Section A Directions: Choose the word that is the closest in meaning with the underlined word.
1. At the same time, the Fund, United Nations Fund for Population Activities, works to change the paradigm of masculinity that allows for the resolution of conflict through violence.
A.model
B.covenant
C.aspiration
D.hurdle
A B C D
A
[解析] paradigm意为“范例,模范”。A选项:model意为“模式,典型”,与画线单词的意义相符,如:He wants companies to follow the European model of social responsibility.他希望各公司能够以欧洲公司为榜样,承担社会责任。故选A。在其他三项中,B选项:covenant合同,契约;C选项:aspiration抱负,志向;D选项:hurdle困难,障碍,都与画线单词的意义不符。
2. For years she had read The Wall Street Journal every morning in hopes of finding prescient warnings about future crashes, crises, and catastrophes.
A.predictive
B.omniscient
C.unconscionable
D.conscientious
A B C D
A
[解析] prescient意为“有预知能力的”。A选项:predictive意为“预言性的,成为前兆的”,与画线单词的意义相符,如:They acquire authority from their predictive power.他们的权威性来自其预测事物的能力。故选A。在其他三项中,B选项:omniscient无所不知的;C选项:unconscionable不合理的;D选项:conscientious认真的,正直的,凭良心的,都与画线单词的意义不符。
3. The renaissance of the feminist movement during the 1950s led to the Stasist school, which sidestepped the good bad dichotomy and argued that frontier women lived lives similar to the lives of women in the East.
A.discounted
B.intensified
C.reaffirmed
D.dodged
A B C D
D
[解析] sidestepped意为“回避”。D选项:dodged意为“躲避,逃避”,与画线单词的意义相符,如:Many struggling firms are ready to break the law by dodging tax. 很多挣扎求生的企业不惜违法逃税。故选D。在其他三项中,A选项:discounted打折;B选项:intensified增强,强化;C选项:reaffirmed重申,再确认,都与画线单词的意义不符。
4. Unlike the libertarians, he does not believe the state is a second-order phenomenon, a mere enabler or protector of what people choose to do in civil society or, alternatively, a saboteur of their freedoms.
A.attributor
B.distracter
C.destroyer
D.precursor
A B C D
C
[解析] saboteur意为“怠工者,破坏者”。C选项:destroyer意为“破坏者”,与画线单词的意义相符,如:The company is the world's largest destroyer of tropical forests.该公司对热带雨林的破坏位居世界之首,故选C。在其他三项中,A选项:attributor属性,特质;B选项:distracter误选项,干扰项;D选项:precursor前驱,预兆,都与画线单词的意义不符。
5. And employers, who assumed that women's "real" aspiration were for marriage and family life, declined to pay women wages commensurate with those of men.
A.comparable
B.inappropriate
C.identifiable
D.proportionate
A B C D
D
[解析] commensurate意为“(比例)相当的,相称的”。D项:proportionate意为“成比例的,相称的”,与画线单词的意义相符,如:Republics will have voting rights proportionate to the size of their economies. 各共和国将拥有与其经济规模成比例的选举权。故选D。在其他三项中,A选项:comparable可比较的,比得上的;B选项:inappropriate不恰当的,不适宜的;C选项:identifiable可识别的,可辨识的,都与画线单词的意义不符。
6. The study concludes: "Certain forms of high self-esteem seem to increase one's proneness to violence. An uncritical endorsement of the cultural value of self-esteem may therefore be counterproductive and even dangerous."
A.disposition
B.resistance
C.apprehension
D.likeness
A B C D
A
[解析] proneness意为“倾向”。A选项:disposition意为“倾向,意向”,与画线单词的意义相符,如:They show no disposition to improvise or to take risks. 他们不愿意临时凑合或冒险。故选A。在其他三项中,B选项:resistance抵抗,抵制;C选项:apprehension忧虑,担心;D选项:likeness相像,外表,都与画线单词的意义不符。
7. So why go through the 3-to-5 year, grueling and painful process of getting a degree when you can just get a job straight out of college and get on with your life, making a salary and working on stuff that matters?
