Ⅰ.Multipe Choice Directions:In this section, you are given 15 questions beneath each of which are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to make the best choice either to complete the incomplete statement or to answer the question. One point is given to each correct choice.
1. The habit-formation theory comes from the ______ and was very popular in the 1950s and 60s.
A.American structuralism
B.functional linguistics
C.behaviourist psychology
D.cognitive psychology
A B C D
C
[解析] 习惯形成说源于20世纪五、六十年代的行为主义心理学,代表人物斯金纳(Skinner),行为主义心理学家认为语言是一套语言习惯,这种语言习惯是通过确认并强化刺激(Stimulus)与反应(Response)之问的联系而形成的。A美国结构主义语言学流行于20世纪30年代和40年代,代表人物布鲁姆菲尔德,他们用行为主义者的术语来描述语言和语言习得,认为语言只是一种词语习惯,它由一系列的刺激反应所组成。B功能语言学家,代表人物韩礼德,认为语言是用来进行社会交际的工具,而不是一个孤立的系统。他们把每个人看作是社会的个体,研究人习得语言的方式,并运用语言在社会环境中与其他社会个体进行交流的方式。D认知心理学兴盛于20世纪60年代末,代表人物是皮亚杰,该学科研究各种知识体系的本质和学习过程(nature and learning),特别注重对思维、感知、理解、记忆和学习等心理活动过程的研究。
2. It is believed that grammar analysis and translation began to be the basic procedures in foreign language teaching from______.
3. Classroom procedures in the Direct Method can be roughly divided into three phases:______, oral practice in the target language, and consolidation with written work.
A.presentation by direct association
B.reading and explaining the new words and expressions in the first language
C.asking learners to read sentences aloud and translate them into the first language
D.students' choral imitation all together or in large groups
A B C D
A
[解析] 直接法的课堂教学过程大致可分为三个阶段:首先用直接联系的方式介绍新的语言材料(presentation by direct association),其次是口头练习目标语(oral practice in the target language),最后是写作以巩固已学知识(consolidation with written work)。B词汇是语法翻译法的研究起点;C翻译句子是语法翻译法的教学步骤;D齐声模仿是口语法的教学步骤。
4. The Oral Approach or ______ refers to an approach to language teaching developed by British applied linguists from the 1930s to 1960s.
A.Guided Language Teaching
B.Situational Language Teaching
C.Applied Language Teaching
D.Functional Language Teaching
A B C D
B
[解析] 口语教学法又叫情景教学法(Situational Language Teaching)是以语法为基础的教学法,语法和词汇按难易程度分层次教学,新的语言点通过有意义的情景活动得到展示与练习。
5. In his book The Principles of Language Study (1921), Palmer made the point that ______were brought into play in the acquisition of spoken language whereas studial capacities were required in development of literacy.
7. The Natural Approach uses three stages as a basis for beginners: 1 ______; 2 giving the students comprehensible input about experiences and allowing for opportunities to engage in conversations about their own experiences; and 3 input and discussions, concerning opinions.
A.lowering the affective filter
B.strengthening the affective filter
C.lowering anxiety
D.strengthening motivation
A B C D
C
[解析] 自然法给初学者组织教学有三个步骤,其内容包括个人经历、家庭和情景话题。第一步:将学生置于语言的交际情景之中,使他们相互认识,其目的是减少情感障碍(lowering the affective filter);第二步:给学生提供有关经历的可理解性输入(comprehensible input),使他们有机会谈论他们自己的经历;第三步:包括学生接受语言输入、开展讨论、发表意见等。
8. The Communicative Approach follows a (n) ______ and emphasizes the processes of communication to get information.
9. In Hymes view, "______" refers to the ability not only to apply the grammatical rules of language but also to know when and where to use these and to whom.
11. The theory of learning underlying the Grammer-Translation Method was______.
A.Faculty Psychology
B.Gestalt Psychology
C.Behavioural Psychology
D.Cognitive Psychology
A B C D
A
[解析] 语法翻译法的学习理论是机能心理学(Faculty psychology),语言理论是传统语言学理论。B格式塔心理学产生于20世纪20年代,是由德国心理学家韦特墨、考夫卡和勒文等人所创立。C行为主义心理学,代表人物斯金纳(Skinner),行为主义心理学家认为语言是一套语言习惯,这种语言习惯是通过确认并强化刺激(Stimulus)与反应(Response)之间的联系而形成的。D认知心理学代表人物是皮亚杰,研究各种知识体系的本质和学习过程(nature and learning),特别注重对思维、感知、理解、记忆和学习等心理活动过程的研究。
12. The habit-formation theory originates from the ______ and was popular in the 1950s and 60s.
14. According to ______, communicative competence entails four dimensions: grammatical competence, sociolinguistic competence, discourse competence and strategic competence.
15. The affective filter hypothesis of Krashen's Monitor Model states that acquires with______affective filter seek and receive more comprehensible input.
