笔记的技能(developing listening and note-taking skills using audio-video materials)、口头报告(oral presentation)、角色表演/模拟(role play and simulation)、课外研究项目(project work)。因此角色扮演是交际法教学技巧之一。
10.
d
纽南(Nunan)将交际法的特点总结为五点：(1) 强调运用目标语学习交际(Emphasis on learning to communicate in the target language)；(2) 在学习情境中使用真实语篇(The introduction of authentic texts into learning situations. )；(3) 使学习者不仅重视语言而且重视学习过程自身(Focus not only on language but also on the learning process itself)；(4) 利用学习者的个人经验(Making use of learner's own personal experiences)；(5) 将课堂学习与课外语言活动紧密结合起来(Linking classroom language learning with language activation outside the classroom)。其中运用真实的语言材料指教师经常使用从报刊杂志上摘下来的文章、还有从广播电视节目中录下来的材料。
1) ______ the Oral Approach 2) ______ the Audiolingual Approach 3) ______ the Cognitive Approach 4) ______ the Natural Approach 5) ______ the Communicative Approach a) Rule learning, meaningful practice and creativity are the focus of classroom teaching. b) Some of the skills are developing listening, giving oral presentation, project work, role play and stimulation. c) It employs situations for presenting new sentence patterns and drill-based manner of practising them. d) In class students are asked to first listen to a dialogue, then repeat and memorize it. e) When learners are ready to begin talking in the target language, the teacher provides comprehensible and simple response opportunities.
11.
c
口语教学法/情景教学法的教学技巧包括：(1) 用情景(situations)来介绍新句型；(2) 操作练习(Drill-based practice)；(3) 指导下的复述和替代练习(Guided repetition and substitution activities)；(4) 听说、模仿和教师规定的以口语为基础的朗读和写作(Dictation, imitation and controlled oral-based reading and writing tasks)。
交际法提倡听说读写四种技能的综合运用，课堂教学中有很多方法可以达到这一目的，如利用视听材料培养学生边听边看边做笔记的技能(developing listening and note-taking skills using audio-video materials)、口头报告(oral presentation)、角色表演/模拟(role play and simulation)、课外研究项目(project work)。
Ⅳ.Questions for Brief Answers Directions: This section has six questions. You are to briefly answer them. Five points are given to each question.
1. Why is first language forbidden in a Direct Method classroom?
The direct methedologists consider foreign language learning as similar to first language acquisition.The learner should try to establish a direct association between language forms and meanings in the target language. The first language is considered an interfering factor, rather than a reference.In order to develop the students'ability to communicate in the target language,students. should be encouraged to think in the target language.The best method is not to make the learner learn the language rules,but to provide direct practice in listening and speaking through imitation and repetition.
2. What is the main techniques used in a Grammar-Translation classroom?
Translation is the main technique used in a Grammar-Translation classroom.Generally speaking,literary translation should be followed by free translation；and sentence translation followed by passage translation.
3. How does an Oral Approach teacher respond to students' errors?
Errors are to be avoided at all costs.Accuracy in pronunciation and grammar is regarded as crucial.The teacher is ever on the lookout for grammatical and structural errors.She will indicate students'error and correct it either by herself or get students to correct by themselves.
4. What conditions are needed if you want to apply the Audiolingual Method in your teaching?
The general objective of the Audiolingual Method is to enable the students to use the target language communicatively.They should be able to respond quickly and accurately in speech situations. Therefore, teaching materials should be structurally-based, the chief means of presenting the language should be the use of dialogues. And it is better to have tape recorders and other audio-visual equipment which often have central roles in an audiolingual classroom. A language lab is considered essential in it. If these conditions are met,we could possibly apply the Audiolingual Method in our teaching.
5. Are structure drills valuable pedagogical activities? Why or why not?
Yes, structure drills are valuable pedagogical activities in language learning. With large classes, drills are of particular use in that they can maximize students'participation. A one-word cue on the part of the teacher can elicit a complete ut-terance from the students and an enormous number of such utterances can be produced within the space of two minutes. With judicious mixing of choral and individual drill, each student can have the chance to respond productively about five times a minute in classes of twenty students or fewer. However, drills should be used judiciously, if over used, students will get bored.
6. What is the basic theory of Gestalt psychology?
Gestalt psychology appeared in the 1920s. Its research was focused on the area of perception, aiming at the exploration of the relationship between parts and whole in people's perceptional experience. It claimed that people perceived objects and scenes as organized wholes before they noticed their component parts. The word Gestalt means "organized shape" or "whole form" in English.
Ⅴ.Questions for Long Answers Directions:The two questions in this section are to be answered on the basis of your own teaching experience as well as the theoretical knowledge you' ve learned. Ten points are given to each question.
1. Which of the principles of the Audiolingual Method are acceptable to you?
Among the five principles of the Audiolingual Method, we think" Language is speech, not writing" and "Languages are different" are more acceptable to us. The former means that language is first speech and written form is only the recording of speech. Speech is more basic to language than the written form. In the classroom, the language skills are taught in the order of listening,speaking, reading and writing. The latter means that the native language and the target language have separate linguistic systems, so there is usually no exact equivalent between two languages. The habits of the students'native language would interfere with the students'attempts to master the target language. They should be kept apart so that the students' native language interferes as little as possible with the students'learning of the foreign language.
2. How useful are the techniques used by a cognitive teacher to your English teaching and learning experience?
The rule learning, meaningful practice and creativity are the focus of English teaching and learning experience. Using these techniques is to help the learner to understand English as a system, and to master the meaningful material, then to achieve successful communication. These techniques used by a cognitive teacher can stimulate learners subjective activity and creativity, and raise their language competence and language performance. By using these techniques, the teacher can achieve the objectives of English teaching and learning experience: to develop intuitive thinking. in learners; to develop strategies of language use; to enable the students to learn from errors.
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