A.arduous
B.hilarious
C.dreadful
D.straightforward
A B C D
A
[解析] grueling意为“紧张的,激烈的,使极度疲劳的”。A选项:arduous意为“困难的,艰巨的,费力的”,与画线单词的意义相符,如:The task was more arduous than he had calculated. 这项任务比他所估计的要艰巨得多。故选A。在其他三项中,B选项:hilarious滑稽可笑的,喜不自禁的;C选项:dreadful糟糕的,可怕的;D选项:straightforward直截了当的,坦率的,都与画线单词的意义不符。
8. The founders, as was the case of almost all their successors, were long on exhortation and rhetoric regarding the value of civic education, but they left it to the textbook writers to distill the essence of those values for school children.
A.infuse
B.disseminate
C.extract
D.demonstrate
A B C D
C
[解析] distill意为“提取,提炼”。C选项:extract意为“提取,提炼”,与画线单词的意义相符,如:We can extract oil from shale. 我们可以从页岩中提取石油。故选C。在其他三项中,A选项:infuse灌输,使充满;B选项:disseminate传播,散布;D选项:demonstrate证明,展示,都与画线单词的意义不符。
9. Many economists believe that America must replace its moribund smokestack industries with business based on new technology.
A.obsolete
B.mordant
C.mortified
D.ousted
A B C D
A
[解析] moribund意为“濒死的,奄奄一息的,停滞不前的”。A选项:obsolete意为“过时的,废弃的”,与画线单词的意义相符,如:So much equipment becomes obsolete almost as soon as it's made. 这么多设备几乎一生产出来就会被淘汰。故选A。在其他三项中,B选项:mordant尖酸刻薄的,尖锐的;C选项:mortified感到羞辱的,窘迫的;D选项:ousted驱逐,罢黜,都与画线单词的意义不符。
10. Unless the announced sale could be explained to the public on grounds other than anticipated future losses, the value of the stock would plummet and, like the old-time capitalists, major investors could cut their losses only by helping to restore their companies' productivity.
A.enhance
B.maximize
C.restore
D.plunge
A B C D
D
[解析] plummet意为“(数量、比率或价格)骤然下跌,暴跌”。D选项:plunge意为“骤降,猛跌”,与画线单词的意义相符,如:The pound plunged to a new low on the foreign exchange markets yesterday. 昨天在外汇市场上英镑骤跌至新低。故选D。在其他三项中,A选项:enhance提高,增加;B选项:maximize最大化;C选项:restore归还,使恢复,都与画线单词的意义不符。
Section B Directions: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.
1. Taken together, these laws sought to reap the medical benefits of organ transplantation and to encourage individuals to become organ donors, while ______ certain ethical limits against treating the body as property and the newly dead as simply natural resources.
2. Gender-based violence both reflects and reinforces inequities between men and women and ______ the health, dignity, security and autonomy of its victims.
4. Historian Jackson Turner claimed that the frontier produced the individualism that is the ______ of American culture and that this individualism in turn promoted democratic institutions and economic equality.
5. To the ______ values of liberty, equality, and a benevolent Christian morality were now added the middle-class virtues—especially of New England—of hard work, honesty and integrity, the rewards of individual effort, and obedience to parents and legitimate authority.
6. The committee puts every effort into enabling women to speak out against sexual harassment, and to get help when they are victims of it. Because the harassment is ______ by silence, women's voices must be heard.
7. By the early eighth century, the Byzantine empire had lost roughly two-thirds of the territory it had possessed in the year 600, and its remaining area was being raided by Arabs and Bulgarians, who at times threatened to take Constantinople and ______ the empire altogether.
8. Neither is it almost seen, that very beautiful persons are otherwise of great virtue, as if nature were rather busy not to ______ than in labor to produce excellency.
9. In 1910 over 600,000 Black workers, or ten percent of the Black workforce reported themselves to be engaged in "manufacturing and mechanical pursuits", the federal census category roughly ______ the entire industrial sector.
10. Ross Douthat offers the provocative thesis that many of this nation's biggest blunders and troubles are due in large part to meritocracy in which intelligent and talent people rise to positions of influence, for that such people are prone to a form of ______ in which they overestimate their ability to understand and manipulate the world.
Section A Directions: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.
1. If the state of our knowledge were ______ it provided us with a model of unquestioned validity that completely explained human behavior, we can eliminate all disagreement.
