银符考试题库-在线练习-中国矿业大学考博英语真题2017年

中国矿业大学考博英语真题2017年

Section Ⅰ Reading Comprehension
Directions: There are 5 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.

Passage One
As the twentieth century began, the importance of formal education in the United States increased. The frontier had mostly disappeared and by 1910 most Americans lived in towns and cities. Industrialization and the bureaucratization of economic life combined with a new emphasis upon credentials and expertise to make schooling increasingly important for economic and social mobility. Increasingly, too, schools were viewed as the most important means of integrating immigrants into American society.
The arrival of a great wave of southern and eastern European immigrants at the turn of the century coincided with and contributed to an enormous expansion of formal schooling. By 1920 schooling to age fourteen or beyond was compulsory in most states, and the school year was greatly lengthened. Kindergartens, vacation schools, extracurricular activities, and vocational education and counseling extended the influence of public schools over the lives of students, many of whom in the larger industrial cities were the children of immigrants. Classes for adult immigrants were sponsored by public schools, corporations, unions, churches, settlement houses and other agencies.
Reformers early in the twentieth century suggested that education programs should suit the needs of specific populations. Immigrant women were one such population. Schools tried to educate young women so they could occupy productive places in the urban industrial economy, and one place many educators considered appropriate for women was the home.
Although looking after the house and family was familiar to immigrant women, American education gave homemaking a new definition. In preindustrial economies, homemaking had meant the production as well as the consumption of goods, and it commonly included income-producing activities both inside and outside the home. In the highly industrialized early-twentieth-century United States, however, overproduction rather than scarcity was becoming a problem. Thus, the ideal American homemaker was viewed as a consumer rather than a producer. Schools trained women to be consumer homemaker—cooking, shopping, decorating, and caring for children "efficiently" in their own homes, or if economic necessity demanded, as employees in the homes of others. Subsequent reforms have made these notions seem quite out-of-date.

1. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that one important factor in the increasing importance of education in the United States was ______.

A.the growing number of schools in frontier communities
B.an increase in the number of trained teachers
C.the expanding economic problems of schools
D.the increased urbanization of the entire country

A B C D

[解析] 本题定位于第一段第二、三句话“The frontier had mostly disappeared and by 1910 most Americans lived in towns and cities. Industrialization and the bureaucratization of economic life combined with a new emphasis upon credentials and expertise to make schooling increasingly important for economic and social mobility”。由此可知，到了1910年，大多数美国人都居住在城镇和城市之中，工业化和经济生活的官僚化，再加上对证书和专业知识的重视，使得学校教育对经济和社会流动变得越来越重要。由此可以推出，城市化进程让人们越来越重视教育，通过教育实现阶层流动。D项符合这一推论。A，B和C三项文中并未提及相关信息，属于无中生有。因此选择D。

2. According to the passage, one important change in the United States education by 1920s was that ______.

A.most places required children to attend schools
B.the amount of time spent on formal education was limited
C.new regulations were imposed on nontraditional education
D.adults and children studied in the same classes

A B C D

[解析] 本题细节定位于第二段第二句话“By 1920 schooling to age fourteen or beyond was compulsory in most states, and the school year was greatly lengthened”。由此可知，到了1920年，在大多数州，14岁或以上的孩子接受义务教育，学年也大大延长。A项“大多数地区要求孩子去上学”符合原文。B，C两项原文中并未提及。除了要求儿童去上学之外，还有针对成人开设的班级，但成人和儿童并不是在同一个班级里上课，故D项不正确。因此选择A。

3. Vacation schools and extracurricular activities are mentioned in Paragraph 2 to illustrate ______.

A.alternatives to formal education provided by public schools
B.the importance of educational changes
C.activities that competed to attract new immigrants to their programs
D.the increased impact of public schools on students

A B C D

[解析] 本题细节定位于第二段第三句话“Kindergartens, vacation schools, extracurricular activities, and vocational education and counseling extended the influence of public schools over the lives of students”。由此可知，幼儿园、假期学校、课外活动、职业教育和咨询等扩大了公立学校对学生生活的影响。据此可知，第二段提及假期学校和课外活动等是为了说明公立学校对学生的影响越来越大。因此选择D。

4. According to the passage, early-20^th-century education reformers believed that ______.

A.different groups needed different kinds of education
B.special programs should be set up in frontier communities to modernize them
C.corporations and other organizations damaged educational progress
D.more women should be involved in education and industry

A B C D

[解析] 本题细节定位于第三段第一句话“Reformers early in the twentieth century suggested that education programs should suit the needs of specific populations”。由此可知，在20世纪初，改革家们建议教育项目应适合特定人群的需求。由此可以推测，A项“不同群体需要不同类型的教育”符合改革家们的理念。因此选择A。

