Section A Directions: Choose the word that is the closest in meaning with the underlined word.
1. I feel that we must respect this point of view and accept the conviction of the many people who hold it, because that is how they feel about life and morality.
A.belief
B.culpability
C.offense
D.therapy
A B C D
A
[解析] conviction意为“信念”。A选项：belief意为“信念，信条”，与画线单词的意义相符，如：It is our belief that improvements in health care will lead to a stronger, more prosperous economy. 我们坚信，改善医疗保健会使经济更加繁荣昌盛。故选A。在其他三项中，B选项：culpability苛责，有罪；C选项：offense犯罪；D选项：therapy疗法，治疗，都与画线单词的意义不符。
2. Wittingly or unwittingly, our courts are creating what the Reverend Richard John Neuhaus calls a "naked public square", a secular community devoid of any religious commitments.
A.deprived of
B.divested of
C.lacking in
D.exempt from
A B C D
C
[解析] devoid of意为“缺乏的，没有的”。C选项：lacking in意为“在……缺少[不足]”，与画线单词的意义相符，如：Vitamin pills make up what you lack in your diet. 维生素片补充你饮食中所缺之物。故选C。在其他三项中，A选项：deprive of剥夺……；B选项：divested of使失去，剥夺；D选项：exempt from使免除，豁免，都与画线单词的意义不符。
3. Most of us will not want mercy killing or euthanasia until the last minute and even assisted suicide campaigners like Timothy Leary often back out of the act and die natural deaths.
A.prop up
B.flinch
C.fall behind
D.retain
A B C D
B
[解析] back out of意为“退出，取消”。B选项：flinch意为“回避，退缩”，与画线单词的意义相符，如：The world community should not flinch in the face of this challenge.国际社会在面对这一挑战时不应该回避。故选B。在其他三项中，A选项：prop up支撑，维持；C选项：fall behind落后，下降，逾期(付款等)；D选项：retain保留，保持，都与画线单词的意义不符。
4. Love is love and death is death, for a South African Bushman and a French surrealist alike. So the themes of literature have at once an infinite variety and an abiding constancy.
A.continuing
B.refraining
C.interchanging
D.corresponding
A B C D
A
[解析] abiding意为“持久的，持续的”。A选项：continuing意为“继续存在的，持续的”，与画线单词的意义相符，如：The meeting takes place against a background of continuing political violence. 这次会议是在政治暴力连续不断的背景下召开的。故选A。在其他三项中，B选项：refraining抑制；C选项：interchanging交换；D选项：corresponding相应的，相关的，都与画线单词的意义不符。
5. This idea, in the avowed pantheism of Spinoza, was suffered to lapse during the 18th century, was revived again by Lessing and Herder, and became one of the central ideas of the great Romantic and Hegelian movements in Germany in the 19th century.
A.cease
B.thrive
C.supersede
D.deplete
A B C D
A
[解析] lapse意为“退步，终止”。A选项：cease意为“(使)停止，结束”，与画线单词的意义相符，如：At one o'clock the rain had ceased. 一点时，雨已经停了。故选A。在其他三项中，B选项：thrive繁荣，茁壮成长；C选项：supersede替代；D选项：deplete耗尽，使枯竭，都与画线单词的意义不符。
6. Most of it is fugitive, but here and there—in high-level journalism, in television, in the cinema, in commercial fiction, in westerns and detective stories, and in plain, expository prose—some writing, almost by accident, achieves an aesthetic satisfaction, a depth and relevance that entitle it to stand with other examples of the art of literature.
A.plausible
B.consequential
C.prudential
D.temporary
A B C D
D
[解析] fugitive意为“无常的，易变的，短暂的”。D选项：temporary意为“短暂的，暂时的”，与画线单词的意义相符，如：Most adolescent problems are temporary. 多数青少年问题都是暂时性的。故选D。在其他三项中，A选项：plausible貌似有理的，花言巧语的：B选项：consequential结果的；C选项：prudential谨慎的，都与画线单词的意义不符。
7. As German social theorist Habermas' Legitimation Crisis explained, once a process governed informally is regulated by the state, it throws into question all other informal processes connected with the original process. Regulations beget regulations.
A.bring about
B.result from
C.end up in
D.take over
A B C D
A
[解析] beget意为“产生，引起”。A选项：bring about意为“导致，引起”，与画线单词的意义相符，如：The only way they can bring about political change is by putting pressure on the country. 要使该国进行政治变革，唯一的办法就是对其施压。故选A。在其他三项中，B选项：result from产生于……；C选项：end up in以……结束；D选项：take over接替，接任，都与画线单词的意义不符。
8. It is easy to complicate things, to indulge in "something to do" or "something to think about" instead of stilling the monkey-mind, finding the futility of contrived action which leads only to separation, hardness, ethics, self-righteousness, and ultimate strife.
A.flux
B.paradox
C.conformity
D.uselessness
A B C D
D
[解析] futility意为“无益，无用，徒劳”。D选项：uselessness意为“无用，无效，无价值”，与画线单词的意义相符，如：Too ill to get out of bed, she had strong feelings of uselessness. 由于疾病缠身，卧床不起，她深深地感到力不从心。故选D。在其他三项中，A选项：flux流出，变迁；B选项：paradox悖论；C选项：conformity符合，遵守，都与画线单词的意义不符。
9. Alternatively, it can be presented by a careful arrangement of objective facts, where psychological development is described purely in terms of behavior, and where the reader's subjective response is elicited by the minute descriptions of physical reality, as in the greatest Chinese novels like The Dream of the Red Chamber, which convinces the reader that through the novel he is seeing reality itself rather than an artfully contrived semblance of reality.