A.such that
B.such as
C.as such
D.so that
A B C D
A
[解析] such that连在一起时,such是代词,不是形容词,that引导的从句是such的同位语。本句中的such指代前面的the state of our knowledge,that引导同位语从句,对the state of our knowledge做进一步的解释说明,因此A项正确。
2. In contrast to unmonitored workers doing the same work, ______ without exception identified the most important element in their jobs as customer service, the monitored workers and supervisors all responded that productivity ______ the critical factor in assigning ratings.
4. Government policymakers should consider ______ benefit coverage for temporary employees, promoting pay equity between temporary and permanent workers, assisting labor unions in organizing temporary workers, and ______ firms to assign temporary jobs primarily to employees who explicitly indicate that preference.
5. Now power properly understood is ______ the ability to achieve purpose. It is the strength required to bring about social, political, and economic change.
6. If a company is already effectively ______ its competitors because it provides service that avoids a damaging reputation and keeps customers ______ leaving at an unacceptable rate, then investment in higher service levels may be wasted, since service is a deciding factor for customers only in extreme situation.
A.in par with...from
B.in a par with...in
C.on par with...out of
D.on a par with...from
A B C D
D
[考点] 本题考查固定搭配的用法。 [解析] 第一个空格处on a par with意为“与……同样重要,和……一样”,第二个空格处keep sb. from doing sth. 意为“阻止某人做某事”。据此可知,D项正确。
7. Batson et al. state that "egoistically motivated helping is directed toward the end-state goal of increasing the helper's own welfare", ______ "altruistically motivated helping is directed toward the end-state of increasing the other's welfare".
8. But neither are people who believe in the UPO narratives irrational, much ______ crazy, as they are sometimes depicted.
A.more
B.less
C.as
D.like
A B C D
B
[解析] 逗号前的分句中说“两者(neither)并非都是非理性的(irrational)”,由此可知,空格处应选择一个表示否定意义的词。much less crazy意为“更不用说疯狂的”,因此B项正确。
9. The Minister of Finance is believed ______ of imposing new taxes to raise extra revenue.
A.that he is to think
B.to think
C.that he is thinking
D.to be thinking
A B C D
D
[考点] 本题考查的是非谓语动词中动词不定式做补语的用法。 [解析] 根据句子的意思“人们认为财政部长正在考虑通过征收新税来增加政府的额外收入”可知,动词不定式应用现在进行时:to be thinking,意为“正在考虑”。当句子的主语是it时,才会用It is believed that...的形式,所以A,C项可以排除,因此D项正确。
10. The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds ______ his arguments in favour of the new theory.
A.to be based on
B.to base on
C.which to base on
D.on which to base
A B C D
D
[考点] 本题考查定语从句中介词前置的用法。 [解析] base on的意思是“使建立在……基础上”。句中的which指代sufficient grounds,on前置。D项正确。
Section B Directions: Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence.
1. They have developed computers that can understand things people say, and can now give a meaning answer. But human intelligence is better than having a good memory. It may be possible to build computers that can remember a lot more than the human brain. But humans can do a lot more.
2. About one and a half million years ago the climate of the world became much colder. This led to the caps of ice around the North and South Poles spreading to cover much North America and Northern Europe. Such periods of cold climate are called ice ages. The woolly mammoth lived in northern parts of the world between 300, 000 and 100,000 years ago. It was a favourite prey of Stone Age hunters, who used its coat for clothes, and the meat as food.
3. He is anyone who believes that will, reason, and purpose are real and significant; that value and justice are aspects of a reality called good and evil and rest upon some foundation other than custom; that consciousness is so far from being a mere epiphenomenon that it is the most tremendous of actualities; that the unmeasured may be significant; or, to sum it all up, that those human realities which sometimes seem to exist only in the human mind are the perceptions of the mind.
4. All people develop attitudes on public issues: some may not be interested in and others simply may not hear about them. The attitudes that are formed may be held for various reasons. Thus, four men may all be opposed to higher property taxes but for very different reasons. One man may be for higher taxes in principle, but he opposes them because he is having trouble paying the mortgage on his house.