Passage Two
One of the most successful commercial products ever launched is said to have come about as the result of a mistake. In 1986, Jacob's Pharmacy in Atlanta, Georgia, was selling a nerve tonic known as "French Wine Cola—Ideal Nerve Tonic". By accidentally adding fizzy water instead of still water to the recipe, a pharmacist called John S. Pemberton invented what has today become the most popular soft drink in the world: Coca-Cola. Along with its closest rival—Pepsi—which appeared on the market three years later. Coke has enjoyed great success worldwide, particularly in the past fifty years. Indeed, old bottles and "limited edition" cans can often fetch considerable sums from collectors, and there are even stores which deal exclusively in Coke products and memorabilia.
What could possibly account for the amazing success of Coca-Cola? How has this combination of carbonated water, sugar, acid and flavorings come to symbolize the American way of life for most of the world? After all, even the manufacturers could hardly describe Coke as a healthy product since it contains relatively high amounts of sugar (admittedly not the case with Diet Coke which contains artificial sweeteners instead of sugar) and phosphoric acid, both of which are known to damage teeth.
One explanation may be found in the name. The original recipe included a flavoring from the coca plant and probably included small amounts of cocaine (an addictive substance), but since the early part of this century all traces of cocaine have been removed. However, Coke (like all cola drinks) also includes a flavoring from the cola tree; cola extract contains caffeine, which is a stimulant, and the Coca-Cola Company adds extra caffeine for good measure. While caffeine is not thought to be an addictive substance in itself, there is considerable evidence that over a period of time the consumption of caffeine has to be increased in order for its stimulating effect to be maintained, and so sales of Coke perhaps benefit as a result.
A more likely reason for the enduring popularity of Coke may, however, be found in the company's enviable marketing strategies. Over the years it has come up with some of the most memorable commercials, tunes, slogans and sponsorship in the world of advertising, variously emphasizing international harmony, youthfulness and a carefree lifestyle. Few other companies (arguably including Pepsi) have been able to match such marketing strategies so consistently or effectively. As suggested earlier, the influences of American culture are evident just about everywhere, and Coca-Cola has somehow come to represent a vision of the United States that much of the rest of the world dreams about and aspires to. Perhaps drinking Coke brings people that little bit closer to the dream.

1. In the first paragraph, the author points out that ______.

A.Coke is so popular that some shops sell nothing else
B.only certain people are allowed to enter the most popular Coke stores
C.some stores can successfully sell Coke at higher prices
D.Coke is so popular that some shops only sell goods with the Coca-Cola

A B C D

[解析] 本题细节定位于第一段最后一句话“...and there are even stores which deal exclusively in Coke products and memorabilia”。由此可知，有些商店专门卖可乐产品及纪念品。A项错误，因为专卖店里除了可乐，还有纪念品。B，C两项文中并未提及，属于无中生有。因此选择D。

2. In the last sentence of the second paragraph, the author implies that ______.

A.it is easy for the company to argue that Coke is a healthy drink
B.Coke is generally considered to be unhealthy as a drink
C.the company believes Coke is not an unhealthy product
D.Coke is, in fact, quite a healthy drink

A B C D

[解析] 本题细节定位于第二段最后一句话“After all, even the manufacturers could hardly describe Coke as a healthy product since it contains relatively high amounts of sugar (admittedly not the case with Diet Coke which contains artificial sweeteners instead of sugar) and phosphoric acid, both of which are known to damage teeth”。由此可知，由于可乐中含有相当高的糖分和磷酸，这些都有损牙齿健康，因此，甚至制造商都很难将可乐描述为一种健康的产品。B项与原文意思相符，A，C和D三项与原文意思相反，因此选择B。

3. The underlined sentence in Paragraph 4 means that ______.

A.Pepsi and a few other companies have had better marketing than Coca-Cola
B.the Coke company has been more successful in marketing than most others
C.some companies have copied Coca-Cola's marketing strategies very effectively
D.no other company has been as successful as Coca-Cola in marketing its products

A B C D

[解析] 本题细节定位于第四段画线句子“Few other companies (arguably including Pepsi) have been able to match such marketing strategies so consistently or effectively”。这句话的意思为“很少有其他公司(可以说包括百事)能够一贯或有效地与可口可乐公司的营销策略相匹敌”。B项“可口可乐公司在市场营销方面比大多数其他公司都更为成功”，符合原文意思。D项说“没有其他公司”，全部否定，不正确。因此选择B。

4. Which of the following statements about the passage is true? ______

A.Cocaine and caffeine are addictive substances.
B.At least one of the ingredients of Coke is addictive.
C.The stimulating effect of caffeine is reduced over time unless consumption of it is increased.
D.The Coca-Cola company has gradually increased the amount of caffeine it puts in Coke.