A.appearance
B.criticism
C.occurrence
D.contrast
A B C D
A
[解析] semblance意为“表象，外观”。A选项：appearance意为“外貌，外观”，与画线单词的意义相符，如：Flowering plants were making their first appearance, but were still a rarity. 显花植物开始出现了，但仍然很少。故选A。在其他三项中，B选项：criticism批评，评论；C选项：occurrence发生，事件；D选项：contrast差异，对比，都与画线单词的意义不符。
10. Gender-based violence encompasses a wide range of human rights violations, including sexual abuse of children, rape, domestic violence, sexual assault and harassment, trafficking of women and girls and several harmful traditional practices.
A.battering
B.trading
C.venerating
D.craving
A B C D
B
[解析] trafficking意为“非法买卖，非法交易”。B选项：trading意为“贸易，交易”，与画线单词的意义相符，如：They traded land for goods and money. 他们用土地换取了货物与金钱。故选B。在其他三项中，A选项：battering猛击；C选项：venerating敬重，崇敬；D选项：craving渴望，热望，都与画线单词的意义不符。
Section B Directions: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.
1. That became somewhat more gentle as care became more sophisticated. We entered what might be called the ______ Period, where the physician was like a father who knew what was best for his patient.
2. Most persons experience a ______ increase in memory problems as they get older, particularly with regard to the ability to remember relatively recent experiences.
3. Any ______ future religion must take seriously the implications for religion of the remarkable discoveries of the modern natural and human sciences.
4. The top PhD programs set an incredibly high bar: a lot of coursework, teaching experience, qualifying exams, a thesis defense, and of course making a ______ research contribution in your area.
5. Many rape crisis and battered women's programs also have educational components focusing on youth. However, most of these approaches depend upon individual class presentations without ensuring other aspects of necessary ______ support, including thorough staff training, supportive services for male and female victims, and rehabilitative and disciplinary programs for abusers.
6. Ancient Greeks believed that the gods, who resembled humans, lived on Mount Olympus, where they had a hierarchical society. Individual gods became associated with three main ______—the sky or heaven, the sea, and the earth.
9. This English document is compiled by the Bureau of Legislative Affairs of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China Legal System Publishing House. In case of ______, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.
10. Similar cuts are ______ at Stanford, which is planning to slash $43 million over the next two years. And Columbia University, which faces a $50 million deficit, will probably follow suit, although the heads of 26 arts-and-sciences departments have threatened to quit if the cutbacks are too harsh.
Section A Directions: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.
1. Another concern ______ has to do with the effect one's living will might have on insurance premiums. Can one's insurance rates go up if they request total care instead of minimal care during their final days?
2. My purpose is to consider if, in political society, there can be any legitimate and sure principle of government, taking men as they are and laws as they might be. In this inquiry I shall try always to bring together ______ with ______ so that justice and utility are in one way divided.
3. The French mathematician de Laplace next reasoned that if enough mass ______ added to a star like the sun, the gravitational force of the star ______ eventually prevent light particles from leaving it; it would therefore "blink out" and become an invisible black star.
A.were...would
B.was...would
C.was...would have
D.were...would have
A B C D
A
[考点] 本题考查if引导的虚拟语气。 [解析] 如果是对现在情况的假设，表示说话时不存在或与事实相反的情况，if引导的虚拟语气形式为：If+主语+did/were，主语+should/would/could+do。例句：If you knew English well, you would be able to talk with foreigners freely. 如果你英语掌握得好，你就能和外国人自由交谈了。据此可知，A项正确。
4. Especially serious, for the distortion they cause in the image of altruism, ______ compensations in the form of social advantages or of personal or group power, particularly accepted in countries like Spain or Italy.
5. Altruism, otherwise known as helping behavior, can be defined as behavior that promotes the well being of others without consciously taking account of self-interest. Batson et al. state that "egoistically motivated helping is directed toward the end-state goal of increasing the ______ own welfare", while "altruistically motivated helping is directed toward the end-state of increasing the ______ welfare".
6. Studies of very young boys and girls show only that, ______ boys may have a lower tolerance for frustration, and a tendency towards rough-and-tumble play, these tendencies are dwarfed by the importance of male socialization and peer pressure into gender roles.
7. Think, in the second place, ______ men of moral principle owes to society in regard to the evils which corrupt and degrade it.
A.of the duty which
B.the duty of which
C.the duty in which
D.of the duty of which the
A B C D
A
[解析] 分析句子可知，动词短语think of被插入语in the second place分开。men为泛指，因此前面不加定冠词the。duty在which引导的定语从句中做宾语，故关系代词前不需要加of。A项正确。
8. Clause 13 provides for the documentation necessary for an audit trail whereby the physician sends the declaration and proof that all the qualifying documents have been met ______ a commission consisting of a general practitioner, a lay member and—you guessed it—a lawyer.
A.for
B.with
C.to
D.from
A B C D
C
[考点] 本题考查介词的用法。 [解析] 空格处所在句子的主干是“the physician sends the declaration and proof...to a commission...”，send sth. to意为“把某物送到某处或送给某人”。“that all the qualifying documents have been met”是由that引导的从句，修饰the declaration and proof；“consisting of a general practitioner，a lay member and—you guessed it—a lawyer”为现在分词短语做后置定语，修饰名词a commission。据此可知，C项正确。
9. Under Oregon's Death with Dignity Act, which came into force in 1997, physician-assisted suicide has accounted for between 0.06 and 0.14 percent of total deaths, or somewhere around 40 per year. The estimate for deaths in Britain, ______, is 650.
10. Although Kant argued that lying was "the obliteration of one's dignity as a human being" and held that the rule against lying was absolute, ______ nowadays that the moral rule not to lie has to be qualified by circumstance.
Section B Directions: Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence.
1. One commonality of fitness is the strong association of military and political might with physical fitness throughout mankind's advancement. In many ways, this shows how impacting our world leaders can be on health and fitness. The mind-body concept has had a tenuous development. At times, some cultures prescribed spirituality at the expense of the body whereas others, such as Greek society, uphold the ideal that a sound mind can only be found in a healthy body.