A B C D
A
[解析] 根据冒号后的“有些人不感兴趣,而有些人则是完全没听说”可知A项所在句子的意思为“并非所有人都会对公众问题持有看法”。all与not连用表示部分否定,因此应将All people改为Not all people。
5. The British public was slowly eased into the knowledge that what had been seen as a fairytale marriage has been deeply miserable. A separation was announced in 1992. On that television program in 1995 Diana hinted that the princess might never become king. As for herself she would like to be "king of people's hearts". The put-upon real queen had had enough.
A B C D
B
[解析] B项单词指的是Prince Charles,因此应将princess改为prince。
6. I think of the PhD a little like the Grand Tour, a tradition in the 16th and 17th centuries where youths would travel around Europe, getting a rich exposure to high society in France, Italy, and Germany, learn about art, architecture, language, literature, fencing, riding—all of the essential liberal arts that a gentleman was expected to have experience with to be an influential member of society.
A B C D
C
[解析] getting a rich exposure...and Germany是现在分词短语,做youths would travel around Europe的伴随状语,C项与getting是并列结构,因此应将learn about改为learning about。
7. The orangutan of Sumatra and Borneo shares 96.4 percent of the same genetic make-up as humans. These peaceful, red-hair primates spend their days chewing on fruit, leaves and flowers from trees, along with any stray insects that might be hidden among the foliage.
8. Although pearls may be formed by any shelled mollusk, the most valuable pearls are obtained from the oysters. Except for imitation pearls, which are entirely man-made, all pearls are formed from a secretion around an irritating body that enters the soft tissue of a mollusk. If the irritating body enters the mollusk by accident, a natural pearl forms.
A B C D
B
[解析] B项oysters为名词复数,表泛指,前面不应加定冠词the,因此应将from the oysters改为from oysters。
9. What are the qualities that a person needs in order to make a great speech? There is an old Chinese saying that goes, "a man is good because of his mouth, and a horse is good because of its legs." Humans have ability to communicate through speech, and in speech we have a special opportunity to make impact.
A B C D
D
[解析] make an impact意为“产生影响”,是固定用法,因此应将to make impact改为to make an impact。
10. At its most basic, corporate culture is described as the personality of an organization, or simply as "how things are done around here". It guides what employees think, act, and feel. It is a wide term used to define the unique personality or character of a particular company or organization, and includes such elements as core values and beliefs, corporate ethics, and rules of behavior.
Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension Directions: Choose the best answers based on the information in the passages below.
Passage One Physical life, which has often been depreciated from the moral point of view, is not indeed by itself supreme, but it is certain that much evil charged to a bad will is due to morbid or defective conditions of the physical organism. One would be ashamed to write such a truism were it not that our juvenile courts and our prison investigations show how far we are from having sensed it in the past. And our present labor conditions show how far our organization of industry is from any decent provision for a healthy, sound, vigorous life of all the people. This war is shocking in its destruction, but it is doubtful if it can do the harm to Great Britain that her factory system has done. And if life is in one respect less than ideals, in another respect it is greater; for it provides the possibility not only of carrying out existing ideals but of the birth of new and higher ideals. Social interaction likewise has been much discussed but is still very inadequately realized. The great possibilities of cooperation have long been utilized in war. With the factory and commercial organization of the past century we have hints of their economic power. Our schools, books, newspapers, are removing some of the barriers. But how far different social classes are from any knowledge, not to say appreciation, of each other! How far different races are apart! How easy to inculcate national hatred and distrust! The fourth great problem which baffles Wells's hero in the Research Magnificent is yet far from solution. The great danger to morality in America lies not in any theory as to the subjectivity of the moral judgment, but in the conflict of classes and races. Intelligence and reason are in certain respects advancing. The social sciences are finding tools and methods. We are learning to think of much of our moral inertia, our waste of life, our narrowness, our muddling and blundering in social arrangements, as stupid—we do not like to be called stupid even if we scorn the imputation of claiming to be "good". But we do not organize peace as effectively as war. We shrink before the thought of expending for scientific investigation sums comparable with those used for military purposes. And is scholarship entitled to shift the blame entirely upon other interests? Perhaps if it conceived its tasks in greater terms and addressed itself to them more energetically it would find greater support. And finally the process of judgment and appraisal, of examination and revaluation. To judge for the sake of judging, to analyze and evaluate for the sake of the process hardly seems worthwhile. But if we supply the process with the new factors of increased life, physical, social, intelligent, we shall be compelled to new valuations. Such has been the course of moral development; we may expect this to be repeated. The great war and the changes that emerge ought to set new tasks for ethical students. As medievalism, the century of enlightenment, and the century of industrial revolution, each had its ethics, so the century that follows ought to have its ethics, roused by the problem of dealing fundamentally with economic, social, racial, and national relations, and using the resources of better scientific method than belonged to the ethical systems which served well their time. Comprehension Questions:
1. "The war" the author refers to in the passage is ______.