A B C D

[解析] 本题细节定位于第三段最后一句话“While caffeine is not thought to be an addictive substance in itself, there is considerable evidence that over a period of time the consumption of caffeine has to be increased in order for its stimulating effect to be maintained, and so sales of Coke perhaps benefit as a result”。由此可知，咖啡因本身并非一种致瘾物质，但是有相当多的证据表明，为了维持其刺激作用，过一段时间必须增加咖啡因的消耗量，因此，结果就是可乐的销量增加。由此可知，可乐本身并不含有致瘾物质。A项说“咖啡因属于致瘾物质”不正确。B项“可乐中至少有一种成分会让人上瘾”，与原文意思相反，故不正确。原文中并没有说可口可乐公司逐渐增加可乐中的咖啡因成分，故D项错误。因此选择C。

Passage Three
I've been writing for most of my life. The book Writing Without Teachers introduced me to one distinction and one practice that has helped my writing processes tremendously. The distinction is between the creative mind and the critical mind. While you need to employ both to get to a finished result, they cannot work in parallel no matter how much we might like to think so.
Trying to criticize writing on the fly is possibly the single greatest barrier to writing that most of us encounter. If you are listening to that 5th grade English teacher correct your grammar while you are trying to capture a fleeting thought, the thought will die. If you capture the fleeting thought and simply share it with the world in raw form, no one is likely to understand. You must learn to create first and then criticize if you want to make writing the tool for thinking that it is.
The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you write is what Elbow calls "free writing." In free writing, the objective is to get words down on paper non-stop, usually for 15-20 minutes. No stopping, no going back, no criticizing. The goal is to get the words flowing. As the words begin to flow, the ideas will come from the shadows and let themselves be captured on your notepad or your screen.
Now you have raw materials that you can begin to work with using the critical mind that you've persuaded to sit on the side and watch quietly. Most likely, you will believe that this will take more time than you actually have and you will end up staring blankly at the pages as the deadline draws near.
Instead of staring at a blank, start filling it with words no matter how bad. Halfway through your available time, stop and rework your raw writing into something closer to finished product. Move back and forth until you run out of time and the final result will most likely be far better than your current practices.

1. When the author says the creative mind and the critical mind "cannot work in parallel" (Line 4, Para.1) in the writing process, he means ______.

A.the creative mind dislikes the critical mind
B.they cannot be regarded as equally important
C.they are in constant conflict with each other
D.one cannot use them at the same time

A B C D

[解析] 文章第二段论述了创造性思维与批判性思维的关系。从最后一句结语“You must learn to create first and then criticize if you want to make writing the tool for thinking that it is”可以看出，在运用这两种思维时，必须首先使用创造性思维，而后再使用批判性思维。可以推出二者不可同时使用。D项“一个人不能同时运用这两种思维”，这点与文中的You must learn to create first and then criticize相符。因此选择D。

2. What prevents people from writing on is ______.

A.putting their ideas in raw form
B.attempting to edit as they write
C.ignoring grammatical soundness
D.trying to capture fleeting thoughts

A B C D

[解析] 本题细节定位于第三段第一句话“The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you write is what Elbow calls 'free writing.'”，指出了写作时的坏习惯——尝试修改(edit)，而解决办法则是free writing。第二段中做了两种假设，即在想法初现时考虑语法问题和想法初现时不做修改就与人分享，这两种情形的结果都不理想。文中给出了解决方案：先不受影响地创造出想法，然后运用批判思维进行修改。因此选择B。

3. What is the chief objective of the first stage of writing? ______

A.To organize one's thoughts logically.
B.To choose an appropriate topic.
C.To get one's ideas down.
D.To collect raw materials.

A B C D

[解析] 纵观全文，从某种角度来看，文章论述的其实就是写作顺序问题。文章前半部分分析了创造性思维与批评性思维的关系，得出了必须先运用创造性思维记下想法而后再运用批判性思维进行修改的观点(You must learn to create first and then criticize if you want to make writing the tool for thinking that it is)。后半部分对如何运用创造性思维和批判性思维进行了具体描述。根据文意，写作的第一步就是运用创造性思维把观点记下来，记下来的方法就是free writing，即想到哪里就记到哪里，把想法有逻辑地组织起来。Free writing的方法就是把想法自由记下，而不做修改。要做到“有逻辑地”组织，显然应该是进行了修改，是批判性思维的结果。因此A项不正确。B和D两项文中并未提及，属于无中生有。因此选择C。

4. In what way does the critical mind help the writer in the writing process? ______

A.It refines his writing into better shape.
B.It helps him to come up with new ideas.
C.It saves the writing time available to him.
D.It allows him to sit on the side and observe.

