In the 1740s, the famous French philosopher Voltaire said "We look to Scotland for all our ideas of civilization." That's not a had advertisement for any country when it comes to attracting people to search for a first-class education. According to the American author Arthur Herman, the Scots invented the modern world itself He argues that Scottish thinkers and intellectuals worked out many of the most important ideas on which modern life depends—everything from the scientific method to market economics. Their ideas did not just spread among intellectuals, but to those people in business, government and the sciences who actually shaped the Western world. It all started during the period that historians call the Scottish Enlightenment (启蒙运动), which is usually seen as taking place between the years 1740 and 1800. Before that, philosophy was mainly concerned with religion. For the thinkers of the Scottish Enlightenment, the proper study of humanity was mankind itself. Their reasoning was practical. For the philosopher David Hume, humanity was the right subject for philosophy because we can examine human behavior and so find real evidence of how people think and feel. And from that we can make judgments about the societies we live in and make concrete suggestions about how they can be improved for universal benefit. Hume's enquiry into the nature of knowledge laid the foundations for the scientific method—the pursuit of truth through experiment. His friend and fellow resident of Edinburgh, Adam Smith, famously applied the study of mankind to the ways in which mankind does business. Trade, he argued, was a form of information. In pursuing our own interests through trading in markets, we all come to benefit each other. Smith's idea has dominated modem views of economics. It also has wide applications. He was one of the philosophers to point out that nations can become rich, free and powerful through peace, trade and invention. Although the Scottish Enlightenment ended a long time ago, the ideas which evolved at that time still underpin (构成……的基础) our theories of human exchange and enquiry. It also exists in Scotland itself in an educational tradition that combines academic excellence with orientation (方向).
1. Scotland is the right place to receive a first-class education. ______
A.Right
B.Wrong
C.Not mentioned
A B C
A
[解析] 该题说的是：苏格兰是获得一流教育的地方。这个命题是正确的。答案可以在第一段中找到。
2. According to Arthur Herman, the Scots developed many important ideas which modern life depends on. ______
A.Right
B.Wrong
C.Not mentioned
A B C
A
[解析] 该题说的是：根据 Arthur Herman，苏格兰人提出了许多现代生活赖以存在的思想。这个命题是对的，答案可以从第2段中找到。
3. Philosophers had come to know the importance of studying humanity even before the Scottish Enlightenment took place. ______
4. David Hume was the first philosopher to study mankind. ______
A.Right
B.Wrong
C.Not mentioned
A B C
C
[解析] 该题说的是：David Hume 是第一位研究人类的哲学家。这个命题文章中没有表述。
5. Smith's idea has extensive applications. ______
A.Right
B.Wrong
C.Not mentioned
A B C
A
[解析] 该题说的是：Smith 的思想有广泛的应用。这个命题是正确的。倒数第二段前两句 “Smith's idea has dominated modem views of economics. It also has wide applications.”谈到 Smith 的思想支配着现代经济学的观点，并且也有广泛的应用。
6. Our current theories of human exchange and enquiry have nothing to do with the ideas developed during the Scottish Enlightenment. ______
1 The United States has taken the first step toward approving a global tobacco treaty that promises to help control the deadly effects of tobacco use throughout the world. Health and Human Services Secretary, Tommy Thompson, signed the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control ( FCTC ) this week at the United Nations. The Senate must still approve the treaty before the U.S. can implement its provisions. 2 The FCTC was developed by the World Health Organization and approved by members of the World Health Assembly, including the United States, last year. Countries that ratify it would be required to enact strict tobacco control policies. 3 For instance, cigarettes sold in those countries would have to have health warnings on at least 30% of the front and back of every pack. The treaty calls for higher tobacco taxes, restrictions on smoking in public places, and more promotion of tobacco prevention and cessation programs. It also requires bans on tobacco advertising, though there are some exceptions for countries like the United States, where the Constitution prohibits such an outright ban. 4 The impact of the treaty could be huge. The World Health Organization estimates that tobacco use kills nearly 5 million people worldwide every year. In the U.S. alone, about 440,000 people die each year from tobacco-related illnesses; about one-third of all cancers in the U.S. are caused by tobacco use. If current trends continue, WHO estimates, by 2025 tobacco will kill 10 million people each year. 5 The treaty must be ratified by at least 40 countries before it can take effect. So far,109 countries have signed it, and 12 have ratified it.