A.the civil war
B.World War Ⅰ
C.World War Ⅱ
D.the war in Vietnam
A B C D
B
[解析] 根据文中的“The great war and the changes that emerge ought to set new tasks for ethical students”可知,the war指的是the great war,即1914年7月~1918年11月期间主要发生在欧洲但波及全世界的世界大战,即第一次世界大战。the great war是“第一次世界大战”的英文表述。据此可知,B项正确。
2. Which of the following proverbs/sayings best expresses the meaning of the writer's opinion? ______
A.A man's reach should exceed its grasp.
B.A healthy mind is in a healthy body.
C.Destiny is in your own hands.
D.None of the above.
A B C D
B
[解析] 根据文中的“it is certain that much evil charged to a bad will is due to morbid or defective conditions of the physical organism”可知,可以肯定的是,很多恶行应归因于病态的或有缺陷的身体状况。据此可以推知,B项“唯有健康的身体才会有健康的心灵”正确。
3. The last great problem which banes Wells's hero in The Research Magnificent is ______.
A.sex
B.jealousy
C.prejudice
D.fear
A B C D
C
[解析] 根据文中的“How far different races are apart! How easy to inculcate national hatred and distrust!(不同种族的隔膜有多么深!灌输民族仇恨和不信任又是多么容易!)”以及“The great danger to morality in America lies not in any theory as to the subjectivity of the moral judgment, but in the conflict of classes and races.(在美国,道德的更大危险不在于有关道德判断主观性的理论,而在于阶级和种族之间的冲突。)”可知,C项“偏见”正确。
4. According to the author, moral progress involves ______.
A.a process of logical deduction
B.insight into the nature of things as they are
C.the conviction that moral life is a process involving social intercourse
D.none of the above
A B C D
C
[解析] 根据文中的“Social interaction likewise has been much discussed but is still very inadequately realized.”可知,生活为理想的实现以及更高层次新理想的诞生创造了可能性。社会交往的问题已经讨论过很多次,但还远未能实现,而下文提及的一系列问题也是道德在社会交往层面未能实现的具体表现。据此可知,C项“认为道德生活包括社会交往”正确。
5. From the passage we may deduce that the author views moral development in the future with ______.
A.optimism
B.confidence
C.pessimism
D.caution
A B C D
B
[解析] 根据文中的“Such has been the course of moral development; we may expect this to be repeated. The great war and the changes that emerge ought to set new tasks for ethical students. As medievalism, the century of enlightenment, and the century of industrial revolution, each had its ethics, so the century that follows ought to have its ethics”可知,这就是道德发展的过程,我们期望重复这个过程。第一次世界大战、启蒙运动、工业革命都催生了相应的道德观,因而新世纪也会迎来新的道德观。由此可以推断,作者对新时期道德的发展是很有信心的,故B项“自信”正确。
Passage Two Russia's economy—until recently one of the fastest growing in Europe—is in dire straits. Traditional industries such as steel are hurting badly. The decade-long consumer boom has turned into a slump as unemployment soars. The government has cash to spend after years of sensible budget policies, but the central bank will be forced to keep interest rates high as long as inflation is stuck in double digits and trust in the ruble remains shaky. The reversal in Russia's economic fortunes is particularly painful. Since 1998—the year of Russia's last financial crisis—the economy has expanded eight-fold. As oil prices rocketed, so did the country's self-confidence. Not content with presiding over the economic boom, the President Vladimir Putin vowed to restore his country's great power status. Talks about a partnership with the West gave way to belligerent statements about a new Cold War. In the summer of 2008, Russian tanks trundled into Georgia. In early 2009, a dispute with neighboring Ukraine led Russia to cut off gas flows, leaving people in some European Union countries freezing and factories idle. Most Europeans want to see Russia stable and well-off. But they also believe that the economic crisis might bring opportunities for a political rapprochement. Some hope that the recession might just make the Russian leadership a little more humble or at least trigger reforms that would make it easier for the E. U. to strengthen trade and investment links. But while Russia's relations with the U.S. have been thawing since Barack Obama took over the White House, E.U.