A B C D

[解析] 本题细节定位于第四段第一句“Now you have raw materials that you can begin to work with using the critical mind that you've persuaded to sit on the side and watch quietly”，指出在获得原材料后，即是运用批判性思维的时候。最后一整段对如何运用批判性思维进行了描述，从中可以发现批判性思维的主要作用是对文章草稿进行修改、精炼。A项“它使文章更加成形”，也就是对文章草稿进行修改、精炼，符合最后一段对批判性思维的描述。B项“它能使作者产生新的想法”。根据文意，批判性思维是对现有想法的修改，不会产生新的想法。C项“它可以节省作者的写作时间”。第四段提到“this will take more time than you actually have”，意思是在运用批判性思维前很可能会发现时间不够用，那么批判性思维有没有节省时间呢?从“Move back and forth until you run out of time...”这句话可以看出，即便运用批判性思维，还是把所有的时间都用光了，因此并没有节省时间。D项“它可以使作者坐下来审视文章”。坐下来审视文章就是指运用批判性思维，不能说它会对本身起到什么作用。因此选择A。

Passage Four
Leadership is hardly a new area of research, of course. For years, academics have debated whether leaders are born or made, whether a person who lacks charisma can become a leader, and what makes leaders fail. Warren G. Bennis, possibly the world's foremost expert on leading, has, together with his co-author, written two best-sellers on the topic. Generally, researchers have found that you can't explain leadership by way of intelligence, birth order, family wealth or stability, level of education, race, or sex. From one leader to the next there's enormous variance in every one of those factors.
The authors' research led to a new and telling discovery: that every leader, regardless of age, had undergone at least one intense, transformational experience—what the authors call "crucible". These events can either make you or break you. For emerging leaders, they do more making than breaking, providing key lessons to help a person move ahead confidently.
If a crucible helps a person to become a leader, there are four essential qualities that allow someone to remain one, according to the authors. They are: "an adaptive capacity" that lets people not only survive inevitable setbacks, heartbreaks, and difficulties but also learn from them, an ability to engage others through shared meaning or a common vision; a distinctive and compelling voice that communicates one's conviction and desire to do the right thing; and a sense of integrity that allows a leader to distinguish between good and evil.
That sounds obvious enough to be commonplace, until you look at some recent failures that show how valid these dictums (formal statements of opinion) are. The authors believe that former Coca-Cola Co. Chairman, M. Douglas Ivester lasted just 28 months because "his grasp of context was sorrowful". Among other things, Ivester degraded Coke's highest-ranking African-American even as the company was losing a $200 million class action brought by black employees. Procter & Gamble Co. ex-CEO Durk Jager lost his job because he failed to communicate the urgent need for the sweeping changes he was making.
It's striking, too, that the authors found their geezers (whose formative period, as the authors define them, was 1945 to 1954, and who were shaped by World War Ⅱ) sharing what they believed to be a critical trait—the sense of possibility and wonder more often associated with childhood. "Unlike those defeated by time and age, our geezers have remained much like our geeks (who came of age between 1991 and 2000, and grew up "virtual, visual and digital")—open, willing to take risks, hungry for knowledge and experience, courageous, and eager to see what the new day brings," the authors write.

1. The passage indicates that leadership research ______.

A.has been a controversial study for years
B.predicts how a leader comes to be
C.defines the likelihood to be a leader
D.probes the mysteries of leadership

A B C D

[解析] 本题细节定位于第一段第二句话“For years, academics have debated whether leaders are born or made, whether a person who lacks charisma can become a leader, and what makes leaders fail”。由此可知，多年以来学术界一直在争论领导者是天生的还是后天培养的，缺乏非凡领导力的人是否能担任领导者，以及是什么导致了领导者的失败。可以推知，领导力研究一直以来都是一项具有争议的研究。因此选择A。

2. According to Bennis, the trait shared by leaders consists of ______.

A.top levels of intelligence and education and devotion
B.remarkable ability to encourage people with loyalty and hope
C.striking qualities of going through serious trials and suffering
D.strong personalities that arouse admiration and confidence

A B C D

[解析] 本题细节定位于第二段第一和第二句话“The authors' research led to a new and telling discovery: that every leader, regardless of age, had undergone at least one intense, transformational experience—what the authors call 'crucible'. These events can either make you or break you”。根据作者们的研究新发现，每一位领导者都至少经历过一次剧烈的变故，即作者们所说的“严酷考验”。这些事件要么成就一个人，要么击垮一个人。C项“经受严峻考验和痛苦的突出品质”符合原文意思。因此选择C。

3. The favorable effect of a crucible depends on whether a leader______.

A.proves himself/herself to be a newly emergent one
B.accepts it as a useful experience for progress
C.shrinks back from tiring and trying experiences
D.draws important lessons for his/her followers

A B C D

[解析] 本题细节定位于第二段最后一句话“For emerging leaders, they do more making than breaking, providing key lessons to help a person move ahead confidently”。由此可知，对于新兴领导者而言，严酷的考验更能成就他们，而非击垮他们，为他们自信地前行提供关键的经验教训。B项“接受它，作为前进的有用经历”，符合原文意思。因此选择B。