2. Seniors typically exhibit greater experience-based knowledge, increased accuracy, better judgment, and generally improved ability to handle familiar tasks than younger persons. Such applied knowledge, or wisdom, may in fact be considerably more important to one's ability to accomplish most tasks of day-to-day life than do the abstract abilities tapped by intelligence tests.
A B C D
D
[解析] 根据than前面的may in fact be considerably more important可知，than引导的是部分倒装形式的比较状语从句，助动词应为are(主语abilities为复数名词)，因此应将do the abstract abilities改为are the abstract abilities。
3. It is believed that dictionaries are highest authority in matter of meaning and usage. Few people ask by what authority the dictionaries say what they say. Now let us see how dictionaries are made. But what follows applies only to those offices where firsthand, original research goes on.
A B C D
A
[解析] in matter of后面有meaning和usage两个名词，而matter指的是这两个名词，应用复数形式，因此应将in matter of改为in matters of。
4. Plato suggested memory was analogous to the impression of messages on wax writing tablets. For Plato, writing on the tablet represented learning something new. The tablet itself was the memory store, and reading the tablets later was analogous to try to recall the stored information. Unfortunately, Plato's analogy misses an important characteristic of memory, namely that it is selective.
A B C D
C
[解析] be analogous to意为“类似于”，其中to是介词，后面应接名词、动名词或名词性短语，因此应将try to recall改为trying to recall。
5. Voluntary and non-remunerated donation may be sufficient for a country or a region to cover all its blood product needs, but require an efficient organization and the elimination of "spurious Altruism", non-monetary forms of compensation that harm the social image of voluntary donation and obstruct its further development.
6. Less noted but equally significant, the men and women who formed families between 1940 and 1960 also reduced the divorce rate after a postwar peak; their marriages remained intact to a greater extent than did those of couples who married in earlier as well as later decades.
A B C D
B
[解析] equally意为“同样地”，其前后通常用同样结构的短语或句子。equally前是形容词比较级，故其后也应该用形容词比较级，因此应将equally significant改为equally more significant。
7. The police had decided not to proceed with a prosecution against Irwin, clearly recognizing that it was highly unlikely that any jury in the land would wish to punish him for doing something that doctors have long done in the final moments of a patient's or friend's lives.
A B C D
D
[解析] a patient's or friend's中的名词都是单数形式，其后的名词lives也应用单数形式，因此应将patient's or friend's lives改为patient's or friend's life。
8. Like young women, whether students or not, we are still in the stage most valued by male-dominant cultures: we have our full potential as workers, wives, and childbearers. That means we have not yet experienced the life events that are most radicalizing for women: entering the paid-labor force and finding out that it is not yet an equal partnership; having and discovering who is responsible for them and who is not; and aging, still a greater penalty for women than for men.
9. The concept of the patient as first and foremost an individual will be replaced by a generic "patient" who even more generic "quality of life" is determined not by individual qualities and relationships but by a flow chart. Instead of dying surrounded by friends and family, we will be surrounded by paper—and lawyers.
A B C D
B
[解析] B项who引导定语从句，修饰先行词patient。但分析句子结构可知，定语从句引导词在从句中做定语，修饰名词短语“quality of life”，但who应该单独做定语从句的主语或宾语，只有whose可在定语从句中做定语，因此应将who改为whose。
10. In Italy, it is good manners for a man to greet another man with an embrace and a kiss on every cheek. Not so in South Texas, where men stand 3 feet apart and at 90 degree angles to converse with one another. All cultures have rules and if you violate them, you will be excluded.
A B C D
B
[解析] every指三个以上的人或事物的全体；each指两个或两个以上的人或事物中的每一个，因此应将on every cheek改为on each cheek。
PART Ⅲ Reading Comprehension Directions: Choose the best answers based on the information in the passages below.
Passage One On the afternoon of July 2, 1936, Nazi SS leader Heinrich Himmler and a coterie of his senior officers paraded on foot through the winding cobblestone streets of Quedlinburg, one of the most perfectly preserved medieval cities in all Europe. Himmler's staff had been planning the trip to the small city in central Germany for weeks. They ordered the streets to be cleaned and the old houses along the main thoroughfares to be painted. They draped Nazi banners from the rooftops and garlands along the walls. They rehearsed the SS band, drilled the local chapter of Hitler Youth and arranged for an SS photographer to record the proceedings from beginning to end. Nothing of importance was overlooked. Dressed in a shiny black helmet, immaculate black uniform and tall black boots, Himmler made his way up the city's Castle Hill. Pale and anemic-looking, with a spindly frame and a head one or two sizes too small for his body, he looked strangely out of place among his entourage of tall, athletic-looking SS men. He stopped to admire Quedlinburg's splendid stone castle, then proceeded to its large medieval cathedral—the ultimate object of his pilgrimage. Himmler despised Christianity, a religion that preached compassion for the weak and the brotherhood of all men and accepted a Jew as the son of God. But the Quedlinburg cathedral guarded something of immense importance to him—the tomb of an obscure 10th-century German king, Heinrich I. Himmler was enthralled by ancient history, and he wanted all SS men to share his passion. Indeed, he regarded the feudal past as a blueprint for the future glory of the Third Reich. He viewed Heinrich I as a great leader who could serve as a model for Adolf Hitler and planned to transform the cathedral's dusty tomb into an SS shrine. Himmler stood at the foot of the crypt and gave a speech exhorting his officers to pay careful heed to Germany's proud ancient past, "Just as a tree withers if its roots are removed, so a people fall if they do not honor their ancestors," he later warned. For years, scholars of the Third Reich have ridiculed Himmler's intense interest in the German past, dismissing occasions such as his visit to Quedlinburg as the foolishness of a fanatic drunk on power. Even some senior Nazis poked fun at his ardor for history. As Albert Speer, Hitler's former chief architect, jeered after the war, Himmler "was half schoolmaster, half crackpot". But Himmler was deadly serious about returning the Third Reich to the lost golden age of his imagination. In 1935 he founded a large SS research institute, employing more than 100 German scholars to study the past and help tutor SS men in the ways of their ancestors. With such research, he intended to transform vast stretches of the Reich into medieval fiefdoms ruled by SS lords, a plan he began acting on before the war. Far from being a dreamer lost in fantasy, Himmler was a careful, methodical planner who worked diligently toward this sinister future in much the same tireless way that he labored on creating the concentration camp system and implementing a "final solution". Indeed, these were the twin poles of his existence, the yin and yang of his world: the squalid, crowded camps and the sunny SS farm villages. Himmler set about constructing this future in three ways. He recruited tall, blond-haired men to the SS in order to scientifically rebreed what he believed was a primeval master race. With the help of his researchers, he instructed SS men and their families in ancient German religion, lore and farming practices. And before the war started, he began installing SS families in "feudal" villages of newly fabricated medieval-style houses. He planned to create thousands of these antique colonies in conquered lands across Eastern Europe. In this way, Himmler hoped to give birth to a new golden age, thereby reversing the decline of Western civilization and rescuing humanity from its mire. This was social engineering in its most swaggering, arrogant form—utopianism gone horribly wrong. But Himmler, who rose to become the second most powerful man in the Reich by early 1945 as Hitler's health failed, fully intended to carry out that plan if Nazi Germany won the war. Only crushing defeat by the Allies stopped him. Comprehension Questions:
1. Which of the following expressions is closest in meaning to "coterie"? ______
A.A selected group of persons who associate with one another frequently.