-Russia relations remain frosty. Talks about a new bilateral treaty on political and economic cooperation have made little headway. Hopes for a free trade agreement between Brussels and Moscow have withered after Russia put its application for membership in the World Trade Organization on ice. E.U. -Russia energy cooperation remains stuck, which increases the risk of yet another gas crisis. Europeans have responded to Moscow's ideas about constructing a "new European security architecture" with a distinct lack of enthusiasm. Most importantly, perhaps, Russia is incensed about E.U. efforts to draw the countries that lie between the E.U. and Russia closer into its orbit. Russia has traditionally regarded Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova and other former Soviet states along its border as its "privileged sphere of influence", in the words of President Dmitry Medvedev. The E.U.'s new "Eastern Partnership" initiative, launched in May, offers these countries economic integration and stronger political ties. Although the E.U. has shied away from talking about the prospect of membership, however distant, it hopes to help its eastern neighbors to become richer, more stable and more democratic. This would leave them better equipped to withstand Russian meddling and bullying. Moscow is particularly unhappy about the E.U.'s offer to include Belarus—traditionally a staunch Moscow ally—in the Eastern Partnership, albeit on the condition that Minsk improve its shoddy human-rights record. When the E.U. recently offered a multibillion-dollar loan to help modernize the Ukrainian pipeline system—conduit for 70% of Russian gas sales to Europe—Russian leaders were furious. Moscow has also tried to foil European attempts to build stronger energy links with Azerbaijan. Potential for conflict exists in Georgia, where E.U. observers are the only ones left after Russia force Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe and United Nations' monitors to leave Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Wary of ceding influence to Europe, the Russians have stepped up efforts to maintain their traditional fighting weight in the region. They have given large loans to neighbors hit by the economic crisis and sought to strengthen regional security and economic organizations that tie their neighbors closer to Moscow. They have also taken a more hands-on approach to "frozen conflicts" in Moldova and the Caucasus to keep neighboring governments on their toes. E.U. officials like to insist that its eastern policy does not clash with Russian interests in their common neighborhood. They have asked Russia to take part in some regional initiatives such as an effort to strengthen energy security. So far, though, Russia has refused to play ball. But the E. U. cannot simply pull back and allow Russia to dominate Eastern Europe. It must stick firmly to its objective of helping its neighbors to decide their own destiny. If Europe is to remain credible, there is no other course worth pursuing. Comprehension Questions:
1. Which of the following titles would best describe this article? ______
3. For the author, which of the following adjectives best describes President Putin's attitude? ______
A.Diplomatic.
B.Pugnacious.
C.Pusillanimous.
D.Infantile.
A B C D
B
[解析] 根据第二段中的“Putin vowed to restore his country's great power status. Talks about a partnership with the West gave way to belligerent statements about a new Cold War.”可知,俄罗斯总统普京发誓要恢复国家的大国地位,好战的言论替代了与西方合作的谈话。diplomatic民主的;pugnacious好战的,好斗的;pusillanimous优柔寡断的,胆怯的;infantile幼稚的。据此可知,B项正确。
4. What does the phrase "on their toes" mean? ______
A.To render neighboring governments impotent.
B.To weaken the resolve of the neighboring governments.
C.To keep the neighboring governments on a state of constant alert.
D.To gain the support of the neighboring governments.
A B C D
C
[解析] 短语on one's toes意为“警觉的,准备行动的”。据此可知,C项正确。
5. For the author, which of the following should be considered a top priority to ensure peace and stability in Eastern Europe? ______
A.The E.U. should acknowledge Russia's pan European initiatives.
B.Russia's new security and energy initiatives will foster pan European cooperation.
C.Russia must agree to promote bilateral, multilateral and regional economic cooperation.
D.Bilateral contacts between Russia and individual E.U. member states reinforce rather than undermine common E.U. objectives.