4. A leader can hardly maintain his/her position unless he/she ______.

A.fulfills all necessary quality requirements
B.helps people to prevent defeats and sorrows
C.fails to attract people with common concerns
D.lacks appeal and strength of character

A B C D

[解析] 本题细节定位于第三段第一句话“If a crucible helps a person to become a leader, there are four essential qualities that allow someone to remain one, according to the authors”。根据作者们的研究，如果说严酷的考验能帮助一个人成为一名领导者，那么保持领导地位则需要四种基本素质。由此可知，领导者必须具备一定的素质要求。A项与原文意思相符。B项只是这四种基本素质中的一种。C和D两项与原文意思正好相反。因此选择A。

Passage Five
As we have seen, the focus on medical care in our society has been shifting from curing disease to preventing disease—especially in terms of changing our many unhealthy behaviors, such as poor eating habits, smoking, and failure to exercise. The line of thought involved in this shift can be pursued further. Imagine a person who is about the right weight, but does not eat very nutritious foods, who feels OK but exercises only occasionally, who goes to work every day, but is not an outstanding worker, who drinks a few beers at home most nights but does not drive while drunk, and who has no chest pains or abnormal blood counts, but sleeps a lot and often feels tired. This person is not ill. He may not even be at risk for any particular disease. But we can imagine that this person could be a lot healthier.
The field of medicine has not traditionally distinguished between someone who is merely "not ill" and someone who is in excellent health and pays attention to the body's special needs. Both types have simply been called "well". In recent years, however, some health specialists have begun to apply the term "well" and "wellness" only to those who are actively striving to maintain and improve their health. People who are well are concerned with nutrition and exercise, and they make a point of monitoring their body's condition. Most important, perhaps, people who are well take active responsibility for all matters related to their health. Even people who have a physical disease or handicap may be "well" in this new sense, if they make an effort to maintain the best possible health they can in the face of their physical limitations. "Wellness" may perhaps best be viewed not as a state that people can achieve, but as an ideal that people can strive for. People who are well are likely to be better able to resist disease and to fight disease when it strikes. And by focusing attention on healthy ways of living, the concept of wellness can have a beneficial impact on the ways in which people face the challenges of daily life.

1. Today medical care is placing more stress on ______.

A.keeping people in a healthy physical condition
B.monitoring patients' body functions
C.removing people's bad living habits
D.ensuring people's psychological well-being

A B C D

[解析] 本题细节定位于第一段第一句话“...the focus on medical care in our society has been shifting from curing disease to preventing disease—especially in terms of changing our many unhealthy behaviors”。由此可知，当今社会医疗保健的重点已经从治愈疾病向预防疾病转变了，特别是改变我们许多不健康的行为。因此选择C。

2. In the first paragraph, people are reminded that ______.

A.good health is more than not being ill
B.drinking, even if not to excess, could be harmful
C.regular health checks are essential to keeping fit
D.prevention is more difficult than cure

A B C D

[解析] 本题细节定位于第一段最后三句话“This person is not ill. He may not even be at risk for any particular disease. But we can imagine that this person could be a lot healthier”。由此可知，这个人没有生病，甚至也没有生病的风险，但是我们可以想象他还可以更健康一点。第一段中列举了亚健康的一些具体表现，最后指出，亚健康的人并没有生病，但却称不上健康，因为他还可以更健康一点。C，D两项在文中没有明确提到，而B项的意思与原文不符，原文认为亚健康状态并不是生病，而健康并不意味着只是没生病。因此选择A。

3. Traditionally, a person is considered "well" if he ______.

A.does not have any unhealthy living habits
B.does not have any physical handicaps
C.is able to handle his daily routines
D.is free from any kind of disease

A B C D

[解析] 本题细节定位于第二段第一句话“The field of medicine has not traditionally distinguished between someone who is merely 'not ill' and someone who is in excellent health and pays attention to the body's special needs”。由此可知，传统医学界没有就“不生病”和“身体健康”做出明确的区分，只是关注身体的各项机能而已，即传统医学界认为“不生病”就是“身体健康”。因此选择D。

4. According to what the author advocates, which of the following groups of people would be considered healthy? ______

A.People who have strong muscles as well as slim figures.
B.People who are not presently experiencing any symptoms of disease.
C.People who try to be as healthy as possible, regardless of their limitations.
D.People who can recover from illness even without seeking medical care.