B.A large number of persons with whom one might meet on social occasions.
C.An indiscriminate group of persons who associate with one another on rare occasions.
D.A large number of persons who associate with one another to discuss political matters.
A B C D
A
[解析] coterie意为“(志趣相投而排外的)小集团，小圈子”。根据B，D两项中的“a large number of persons很多人”可知，这两项可以排除。再根据C项中的“an indiscriminate group of persons一群不加选择的人”可知，该项可以排除。因此A项“一群经过选择的、常常相互交往的人”正确。
2. Which of the following phrases best describes how Himmler intended all SS men to assimilate Germany's feudal past? ______
A.Esoteric cult and practices.
B.Eccentric approach.
C.Catatonic state.
D.Histrionic disorder.
A B C D
A
[解析] 根据第三段中的“he regarded the feudal past as a blueprint for the future glory of the Third Reich. He...planned to transform the cathedral's dusty tomb into an SS shrine.”可知，希姆莱认为过去的封建制度是第三帝国辉煌的未来蓝图，他计划把大教堂的坟墓改造成一个神殿。再根据最后一段中的“he instructed SS men and their families in ancient German religion, lore and farming practices”可知，他对党卫军及其家人进行古老德国宗教知识和农事实践方面的指导。据此可知，A项“宗教信仰和实践”正确。
3. From this passage, it is clear that Himmler primarily intended ______.
A.to bring ancient agricultural practices into 20th century Germany
B.to return to a prosperous era during which the German people lived in ideal happiness
C.to encourage the development of multiculturalism in a melting pot society
D.to eliminate all those who could have threatened his rise to power
A B C D
B
[解析] 根据最后一段中的“Himmler hoped to give birth to a new golden age, thereby reversing the decline of Western civilization and rescuing humanity from its mire.”可知，希姆莱希望创造一个新的黄金时代，从而扭转西方文明的衰落，将人类从泥潭中拯救出来。据此可知，希姆莱的主要意图是复兴德国人曾经幸福生活的繁荣时代，B项正确。
4. For Albert Speer Himmler was "half schoolmaster, half crackpot". To which of the following is the meaning of this quote closest? ______
A.Himmler's passion for Germany's medieval past was regarded as absurd.
B.Himmler's passion for Germany's medieval past provoked intense rivalry among other prominent Nazi leaders.
C.Himmler's passion for Germany's medieval past provoked widespread emulation amongst other prominent Nazi leaders.
D.Others had the privilege of studying the awe inspiring breadth and depth of Himmler's passion for Germany's medieval past.
A B C D
A
[解析] 根据第四段中的“For years, scholars of the Third Reich have ridiculed Himmler's intense interest in the German past, dismissing occasions such as his visit to Quedlinburg as the foolishness of a fanatic drunk on power.”可知，第三帝国的学者嘲笑希姆莱对德国往昔的浓厚兴趣，认为他对奎德林堡的访问是对权力愚蠢而狂热的迷醉。据此可知，A项“希姆莱对德国中世纪历史的热爱被认为是荒谬的”正确。
5. For the author, Himmler would best be described as
A.a utopian reformer
B.an incurable romantic lost in time
C.an improbable visionary
D.a level-headed purpose-driven man
A B C D
D
[解析] 根据第四段中的“Far from being a dreamer lost in fantasy, Himmler was a careful, methodical planner”可知，希姆莱并非是迷失在幻想中的梦想家，他是细心、有条理的策划者。据此可知，D项“头脑冷静、目标导向明确的人”正确。
Passage Two The Buddhist religion developed from the teachings of Shakyamuni Buddha, who lived from about 563 to 483 BCE in the present-day regions of Nepal and central India. At his birth, it is believed, seers foretold that the infant prince, named Siddhartha Gautama, would become either a chakravartin—a "world-conquering ruler"—or a Buddha- a "fully enlightened being". Hoping for a ruler like himself, Siddhartha's father tried to surround his son with pleasure and shield him from pain. Yet the prince was eventually exposed to the suffering of old age, sickness, and death—the inevitable fate of all mortal beings. Deeply troubled by the human condition, Siddhartha at age twenty-nine left the palace, his family, and his inheritance to live as an ascetic in the wilderness. After six years of meditation, he attained complete enlightenment near Bodhgaya, India. Following his enlightenment, the Buddha (Enlightenment One) gave his first teaching in the Deer Park at Saranath. Here he expounded the Four Noble Truths, which are the foundation of Buddhism: (1)life is suffering; (2)this suffering has a cause, which is ignorance; (3)this ignorance can be overcome and extinguished; (4)the way to overcome this ignorance is by following the eightfold path of right view, right resolve, right speech, fight action, fight livelihood, fight effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration. After the Buddha's death at the age of eighty, his many disciples developed his teachings and established the world's oldest monastic institutions. A Buddha is not a god but rather one who sees the ultimate nature of the world and is therefore no longer subject to samsara, the cycle of birth, death and rebirth that otherwise holds us in its grip, whether we are born into the world of the gods, humans, animals, tortured spirits, or hell beings. The early form of Buddhism known as Theravada or Hinayana, stresses