Ⅱ.Filling Blanks Directions:In this section there are 20 statements with 20 blanks. You are to fill each blank with ONE appropriate word. One point is given to each blank.
1. The famous American linguist Noam Chomsky created two linguistic terms: linguistic competence and "linguistic ______".
4. According to the theory of cognitive psychology, learning must involve organization of______.
material
[解析] 认知心理学研究各种知识体系的本质和学习过程(nature and learning),特别注重对思维、感知、理解、记忆和学习等心理活动过程的研究。他们认为学习必须包含所学语言材料的组织(Learning must involve organization of material)。学习过程应当是有结构的(structured),这种结构给原先不可理解的部分赋予了意义。
5. In the ______ Method, vocabulary selection procedures are followed to ensure that an essential general service vocabulary is covered.
8. Cognitive psychologists hold the idea that ______ gives meaning to parts previously incomprehensible.
structure
[解析] 认知心理学把语言结构和人们认知过程的本质相互联系在一起,即学习必须包含所学语言材料的组织(Learning should involve the organization of materials),而学习过程应当是有结构的(Learning should be structured),这种结构给原先不可理解的部分赋予了意义。
9. The ______ Approach emphasizes on dictation, imitation and controlled oral-based reading and writing tasks.
Oral
[解析] 口语法的教学技巧主要有:(1) 用情景介绍新句型(new sentence patterns presented in situations);(2) 操作练习(Drill-based practice);(3) 指导下的复述和替代练习(Guided repetition and substitution activities);(4) 听说、模仿和教师规定的以口语为基础的朗读和写作(Dictation, imitation and controlled oral-based reading and writing tasks)。
10. The ______ Approach emphasizes on the conscious acquisition of language as a meaningful system.
17. The ______ theory originated in the late 1970s and was put forward by J. Schumann and R. Anderson.
acculturation
[解析] The acculturation theory originated in the late 1970s and Was put forward by J. Schumann and R. Anderson. 舒曼和安德森于二十世纪七十年代末提出了文化认同说。
18. The general goal of a language programme is to teach ______ skills.
conversational
[解析] The general goal of a language programme is to teach conversational skills. 对于直接法来说,课堂上只用目标语进行授课交际,而语言课程的主要目的是教授会话技能。
19. Language is best taught when it is being used to transmit______.
messages
[解析] Language is best taught when it is being used to transmit messages. 自然法认为语言输入是任何一种语言教学大纲中最重要的部分,当语言只有在被用来传达信息,而不是有意识的为教语言而教语言时,才最有利于学习。
20. Traditional linguists believe that the ______ form of language was superior to the spoken form which was regarded as the corrupted form of language.
written
[解析] Traditional linguists believe that the written form of language was superior to the spoken form which was regarded as the corrupted form of language 传统语言学认为书面语的产生早于口语的产生,并且认为口语是语言滥用造成的结果。
Ⅲ.Matching Directions:This section consists of three groups of pairs listed in two columns, A and B. You are to match the one marked 1), 2), 3), 4) or 5) in Column A with the one marked a, b, c, d or e in Column B. One point is given to each pair you match. 1) ______ Hermann Paul 2) ______ Hymes 3) ______ Brunner 4) ______ Widdowson 5) ______ M.D. Berlitz a) communicative competence b) views of forms and their communicative values c) discovery method d) neogrammatical theory e) Berlitz Method
1) ______ the theory of language underlying the direct method 2) ______ the theory of learning underlying the direct method 3) ______ one of the objectives of the direct method 4) ______ one of the techniques of the direct method 5) ______ one of the main features of the direct method a) students learn to think in the target language b) to achieve correct pronunciation c) spoken language comes before written language d) foreign language learning is analogous to first language acquisition e) conversation practice
6.
c
直接法所依据的语言理论主要来自以下观点:(1) 每一种语言都有自己独特的结构(Every language has its own structure); (2) 口头语言早于书面语言(Spoken language comes before written language);(3) 口头语言是可以学习的声音体系(Spoken language is a learnable system of sounds);(4) 语言和思想有着密切的联系(Language and thought are closely linked)。
7.
b(a)
直接法的主要特点包括:(1) 目标语思维(think in the target language);(2) 语言意思直接通过客观世界相关的东西来介绍(Meaning is presented by relating directly to the physical world);(3) 课堂教学用目标语授课交流;(4) 学生通过听说练习(listening and speaking activities)用归纳法(induction)来学语法;(5) 强调正确发音(correct pronunciation);(6) 教学大纲是根据语境或主题按语义安排的(The syllabus is arranged semantically according to situations or topics);(7) 口语先于书面语;(8) 语言基本单位是句子。
8.
d
直接法所依据的学习理论主要包括:(1) 外语学习和母语习得是类同的(Foreign language learning is analogous to first language acquisition);(2) 语言与客观世界是直接相联系的(Language and the physical world ale directly associated);(3) 学生通过归纳法习得语法规则(Learners acquire rules of grammar inductively);(4) 教授语言意义要利用学生的感官体验(Language meaning is taught by using learner's sensory experience)。
9.