A B C D

[解析] 根据第二段第七句“In this new sense, if they make an effort to maintain the best possible health they can in the face of their physical limitations”，根据这种新定义，健康的人就应该指不管身体有何局限、只要努力追求最健康状态的人。原文中提到根据新定义，即使是那些患病或是有生理缺陷的人，也可以被认为是“健康”的人，下文也总结了这一点。因此选择C。

Section Ⅱ Use of English
Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the Answer Sheet.
The translator must have an excellent, up-to-date knowledge of his source languages, full facility in the handling of his target language, which will be his mother tongue or language of habitual 1 and a knowledge and understanding of the latest subject-matter in his field of 2 .
This is, 3 , his professional equipment. 4 this, it is desirable that he 5 have an inquiring mind, wide interests, a good memory and the ability to grasp quickly the basic principles of new developments. He should be willing to work 6 his own, often 7 high speeds, but should be humble enough to consult others 8 his own knowledge not always prove adequate to the task in hand. He should be able to type fairly quickly and accurately and, if he is working mainly for publication, should have more than a nodding 9 with printing techniques and proof-reading. If he is working basically as an information translator, let us say, for an industrial firm, he should have the flexibility of mind to enable him to 10 rapidly from one source language to another, as well as from one subject-matter to another, since this ability is frequently 11 of him in such work. Bearing in mind the nature of the translator's work, i.e. the processing of the written word, it is, strictly speaking, 12 that he should be able to speak the languages he is dealing with. If he does speak them, it is an advantage 13 a hindrance, but this skill is in many ways a luxury that he can 14 with. It is, 15 , desirable that he should have an approximate idea about the 16 of his source languages even if this is restricted to 17 how proper names and place names are pronounced. The same 18 to an ability to write his source languages. If he can, well and good; if he cannot, it does not 19 . There are many other skills and 20 that are desirable in a translator.

A.application
B.use
C.utility
D.usage

A B C D

[解析] use的意思是“使用”，of habitual use意为“习惯性使用的”，符合题意。A项application表示“(理论知识等的)应用”，如：the application of new scientific discoveries新科学发现的应用，不合题意。C项utility和D项usage都跟“使用”有关，但utility的意思是“效用，实用”，usage的意思是“使用方式，用法”，均不合题意。B项正确。

A.specialization
B.majors
C.specials
D.profession

A B C D

[解析] field of specialization为固定说法，表示“专业领域”，因此选择A。

A.as it was
B.as it were
C.as it is
D.as this is

A B C D

[解析] as it were为固定搭配，表示“似乎，可以说是”之意，选项B正确。as it is/was是“事实上，实际上”的意思，如：I hope things would get better, but as it is, they are getting worse. 我希望情况会好转，但实际上越来越糟。不合题意。因此选择B。

A.More than
B.Except for
C.Because of
D.In addition to.

A B C D

[解析] 从上下文来看，此句的意思是对上文句意的递进，in addition to意为“除此之外”，故选项D正确。more than一般不可用来引导递进语义关系的状语，也不用于句首。

A.must
B.need
C.should
D.ought to

A B C D

[解析] It is desirable+that+主语+should(可省略)+动词原形，因此选择C。

A.of
B.by
C.for
D.on

A B C D

[解析] on one's own为固定搭配，意为“独立地，独自地”，符合题意，故选项D正确。of one's own意为“自己拥有的”，如a room of my own我自己的房间，不合题意。而for和by不与one's own搭配。

A.in
B.to
C.at
D.for

A B C D

[解析] at speed意为“迅速地，高速地”，at high speed表示“急速地”。该句意为“他应当愿意独立工作，而且通常是高效地工作”，因此选择C。

A.should
B.when
C.because
D.if

A B C D

[解析] 四个选项中只有should能够提前，省略if，引导倒装分句，是表示与将来事实相反的虚拟语气，正常语序为：if his own language should not always prove...此处should表示可能性不大的假设，意为“假使，万一”。因此选择A。

A.familiarity
B.acquaintance
C.knowledge
D.skill

A B C D

[解析] have a nodding/bowing acquaintance with sth./sb. 是固定短语，意为“略通，初步了解”，因此选择B。

10.

A.change
B.transform
C.turn
D.switch

A B C D

[解析] A项change表示事物本身的“改变，转变”，如：change the idea改变主意；B项transform表示事物外形、形态或结构上发生改变；C项turn一般表示“(方向、位置、性质或颜色的)变化”；D项switch表示在不同事物之间转变、转移或切换。这里指从一种语言转换到另外一种语言，因此D项更符合句意，故选择D。

11.

A.lacked
B.required
C.faced
D.confronted

A B C D

[解析] (sth. is) required of sb. 为固定搭配，意思是“要求某人……”；A项lack“缺乏”，可做及物动词，直接接宾语；做不及物动词时常用于sb. be lacking in sth. 或sth be lacking结构；C项face“(使)面对”，为及物动词，可用于be faced with结构；D项confront的意思与face相近，表示“(使)碰到，(使)遇到”，为及物动词，常用于be confronted with结构，如：We are now confronted with many difficulties. 我们现在面临着很多困难。因此选择B。

12.