self-cultivation for the purpose of attaining nirvana, which is the extinction of samsara for oneself. Theravada Buddhism has continued in south India, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia. Within 500 years of the Buddha's death, another form of Buddhism, known as Mahayana, became popular mainly in northern India; it eventually flourished in China (as Chan and Vajrayana), and in Korea, Japan (as Zen). Compassion for all beings is the foundation of Mahayana Buddhism, whose goal is not nirvana for oneself but Buddhahood (Enlightenment) for every being throughout the universe. Mahayana Buddhism recognizes Buddhas other than Shakyamuni from the past, present, and future. One such is Maitreya, the next Buddha to appear on Earth. Another is the Amitabha Buddha, the Buddha of Infinite Light and Infinite Life (that is, incorporating all space and time), who dwells in paradise known as the Western Pure Land. Amitabha Buddha became particularly popular in East Asia. Mahayana Buddhism also developed the category of bodhisattvas (those whose essence is wisdom), saintly beings who are on the brink of achieving Buddhahood but have vowed to help others achieve Buddhahood before crossing over themselves. In art, bodhisattvas and Buddhas are most clearly distinguished by their clothing and adornments: bodhisattvas wear the princely garb of India, while Buddhas wear monks' robes. In Hinduism, a deity may dwell in its image, but in Buddhism portrayals of Buddhas and bodhisattvas are recognized as purely symbolic, and no spirit is believed to reside within. Comprehension Questions:
1. Which type of Buddhism developed the category of bodhisattva, and how are bodhisattvas distinguished from Buddhas in artistic representations? ______
A.Mahayana Buddhism, and they are dressed like Indian princes.
B.Vajrayana Buddhism, and they are distinguished by the yellow hats and saffron robes they wear.
C.Chan Buddhism, and they can be identified in art by the robes that cover their bodies.
D.Theravada Buddhism, and they are identified by the princely garb of India that they wear.
A B C D
A
[解析] 根据第四段中的“Mahayana Buddhism also developed the category of bodhisattvas”可知，大乘佛教还发展了菩萨的范畴。再根据最后一段中的“In art, bodhisattvas and Buddhas are most clearly distinguished by their clothing and adornments: bodhisattvas wear the princely garb of India, while Buddhas wear monks' robes.”可知，在艺术上，菩萨和佛陀最明显的区别是他们的服饰：菩萨穿印度王子的服饰，而佛陀穿僧袍。据此可知，A项正确。
2. Which kind of Buddhism emphasizes personal development for the purpose of achieving nirvana, and what is nirvana? ______
A.Theravada Buddhism; the Buddhist equivalent of the Christian heaven.
B.Theravada Buddhism; the personal extinction of the cycle of birth, death and rebirth.
C.Hinayana Buddhism; the extinction of samsara.
D.Both B and C.
A B C D
B
[解析] 根据第四段中的“The early form of Buddhism known as Theravada or Hinayana, stresses self-cultivation for the purpose of attaining nirvana, which is the extinction of samsara for oneself”可知，小乘佛教强调修身，以达到涅槃的目的，即不再轮回。再根据第三段中的“samsara, the cycle of birth, death and rebirth”可知轮回即生、死、重生的循环，B项正确。
3. Why did Siddhartha's father shelter him when he was young? ______
A.He was afraid that his son, who would one day succeed him as king, might get sick and die if he were exposed to the dangers of everyday life.
B.He was worried that his son might become great and challenge his reign, and that is why he tried to distract him with pleasure.
C.He loved his son very deeply and did not want any pain or sickness to affect him; he wanted him to live only in the perfect "world" that he created for him.
D.Oracles foretold that the baby Siddhartha, when he grew up, would either be a world conqueror or a fully enlightened being, but his father only wanted him to be an ordinary king like himself.
A B C D
D
[解析] 根据第一段中的“At his birth, it is believed, seers foretold that the infant prince, named Siddhartha Gautama, would become either a chakravartin—a 'world-conquering ruler'—or a Buddha—a 'fully enlightened being'. Hoping for a ruler like himself, Siddhartha's father tried to surround his son with pleasure and shield him from pain.”可知，释迦牟尼出生时，先知预言他将成为征服世界的统治者，或是完全开悟的人。释迦牟尼的父亲努力保护他，想让他免受痛苦，希望他成为像自己一样的统治者。据此可知，D项正确。
4. What type of Buddhism flourished half a millennium after the Buddha's death, and mainly developed further to the east; what was its main goal?
A.Mahayana Buddhism, and its main goal was Buddhahood for every being throughout the universe.
B.Shakyamuni Buddism, and its main goal was to end samsara for every bodhisattva.
C.Zen Buddhism, and its main goal was to bring the Pure Land into the present world.
D.Vajrayana Buddhism, and its main goal was to share the Buddha's message through creating purely symbolic images of the Buddha through paintings and sculptures.