1. Paragraph 1 ______ A. What the FCTC Demands B. U.S. Signing of the FCTC C. Opposition to the FCTC D. How the FCTC Came Into Being E. What the FCTC Will Bring About F. Ratification of the FCTC
5. Signing the FCTC is only the first step toward ______. A. have ratified it B. approving it C. implement its provisions D. restrict smoking in public places E. caused by tobacco use F. including higher tobacco taxes
B
[解析] 由文章第一段第一句话“The United States has taken the first step toward approving a global tobacco treaty...”可知，签署烟草控制框架性协议只是朝着批准该协议迈出的第一步。选B。
6. Countries that ratify the FCTC will have to, among other things, ______.
Every second in the United States alone, more than 250 animals are slaughtered for food, adding up to more than 8 billion animals each year. Reducing the amount of meat in one's diet is nutritionally, environmentally, and ethically beneficial. People who eat meat usually have weaker immune systems compared to those of vegetarians. Meat has been directly linked to diabetes, obesity, arthritis, and many other illnesses. Furthermore, meat-eaters are at a higher risk for diseases, including cancer, and they are more likely to die from these diseases. Critics say that a meatless diet does not provide enough nutrients, especially protein and iron. Actually, according to A Teen's Guide to Going Vegetarian, by Judy Krizmanic, protein is found in almost every food, and iron appears in many vegetables. Getting enough nutrients in a meat-reduced diet should not be difficult. A 1988 study found that some of the highest pesticide residues appear in meat and eggs. Diets including more fruits and vegetables will only make people healthier. Some skeptics believe that there will be a shortage of food if animals are not eaten. In fact, the opposite is true. More than 80% of the corn and 95% of the oats grown in the U.S. are fed to livestock. The world's cattle alone consume enough food to equal the caloric needs of 8.7 billion people, more than the entire human population. One half of the water used in the Unites States also goes to livestock; 250 gallons of water produces only 1 lb. (镑) of beef. If people eat less meat and more plants, the amount of available food will increase. Many people become vegetarians because they feel that eating animals is unethical. 90% of these animals are raised in confinement. Chickens and other birds have only about half a square foot of space each, and since they are raised so close together, a lot of blade is used to cut off their beaks to prevent them from pecking each other to death. Likewise, pigs that are repressed will bite each other's tails, so both their teeth and tails are removed as soon as they are born. Eating animals is hazardous in numerous ways. Even a slight reduction in meat intake is better than nothing at all. Consuming less meat is beneficial to the health of animals, the health of people, and to the health of the world.
1. Why do some people become vegetarians? ______
A.They feel that eating animals is unethical.
B.There are fewer livestock available due to the environmental pollution.
C.The consumption of meat will lead to financial problem.
D.Being a vegetarian is beneficial to the protection of water.
A B C D
A
[解析] 由文章第四段第一句话“Many people become vegetarians because they feel that eating anilnals is unethical.”可知，很多人成为素食主义者是因为他们认为摄食动物是不道德的。故选A。
2. Which of the following statements is true according to the book A Teen's Guide to Going Vegetarian? ______
A.Some of the highest pesticide residues appear in meat and eggs.
B.A meatless diet does not provide enough nutrients.
C.Protein can be found in almost every food.
D.More than 80% of the corn in the U.S. are fed to livestock.
A B C D
C
[解析] 由文章第二段第五句话“...according to A Teen's Guide to Going Vegetarian, by Judy Kriznlanic, protein is found in almost every food, and iron appears in many vegetables.”可知，在这本书中，作者认为几乎每一种食物中都含有蛋白质。故选C。
3. Why does the author say reducing the amount of meat in one's diet is environmentally beneficial? ______
A.People who eat meat usually have weaker immune systems compared to those of vegetarians.