A.essential
B.unnecessary
C.advantageous
D.useless

A B C D

[解析] A项essential“本质的，实质的，基本的”；B项unnecessary“不必要的，无用的”；C项advantageous“有利的”；D项useless“无效的，无益的”。从上下文来看，这句话强调翻译工作是处理书面文字，也就是说会讲这些语言并不一定必要，而且下一句紧接着说“如果他确实会讲”，进一步说明了译者并非一定要会讲这些语言。另外，此空后接的宾语从句中应该使用虚拟语气，从句谓语动词为(should) do，这与该句相符，所以B项符合句意。因此选择B项。

13.

A.over
B.despite
C.rather than
D.instead

A B C D

[解析] 从意义上来看，C项表示“而不是”，符合句意。instead也表示“而不是”，但用法有误，应为instead of。advantage over为固定搭配，表示“在……方面占优势，……的有利条件”。所以A项也不合题意。因此选择C。

14.

A.deal
B.concern
C.work
D.do away

A B C D

[解析] 从上下文来看，but暗示语义的转折，另外单词luxury也暗示该技能是“奢侈品”而不是“必需品”。do away with“去掉”，表明译者并非一定需要该技能，符合文意。deal with也是一个词组，表示“对付，处理”，但用在此处语义不符。因此选择D。

15.

A.however
B.accordingly
C.consequently
D.thus

A B C D

[解析] 上文提到没必要会讲源语言，而这句话的意思是最好能对源语言的发音有大致的了解，语义上表示转折，however表示“然而，但是”，所以，A项最符合文意。B项accordingly表示“相应地”；C项consequently表示“因此”；D项thus表示“所以”，均不合题意。

16.

A.idioms
B.spelling
C.grammar
D.pronunciation

A B C D

[解析] A项idiom意为“成语”；B项spelling意为“拼写”；C项grammar意为“语法”；D项pronunciation意为“发音”。前文说“译者并不一定要会讲他所处理的语言”，而这句话的意思为“不过，他最好能对源语言的发音有大致的了解，哪怕这种了解仅限于专有名词和地名的发音。”由此可知，空格处为“发音”。因此选择D。

17.

A.knowing
B.having known
C.know
D.have known

A B C D

[解析] 词组be restricted to中的to是介词而不是不定式符号，需接名词或动名词，故A项正确。时态上没必要用完成时，所以B项不正确。

18.

A.refers
B.comes
C.applies
D.amounts

A B C D

[解析] apply to表示“适用于”，the same applies to表示“(某事)同样如此”，正符合文意。refer to表示“提及，谈到，指”；amount to表示“达到，等于，相当于”：come to用法很多，如“达到，总计为，终于，结果是”等，均不符合文意。因此选择C。

19.

A.matter
B.mind
C.harm
D.work

A B C D

[解析] it does not matter表示“不要紧，没关系”，正合文意，故A项正确。mind表示“介意，在意”，主语一般为人；harm为及物动词，用法错误；it does not work表示“不起作用，行不通”，不符合文意。因此选择A。

20.

A.characteristics
B.qualities
C.distinctions
D.features

A B C D

[解析] quality可以表示“(人拥有的)素质，品质”，在此处指作为一名译者所需要的“(职业)素质”，最符合文意。characteristic表示“特征，特色”；distinction表示“不同之处，差别，荣誉”；feature也可以表示“特征，特色”，但用于形容人的时候一般指“面部特征”，均不合题意。因此选择B。

Section Ⅲ Translation

Part A
Directions: There are two passages in this part. Read them carefully and then translate them into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the Answer Sheet.

1. This lofty ambition for a university was never fully realized, and what we today call "disciplinarity" did not take full form until universities were incorporated into state bureaucracies in Germany, and enrollments and budgets grew. Over the course of the 19th century, German universities developed other academic practices that we now take for granted: the idea of research, the seminar, the faculty imperative to publish, the division of intellectual labor according to specialization, and a focus on the fine-grained details of scholarly argument. Within the university, specialization and disciplines have organized intellectual labor, traditions, and ambitions for over 200 years, not as abstract taxonomies but as cultural practices. To dismiss them as merely static, formal categories is to overlook the ways in which their continuity and stability have depended on transforming actual people who developed and embodied practices and habits of work, criteria for excellence, and systems and forms of communication, all of which were tied to a disciplinary self, the persona of specialized knowledge.