A B C D
A
[解析] 根据第四段中的“Within 500 years of the Buddha's death, another form of Buddhism, known as Mahayana, became popular mainly in northern India; it eventually flourished in China (as Chan and Vajrayana), and in Korea, Japan (as Zen). Compassion for all beings is the foundation of Mahayana Buddhism, whose goal is not nirvana for oneself but Buddhahood (Enlightenment) for every being throughout the universe.”可知，佛陀涅槃后的500年里，大乘佛教在印度北部普及起来，最终盛行于中国、韩国和日本。大乘佛教的目的不是为了个人的涅槃，而是为了宇宙众生成佛。据此可知，A项正确。
5. What are the four Noble Truths and where did the Buddha first expound this doctrine?
A.Life is suffering; ignorant people cause suffering; ignorance can be overcome; one can overcome ignorance by following the eightfold path; he gave his first teaching at Bodhgaya in India.
B.Life is suffering; suffering has a cause, which is ignorance; ignorance can be overcome by careful study; he gave his first teaching to the deer that gathered around him at Bodhgaya in India.
C.Life is suffering; this suffering has a cause, which is ignorance; this ignorance can be overcome and extinguished; the way to overcome this ignorance is by following the eightfold path; he gave his first teaching in Deer Park at Saranath.
D.Life is suffering; ignorance is the cause of suffering; ignorance can be overcome by following the eightfold path; he gave his first teaching in the Deer Park at Saranath.
A B C D
C
[解析] 根据第二段中的“Following his enlightenment, the Buddha (Enlightenment One) gave his first teaching in the Deer Park at Saranath. Here he expounded the Four Noble Truths...ignorance is by following the eightfold path...”可知，佛陀开悟后，在鹿园做了第一次开示。他阐述了作为佛教基础的“四圣谛”：(1)生活是痛苦的；(2)这种痛苦的原因是无知；(3)无知是可以克服并消除的；(4)克服无知的方式是遵循八正道。据此可知，C项正确。
Passage Three The threat of nuclear destruction seems to have stimulated the human mind's dualistic tendencies, the inclination to divide its universe into conflicting or contrasting pairs. This dichotomizing quality can be useful if it helps us to structure our perception of reality and to see the world more sharply. It can also be employed to straitjacket or distort reality and to deepen conflicts between human groups with differing views or interests. I wish to discuss another kind of human dichotomy, more fundamental perhaps, with which, I believe, we will have to come to terms if planetary survival is to be possible. It is a division in our natures that needs to become an acknowledged ground of discourse for us all. I refer to the division between what might be characterized as the dark side of our being—the hate filled, destructive element that dominates so much of our individual and group life—and the more loving, nobler side of ourselves. Notwithstanding the fact that man is capable of much goodness, we are, in the depths of our natures, also primitive beasts, inclined, at times with little provocation, to indulge in savagery, brutality, war, and vengeance or to comply willingly with those who provide examples of such behavior. William Broyles describes the deep and intense pleasure that he and other soldiers in Vietnam derived from killing and destroying. The political cause and hatred of the enemy do not seem to have been important for Broyles' soldiers. Broyles enumerates the many elements which contribute to how it can be that thoughtful men may love war while hating it at the same time. He includes comradeship, the freedom and escape from everyday bonds, the chance to test one's physical and emotional limits, the seeming power over life and death. But most importantly, Broyles says, "The love of war stems from the union, deep in the core of our being, between sex and destruction, beauty and horror, love and death." Psychoanalysts and others have documented the strong association between love of violence, or murderous hatred in adult life, and childhood or adolescent hurt, shame, and humiliation. Salman Rushdie, in his political novel Shame, dramatizes the connection in both individual and collective life between wounded pride and violence. "Humiliate people for long enough and a wildness bursts out of them," Rushdie writes. "The power of the Beast of Shame cannot be held for long within any one frame of flesh and blood, because it grows, it feeds and swells, until the vessel bursts." Yet when it comes to war-making there seems to be something more general, more universal, operating. Rosemary Daniell, in a recent article, tells about a lover of hers, an army sergeant she calls "Zane". Zane, like Broyles' Vietnam soldiers, likes to kill. But now it is 1982 and Zane, a skydiver and paratrooper, is training "young maggots how to kill". Zane drills boys who are forced to yell "kill" with every step. One of his T-shirts bears the Green Beret motto, "Live by Chance, Love by Choice, Kill by Preference". But it is not Zane's brutality, or the eroticism connected with it for both of them, which, for Daniell, as for Broyles, is most important. Rather, it is her own capacity for destruction, or for attaching herself to someone else's evil. The central idea here is that none of this is unusual. Not far below the surface in each of us are impulses of hatred and violence which can be aroused with a minimum of provocation. We may need only an opportunity to avenge some real or imagined hurt, the right political or military conditions and supporting ideology, and a properly designated enemy, so that we may participate, actively or passively, in killing without responsibility or guilt. I have stressed this dark, violent side of our natures because I believe more effort to understand its role in political life, especially in the conduct of international relations, needs to be undertaken if we are to order more effectively our collective life. Comprehension Questions:
1. According to the author, what psychological effect does "the threat of nuclear destruction" have? ______
A.The effects are real but limited; they should be disregarded or treated on a case-by-case basis.
B.The effects are multifaceted and can provide a more defined view of reality or misrepresent reality and create further social divergence.
C.The effects can be both positive and negative; on the one hand creating global awareness of the issue, and, on the other hand, causing extreme psychosis in some individuals.
D.The effects are mostly detrimental, bringing about social dishevelment and anarchy.
A B C D
B
[解析] 根据第一段中的“it helps us to structure our perception of reality and to see the world more sharply. It can also be employed to straitjacket or distort reality and to deepen conflicts between human groups with differing views or interests.”可知，它帮助我们构成对现实的认知，让我们更敏锐地观察世界。它也可以被用于束缚或歪曲现实，加深持有不同观点或不同利益群体之间的冲突。B项说这种影响是多方面的，既可以提供更明确的现实观点，也可以歪曲现实，造成更多的社会分歧，与文意相符，因此B项正确。
2. What does the author mean when he refers to the "dark side" of human nature? ______
A.Humans are inherently evil in nature.
B.Humans are nihilistic and therefore savage and brutal towards one another.