a(b)
直接法的教学目标有:(1) 培养学生用外语进行交际的能力(to foster the students' ability to communicate in the target language);(2) 使学生能够用外语思维(to enable the students to think in the target language);(3) 训练听说读写四种语言技能(to train the four skills);(4) 获得正确发音(to achieve correct pronunciation)。
10.
e
直接法的教学技巧经常包括:直接联系(Direct association)、问答练习(Question and answer exercises)、会话操作(Conversation practice)、纠正错误(Error correction)、听写(Dictation)、用归纳法教语法(Inductive teaching of grammar)、听力理解练习(Listening Comprehension tasks)、分级作文(Graded composition)。
1) ______ Bloomfield 2) ______ Chomsky 3) ______ Halliday 4) ______ Skinner 5) ______ Freud a) transformational generative linguistics b) American structuralism c) psychoanalysis d) behaviourism e) functional linguistics
Ⅳ.Questions for Brief Answers Directions:This section has six questions. You are to briefly answer them. Five points are given to each question.
1. List some of the characteristics of the Oral Approach.
The main characteristics of the Oral Appreach are as follows:(1) Language teaching begins with the spoken language.Material is taught orally before it is presented in the written form.(2) The target language is the language of classroom.Translation should be avoided.(3) New language points are introduced and practised situationally.(4) Vocabulary selection procedures are followed to ensure that common core words are covered.(5) Simple forms of grammar are taught before complex ones,and inductively.(6) Reading and writing are introduced once a sufficient lexical and grammatical basis is established.
2. What are the disadvantages of the Grammar-Translation Method?
The disadvantages of the Grammar.Translation Method are as follows:(1) Overemphasis on translation can never emancipate the learners from dependence on the first language.(2) It puts too much emphasis on reading and writing and neglects listening and speaking.(3) Knowing a large number of grammatical rules can not ensure that students can use them appropriately in real communicative situation.The language learned often doesn't meet the practical needs of the learner.
3. What are the principles and consequences of the Reform Movement?
The principles of the Reform Movement were the primacy of speech,the centrality of the connected text as the kernel of the language teaching process,and the absolute priority of an oral method in the classroom.The consequences were great.Many people took part in the Reform Movement.A lot of books were published.An applied linguistic approach to language teaching began to take shape.
4. What are the merits and limitations of the Total Physical Response?
Merits:Total Physical Response emphasizes the role of comprehension in second language acquisition.The key component of the courses is to allow the students to use the language for real communication.Performing physical actions in the target language is a means of making language input comprehensible and reducing stress.Limitations:Total Physical Response only represents a useful set of techniques,and it should be used in association with other methods and techniques.Learners play a passive role in language process and have little influence over the content of learning.
5. How does transformational generative linguistics differ in research methods?
Transformational generative linguistics opposes the structuralist method of taking linguistic performance as the goal.It also attacks the inductive approach.It believes that linguistics should study the linguistic competence,not the performance,ofthe native speaker and try to set up a system of rules that will generate an infinite number of grammatical sentences.
6. What are the main trends of applied linguistic research in the present period?
In the present period,applied linguists have begun to study foreign language teaching from different perspectives.New ideas and new trends appear very quickly.The new trends include communicative language teaching,new approaches to language syllabus and exploration of human relations in foreign language teaching.
Ⅴ.Questions for Long Answers Directions:The two questions in this section are to be answered on the basis of your own teaching experience as well as the theoretical knowledge you' ve learned. Ten points are given to each question.
1. Does it always matter if the "real world" is not being practised in the classroom? Why or why not?
The ideal language learning setting is to practise language as it is used in the real world.Since learners will have to use the foreign language in real communication outside the classroom. However, it is not always possible to do so because classroom setting is after all different from the outside world no matter how hard we try to simulate the real-world situation. And it is not always necessary to do so. Language learning and language teaching are considered at several stages. At the drilling stage, when the focus is on language form, the"real world" situation does not have to be practised. But when the focus is on language communication and learners are engaged in communicative activities, the "real-world" situation does matter much. It is where learners learn to use the foreign language for real communication, and to use it appropriately and accurately.
2. What are the two categories of meaning of language proposed by Wilkins? What is the distinction between the two terms?
The two categories of meaning of language proposed by Wilkins are " notions" and "functions". "Notions" are domains in which we use language to express thought and feeling. They are both general and specific. General notions are abstract concepts such as existence, space, time,quantity and quality. Within the general notion of space and time, for example, are the concepts of location, motion, dimension, speed and length of time and frequency. Specific notions correspond more closely to what we have become accustomed to calling " contexts" or " situations". Personal identification, for example, is a specific notion under which name, address, phone numbers, and other personal information is subsumed. " Functions" refer to the purposes for which utterances or units of language are used. In language learning, language functions are often described as categories of behavior; e. g. requests, apologies, complaints, offers and compliments.