B.A lot of food and water are consumed in order to raise livestock.
C.90% of animals are raised in confinement.
D.Raising Animals causes most of the destruction of the nature.
4. What is the attitude the author has toward eating meat? ______
A.Positive.
B.Negative.
C.Indifferent.
D.None of the above.
A B C D
B
[解析] 由文章第一段最后一句话“Reducing the amount of meat in one's diet is nutritionally, erlviromentally, and ethically beneficial.”可知，减少肉类的摄入在营养、环境和道德方面都是有好处的。并且文章第二、三、四段围绕此观点展开讲解，因此可推测出作者对吃肉持否定态度。故选B。
5. Which of the following can be the best title of the passage? ______
A few years ago, it was fashionable to speak of a generation gap, a division between young people and their elders. Parents complained that children did not show them proper respect and obedience, while children complained that their parents did not understand them at all. What had gone wrong? Why had the generation gap suddenly appeared? Actually, the generation gap has been around for a long time. Many critics argue that it is built into the fabric of our society. One important cause of the generation gap is the opportunity that young people have to choose their own life styles. In more traditional societies, when children grow up, they are expected to live in the same area as their parents, to marry people that their parents know and approve of, and often to continue the family occupaition. In our society, young people often travel great distances for their education, most out of the family home at an early age, marry or live or choose occupations different from those of their parents. In our upwardly mobile society, parents often expect their children to do better than they did: to find better jobs, to make more money, and to do all the things that they were unable to do. Often, however, the ambitions that parents have for their children are another cause of the division between them. Often they discover that they have very little in common with each other. Finally, the speed at which changes take place in our society is another cause of the gap between the generations. In a traditional culture, elderly people are valued for their wisdom, but in our society the knowledge of a lifetime may become obsolete overnight. The young and the old seem to live in two very different worlds, separated by different skills and abilities. No doubt, the generation gap will continue to be a feature of American life for some time to come. Its causes are rooted in the freedoms and opportunities of our society, and in the rapid pace at which society changes.
1. The main idea of the first paragraph is that ______.
A.the generation gap suddenly appeared
B.the generation gap is a feature of American life
C.how people can bridge the generation gap
D.many critics argue over the nature of the generation gap
Manners play an important part in making a favorable impression at the dinner table. Here are some general rules. Nankin (餐巾) use The meal begins when the host unfolds his or her napkin. This is your signal to do the same, place your napkin on your lap. Unfold it completely if it is a small napkin, or in half, lengthwise (纵向地), if it is a large dinner napkin. If you need to leave the table during the meal, place your napkin on your chair as a signal to your server that you will be returning. Once the meal is over, place your napkin neatly on the table to the right of your dinner plate Do not refold it. Use a napkin only for your mouth. Never use it for your nose, face or forehead. Use of utensils (餐具) Start with the knife, fork or spoon furthest from your plate, and work your way in, using one utensil for each course. If soup is served, remember to spoon away from yourself. This helps stop the drips. Do not put the entire soup spoon in your mouth. Instead, fill a soup spoon about 75 per cent with soup, and sip (啜饮) it from the side noiselessly. After finishing dinner, place the knife and fork parallel to one another across the plate with the knife blade facing inward toward the plate. Using your fingers Here's a list of finger foods, sandwiches, cookies, small fruits or berries with stems, French fries and potato chips, and hamburgers. Chew (咀嚼) with your mouth closed and don't make noise; don't talk with your mouth full. Bread must be broken with your hands. It is never cut with a knife. Don't pick something out of your teeth. Instead, excuse yourself to the bathroom. If possible, try not to cough at the table. Do not put your elbows (肘) on the table. In France, it is essential to have both hands above the table at the same time. Do not put bones or anything else on the table. Things that are not eaten should be put on your plate.