C.Humans are unpredictable and cannot be trusted.
D.Humans are animalistic despite our apparent civility.
A B C D
D
[解析] 根据第二段中的“Notwithstanding the fact that man is capable of much goodness, we are, in the depths of our natures, also primitive beasts”可知，尽管人类能够表现得很善良，但在本性深处，我们同时也是原始的野兽。据此可知，D项正确。
3. The author uses Broyles and his troops as an example to show ______.
A.the dualism of human nature
B.the results of political motivation
C.the intense hatred that compels a murderer
D.the human infatuation with the power to create and destroy
A B C D
A
[解析] 根据第二段中的“I wish to discuss another kind of human dichotomy...It is a division in our natures...”可知，作者在文中想要讨论人类的另一种双重性，即人类本性的分歧。据此可知，作者在第三段中以布罗伊尔斯和他的部队为例是为了说明人性的双重性，A项正确。
4. According to the author, what is the relationship between a debased individual and that individual's predisposition for violence? ______
A.Degrading an individual increases that individual's chances of committing violent acts.
B.Debasing an individual leaves the individual prostrate.
C.Shaming an individual ensures that the individual will grow up to be a delinquent.
D.Demoralizing an individual induces catatonia.
A B C D
A
[解析] 根据第四段中的“Humiliate people for long enough and a wildness bursts out of them”可知，长时间地羞辱人就会使其野性爆发出来。据此可知，羞辱人会增加其实施暴力行为的可能性，A项正确。
5. According to the author, what is the relationship between Rosemary and Zane? ______
A.Rosemary is attracted to Zane for his masculinity.
B.Zane's infidelity is what draws Rosemary's affection.
C.Rosemary lives vicariously through Zane's brutality.
D.Zane, being an avid killer, appalls Rosemary.
A B C D
C
[解析] 根据第五段中的“Zane...likes to kill. But now it is 1982 and Zane, a skydiver and paratrooper...drills boys who are forced to yell 'kill' with every step.”可知，赞恩喜欢杀戮。他是一名伞兵，训练时强迫男孩们大喊“杀”。此外，根据此段中的“it is her own capacity for destruction, or for attaching herself to someone else's evil.”可知，罗斯玛丽把自己与他人的恶行联系起来的能力才是她和赞恩在一起的原因。据此可知，罗斯玛丽间接地感受到了赞恩的暴行，C项正确。
Passage Four From the beginning of the Republic, Americans have enjoyed accusing the first magistrate of kingly ambition. Sometimes seriously but more often derisively, the president is denounced as a would-be king, subverting the Constitution for personal ends. From General Washington to the present incumbent, the wielder of power has usually been regarded with suspicion, a disagreeable but not unhealthy state of affairs for both governor and governed. Few presidents, however, have been accused of wanting to establish family dynasties, if only because most presidents have found it impossible to select a successor of any sort, much less promote a relative. But now something new is happening in the Republic, and as the Chinese say, we are living "in interesting times". In 1960, with the election of the thirty-fifth president, the famous ambition of Joseph P. Kennedy seemed at last fulfilled. He himself had come a long way from obscurity to great wealth and prominence; now his eldest surviving son, according to primogeniture, had gone the full distance and become president. It was a triumph for the patriarch. It was also a splendid moment for at least half the nation. What doubts one may have had about the Kennedys were obscured by the charm and intelligence of John F. Kennedy. He appeared to be beautifully on to himself; he was also on to us; there is even evidence that he was on to the family, too. As a result, there were few intellectuals in 1960 who were not beguiled by the spectacle of a president who seemed always to be standing at a certain remove from himself, watching with amusement his own performance. He was an ironist in a profession where the prize usually goes to the apparent cornball. With such a man as chief of state, all things were possible. He would "get America moving again". But then mysteriously the thing went wrong. Despite fine rhetoric and wise commentary, despite the glamor of his presence, we did not move, and if historians are correct when they tell us that presidents are "made" in their first eighteen months in office, then one can assume that the Kennedy administration would never have fulfilled our hopes, much less his own. Kennedy was of course ill-fated from the beginning. The Bay of Pigs used up much of his credit in the bank of public opinion, while his attempts at social legislation were resolutely blocked by a more than usually obstructive Congress. In foreign affairs he was overwhelmed by the masterful Khrushchev and not until the Cuban missile crisis did he achieve tactical parity with that sly gambler. His administration's one achievement was the test-ban treaty, an encouraging footnote to the cold war. Yet today Kennedy dead has infinitely more force than Kennedy living. Though his administration was not a success, he himself has become an exemplar of political excellence. Part of this phenomenon is attributable to the race's need for heroes, even in deflationary times. But mostly the legend is the deliberate creation of the Kennedy family and its clients. Wanting to regain power, it is now necessary to show that once upon a time there was indeed a Camelot beside the Potomac, a golden age forever lost unless a second Kennedy should become the president. And so, to ensure the restoration of that lovely time, the past must be transformed, dull facts transcended, and the dead hero extolled in films, through memorials, and in the pages of books. Comprehension Questions:
1. According to the author, when many considered Kennedy as a presidential candidate, ______.
A.misgivings were nullified by charisma
B.his inexperience was not a factor
C.Joseph P. Kennedy's ambitions were fulfilled
D.they found it difficult to decide whether or not to vote for him
A B C D
A
[解析] 根据第二段中的“What doubts one may have had about the Kennedys were obscured by the charm and intelligence of John F Kennedy.”可知，人们对肯尼迪家族的疑虑被约翰F. 肯尼迪的个人魅力和智慧掩盖了。据此可知，A项“个人魅力抵消了疑虑”正确。