大学的崇高理想从未曾完全实现过。直到大学被纳入德国的国家官僚机构，招生和预算均增长，我们今天所谓的“学科性”才得以完全成形。在19世纪长达一个世纪的过程中，德国大学发展了我们今天认为理所当然的其他学术实践，即研究思路、研讨会、全体教员势必发表出版、依据专业进行的脑力劳动分工，以及专注于学术讨论的详细细节。在200多年的时间里，专业化和学科不是作为抽象的分类，而是作为文化实践，在大学里组织着脑力劳动、传统和追求目标。将它们误认为仅仅是静态的形式范畴，就是忽视它们的连续性和稳定性依赖于实际的人的转变。它们形成和体现了工作的实践和习惯、卓越的标准及沟通的系统和形式。所有这些都与学科本身、专业知识的角色联系在一起。

2. All mammals benefit from sleep in fundamental aspects for brain and body. For sleep to be beneficial, it must be of sufficient duration and physiological continuity. Conversely, sleep needs to retain a certain degree of fragility, because all sleeping organisms remain capable of a behavioral arousal response to salient stimuli and potential threats. To date, it is unclear how sleep generates advantageous effects while maintaining sensory responsiveness and how the two opposite needs for continuity and fragility are balanced. Recently, given the enormous differences in sleep fragmentation between mammalian species, the idea of universal beneficial functions of sleep for all mammals has even been challenged.

所有哺乳动物的大脑和身体在基本方面都通过睡眠受益。为了通过睡眠受益，必须有足够的睡眠持续时间和生理上的连续性。由于所有处于睡眠中的生物体依然能够对显著刺激和潜在威胁做出行为觉醒反应，睡眠反而需要保持一定程度的脆性。时至今日，对于睡眠如何产生有益效果而又同时保持感官反应，以及如何平衡连续性和脆性这两种相反的需求，还尚不清楚。最近，鉴于哺乳类动物之间断裂型睡眠的巨大差异，所有哺乳动物睡眠具有普遍受益功能的观点甚至受到了挑战。

Part B
Directions: There is a passage in Chinese in this part. Read it carefully and then translate it into English. Your translation should be written neatly on the Answer Sheet.

1. 科学研究的美妙之处在于你永远无法用放之四海而皆准的标准来衡量她的精彩和意义。那么对于你——一个博士研究生来说，什么样的研究才“有趣”，才“有意义”，才更适合你自己呢?你是更喜欢动手还是喜欢分析?喜欢观察偶然现象还是喜欢定量研究?是喜欢为理论补上最后一块缺环，还是干脆开辟一个新战场?
当然，这个阶段的博士生大概还没有能力完全掌控自己的研究课题，仍然需要导师大量的指导和帮助。但是我相信你的研究必定会开始带有你的“个人印记”。从某个具体实验的安排，到实验逻辑链条的设计，到对发现的总结和提炼，你应该试着开始有自己的思路。等你真正经历过完整的科学研究程序，就会开始慢慢体会科学发现的美好和激动。

The beauty of scientific research lies in her marvellousness and significance that can never be measured by a universal standard. For you, a PhD student, what kind of research is "fascinating", and then is "significant" and more suitable for you? Do you prefer hands-on or analysis? Observing accidental phenomena or quantitative research? Or complementing the last missing piece of theory or just opening up a new battlefield?
Certainly, it is probably that a PhD student is incapable of completely controlling his or her research topic, and still needs lots of input and help from the supervisor. However, I believe your research must bear your imprint. You should try to have your own ideas from the arrangement of a specific experiment, to the design of the experimental logic chain, and to the summary and refinement of the discovery. When you really go through a complete scientific research program, you will slowly begin to appreciate the beauty and excitement of scientific discovery.

Section Ⅳ Writing

1. Directions: In some universities, all PhD students must publish articles in top academic journals to obtain their degree, while in other institutions, publication is optional and PhD students should focus on acquiring theoretical knowledge and research skills. What is your view on this issue? Write an essay of at least 200 words based on the topic "Publication: Compulsory or Optional?"

[范文]

Publication: Compulsory or Optional?

Nowadays both faculty and students often discuss whether PhD students should be required to publish articles on famous academic journals if they want to get the doctoral degree. Some believe that the major task of PhD students is to learn theoretical knowledge and enhance research skills. Therefore, it is unnecessary to ask them to publish the articles. In my opinion, a doctoral degree means that they have become experts in their fields, thus, it is their responsibility to make a contribution and publish the fruits.
Above all, we need to figure out what a doctoral degree means. A PhD is the highest degree offered by the university, and a PhD requires highly developed academic ability, independence and perseverance. Learning knowledge and practising research skills are important since you enter the university. However, it is not a primary goal for PhD students. If you are a PhD candidate, you must have had your bachelor and master degrees, which means you certainly have some knowledge and acquire basic research skills in your field. Then your task is to develop yourself into an expert in your field by supplementing more professional knowledge and further enhancing your research skills. Through 3 or 4 years' concentration in the field, you will be expected to have a breakthrough or find something new that can be called "achievement". Therefore, it is very natural for you to publish your fruits on a journal and successfully end your life in the university.
In a word, publication, which represents learning outcomes, is necessary for PhD students. If you even can't publish an article in an academic journal, how can you call yourself an expert in your field? Then I have a reason to believe that your PhD career is not a success.