1. Where is the napkin normally placed during the meal? ______
A.On your chair.
B.On the table.
C.On your lap.
D.On your plate
A B C D
C
[解析] 问题是：吃饭时餐巾通常放在什么地方?A项说的是：在椅子上。B项说的是：在桌子上。C项说的是：腰膝之间。D项说的是：在盘子上。第二段第二句“...so place your napkin on your lap.”，因此把你的餐巾放在腰膝之间。lap 是“腰膝之间”的意思，可见C项是正确的。
[解析] 问题是：哪种餐具先用?A项说的是：刀。B项说的是：叉。C项说的是：汤匙。D项说的是：距盘子最远的那件餐具。第五段“Start with the knife, fork or spoon furthest from your plate...”，从离盘子最远的刀、叉或汤匙开始。可见D项是正确的。
4. All of the following are finger foods EXCEPT ______.
More and more Americans are living alone. Some live alone because of divorce or the death of a partner. 1 According to a recent U.S. census (人口普查), 25 percent of all households in the U.S. are made up of just one person. This is a dramatic change from the exended families of just a couple of generations ago. The typical person living alone is neither old nor lonely. 2 The majority of these people have chosen to live alone. They are responding to decreasing social pressure to get married and have a family. It's now socially acceptable, even fashionable, to live alone. As people get better jobs and become financially independent, it becomes possible for them to maintain a one-person household. 3 However, people who do get married are marrying at a later age and divorcing more often. The number one reason given by most people for living alone is that they simply enjoy doing what they want when they want to do it "Living alone is a luxury," says Nina Hagiwara, 33. "Once you do it, you can't ever go back to living with others," David C'Debaca, 46, agrees. 4 Children think that being grown up means being able to do exactly as they please. 5 The chance to discover whether that freedom is as wonderful as it sounds is a chance more and more Americans are taking. A. There's more pressure to get married nowadays. B. The growing number of women with good jobs has done much to increase the number of people living alone. C. However, even more people are living alone because they have chosen to. D. It seems that many grown-ups today are realizing that childhood dream. E. In fact,a quarter of the 23 million single people in the U.S. are under the age of 35. F. He says, "I like being by myself."
Every city in the world has taxis to take tourists to interesting places. London is the only city in the world where taking a taxi is an 1 experience for tourists. This is partly because of the special black cabs, which are found in no other country. But it is also because of the drivers themselves. 2 British people are famous for being polite and reserved, London cabbies are well-known 3 their willingness to talk. Some customers say that once the door shuts and the cab 4 off they are a captive (监禁了的) audience. It is impossible to get the taxi driver to stop 5 . "They're self-confident and free thinking," said Malcolm Linskey, the author of a history of taxi drivers in London. They are also expensive. London has the most expensive taxis of any city in the world except Tokyo. That's why Ken Livingstone, the Mayor of London, is planning to make taxi drivers negotiate their fares with 6 before they take a ride. Drivers agree that their fares are expensive. That's because their black taxis 7 more than other cars, they say. And the customer is also paying for more driving expertise (专门知识) than anywhere else in the world. Before someone can qualify as a London taxi driver, that person has to pass a test 8 simply as "The Knowledge" This involves 9 the name and location of every street within six miles of a point in the exact centre of London. The trainee (受训者) must also learn the exact location of every important building within these streets. Finally he or she must be able to use this knowledge to work out the 10 distance between any two destinations within this area. It can 11 up to three years to pass "The Knowledge". Every day it is possible to see trainee taxi drivers on the streets of London, taking careful notes of popular destinations before tracing the route to their next stop. Cab driving is a job often 12 down in families. Many taxi drivers take their children out in their spare time to memorize 13 they need to know when it is their turn to do "The Knowledge". London cabbies also have bigger brains. Recent research found that the part of the brain that remembers things was larger and more 14 in cab drivers. They have to fit the whole of London into their heads, so their brains grow bigger. So perhaps it is not 15 that taxi drivers have lots to say.
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