2. During Kennedy's presidency, the "bank of public opinion" ______.
A.overflowed because of the Bay of Pigs
B.constrained a fast-flowing river of popular contentment
C.was negatively affected because of the Congress
D.was depleted early
A B C D
D
[解析] 根据第三段中的“The Bay of Pigs used up much of his credit in the bank of public opinion”可知，猪湾事件让肯尼迪在“民意银行”的信誉消耗大半。据此可知，D项“提前消耗”正确。
3. The author believes that the American public's wariness of its leader's ambition for power is ______.
A.prudent
B.jaundiced
C.indicative of disillusionment
D.quixotic
A B C D
A
[解析] 根据第一段中的“Sometimes seriously but more often derisively”和“The wielder of power has usually been regarded with suspicion”可知，美国民众的评价有时是严肃的，但经常是嘲笑。民众对掌权者通常持有怀疑之心。据此可知，A项“prudent慎重的”正确。
4. The author notes that America has not developed lasting political dynasties ______.
A.because of disenchantment with the Kennedy presidency
B.because of congressional oversight
C.for want of presidential heirs
D.for pragmatic, rather than practical, reasons
A B C D
C
[解析] 根据第一段中的“Few presidents, however, have been accused of wanting to establish family dynasties, if only because most presidents have found it impossible to select a successor of any sort”可知，公众很少指责总统想要建立家族王朝，因为大多数总统发现难以选择继任者。据此可知，C项“因缺少总统继任者”正确。
5. From the description of John F. Kennedy in this essay, we might see him as foreshadowing the modem popularity of ______.
A.meta-humor and recta-analysis
B.populist political movements
C.intellectual disenchantment with American politics
D.reality television shows
A B C D
D
[解析] 根据最后一段中的“the dead hero extolled in films, through memorials, and in the pages of books.”可知，通过电影、纪念碑和书籍来赞颂逝去的英雄。据此可知，D项“真人秀电视节目”正确。
PART Ⅳ Translation Directions: Write your translations on your Answer Sheet.
Section A Translate the underlined sentences into good Chinese. In every philosophical problem, our investigation starts from what may be called "data", 1 by which I mean matters of common knowledge, vague, complex, inexact, as common knowledge always is, but yet somehow commanding our assent as on the whole and in some interpretation pretty certainly true. In the ease of our present problem, the common knowledge involved is of various kinds. There is first our acquaintance with particular objects of daily life—furniture, houses, towns, other people, and so on. Then there is the extension of such particular knowledge to particular things outside our personal experience through history and geography, newspapers, etc. And lastly, there is the systematization of all this knowledge of particulars by means of physical science, which derives immense persuasive force from its astonishing power of foretelling the future. We are quite willing to admit that there may be errors of detail in this knowledge, 2 but we believe them to be discoverable and corrigible by the methods which have given rise to our beliefs, and we do not, as practical men, entertain for a moment the hypothesis that the whole edifice may be built on insecure foundations. In the main, therefore, and without absolute dogmatism as to this or that special portion, we may accept this mass of common knowledge as affording data for our philosophical analysis. The first thing that appears when we begin to analyse our common knowledge is that some of it is derivative, while some is primitive; 3 that is to say, there is some that we only believe because of something else from which it has been inferred in some sense, though not necessarily in a strict logical sense, while other parts are believed on their own account, without the support of any outside evidence. It is obvious that the senses give knowledge of the latter kind: the immediate facts perceived by sight or touch or hearing do not need to be proved by argument, but are completely self-evident. 4 Psychologists, however, have made us aware that what is actually given in sense is much less than most people would naturally suppose, and that much of what at first sight seems to be given is really inferred. This applies especially in regard to our space-perceptions. For instance, we instinctively infer the "real" size and shape of a visible object from its apparent size and shape, according to its distance and our point of view. When we hear a person speaking, our actual sensations usually miss a great deal of what he says and we supply its place by unconscious inference; in a foreign language, where this process is more difficult, we find ourselves apparently grown dear; requiring, for example, to be much nearer the stage at a theater than would be necessary in our own country. Thus the first step in the analysis of data, namely, the discovery of what is really given in sense, is full of difficulty. We will, however, not linger on this point; so long as existence is realized, the exact outcome does not make any very great difference in our main problem. The next step in our analysis must be the consideration of how the derivative parts of our common knowledge arise. Here we become involved in a somewhat puzzling entanglement of logic and psychology. 5 Psychologically, a belief may be called derivative whenever it is caused by one or more other beliefs, or by some fact of sense which is not simply what the belief asserts. Derivative beliefs in this sense constantly arise without any process of logical inference, merely by association of ideas or some equally extra-logical process. From the expression of a man's face we judge as to what he is feeling: we say we see that he is angry, when in fact we only see a frown. We do not judge as to his state of mind by any logical process: the judgment grows up, often without our being able to say what physical mark of emotion we actually saw. In such a case, the knowledge is derivative psychologically; but logically it is in a sense primitive, since it is not the result of any logical deduction. There may or may not be a possible deduction leading to the same result, but whether there is or not, we certainly do not employ it. If we call a belief "logically primitive" when it is not actually arrived at by a logical inference, then innumerable beliefs are logically primitive which psychologically are derivative.
At present, as the global, national and our Party's conditions continue to undergo profound changes, we are faced with unprecedented opportunities for development as well as risks and challenges. The whole Party must bear in mind the trust the people have placed in us and the great expectation they have of us. We must aim higher and work harder and continue to boost the scientific development, promote social harmony, and improve people's lives so as to complete the glorious and arduous tasks bestowed on us by the times.
Student activities are another remarkable feature of American college life. Each week there are countless activities of all sorts organized by students—athletic, artistic, cultural, political or social, all of which are just for fun. New student organizations are constantly being created, and Chinese students contribute to this ferment. They even stage Cao Yu's play Rainstorm in Yale.
China is an ancient civilization with a 5,000-year-long history, having the tradition of seeking mutual complementarities, accommodation and integration with foreign cultures. Our ancestors have always emphasized the "cherishing of harmony". Accordingly, the choice by the Chinese people to follow a peaceful path to development is a wise decision based on China's traditional culture, painful history and serious reality.
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