A B C D
C
[解析] 本文首先提到俄罗斯的经济遭遇困境。根据第二段的“Some hope that the recession might...trigger reforms that would make it easier for the E.U. to strengthen trade and investment links.”可知,一些人希望经济衰退能促使俄罗斯进行改革,这将使欧盟在增加贸易和投资时更容易些。再根据第二段中的“Talks about a new bilateral treaty on political and economic cooperation have made little headway.”可知,有关新的双边政治、经济合作协议的谈判几乎未取得进展。据此可知,C项“俄罗斯必须同意促进双边、多边和区域经济合作”正确。
Passage Three With all these arts and pursuits of practical life, the intellectual business of thinking—of such thinking at least as is common to most men—and of communicating thought, has a sort of affinity and resemblance. For, unquestionably, it is one among the many problems of philosophy to establish a wise economy and prudent stewardship of that ever-shifting mass of incoming and outgoing thoughts which make up our intellectual estate and property. And this is the more necessary the greater are the treasures of thought possessed by our age. For, in the highly rapid interchange of and traffic in ideas, which is carrying on, the receipts and disbursements are not always duly balanced. There is much cause, therefore, to fear test a thoughtless and lavish dissipation of the noblest mental endowments should become prevalent, or a false and baseless credit-system in thought spring up amid an absolute deficiency of a solid and permanent capital safely invested in fundamental ideas and lasting truths. As for the second simile: I should, by all means, wish to gain a victory, not indeed for you, but with you, over some of the many errors and many semblances of thought, which are, however, but cheats and counterfeits which distract the minds of the present generation, disturb the harmony of life, and banish peace even from the intellectual world. And as respects the third illustration: I should indeed rejoice as having, in a great measure, attained my object, if only I shall succeed in directing your attention to some star in the higher region of intellect, which hitherto was either totally unknown, or, at least, never before fully observed. But above all, I think it necessary to observe further, that in the same way as philosophy loses sight of its true object and appropriate matter, when either it passes into and merges in theology, or meddles with external politics, so also does it mar its proper form when it attempts to mimic the rigorous method of mathematics. In the middle of the last century scarcely was there to be found a German manual for any of the sciences that did not ape the mathematical style, and where every single position in the long array of interminable paragraphs did not conclude with the solemn act of demonstrative phraseology. But it is also well known that the philosophy which was propounded in this inappropriate form and method was crammed full of, nay, rather, was hardly anything more than a tissue of arbitrary, now forgotten, hypotheses, which have not brought the world at all nearer to the truth—not at least to that truth which philosophy is in search of, and which is something higher than a mere example of accurate computation. And even in the present day—although, indeed, the application is made in a very different way from formerly—German philosophy is anything but free from those algebraic formularies, in which all things, even the most opposite, admit of being comprised and blended together. But, be it as it may, this elaborate structure of mechanical demonstration can never produce a true, intrinsic, and full conviction. The method which philosophy really requires is quite different, being absolutely internal and intellectual (Geistige). As in a correct architectural structure it is necessary that all its parts should be in unison, and such as the eye can take in easily and agreeably, so in every philosophical communication, the solid simple basis being laid, the arrangement of all the parts, and the careful rejection and exclusion of all foreign matter, is the most essential point, both for internal correctness and external perspicuity. But, in truth, the matter in hand bears a far closer resemblance and affinity to natural objects which live and grow, than to any lifeless edifice of stone; to a great tree, for instance, nobly and beautifully spreading out on all sides in its many arms and branches. As such a tree strikes the hasty and passing glance, it forms a somewhat irregular and not strictly finished whole; there it stands, just as the stem has shot up from the root, and has divided itself into a certain number of branches, and twigs, and leaves, which livingly move backward and forward in the free air. But examine it more closely, and how perfect appears its whole structure! How wonderful the symmetry, how minutely regular the organization of all its parts, even of each little leaf and delicate fiber! In the same way will the ever-growing tree of human consciousness and life appear in philosophy, whenever it is not torn from its roots and stripped of its leaves by a pretended wisdom, but is vividly apprehended by a true science, and exhibited and presented to the mind in its life and its growth. Comprehension Questions:
1. The main purpose of the article is ______.
A.to clarify the system of economic theory
B.to suggest a new system of philosophy
C.to criticize the system of mathematics
D.to illustrate the systematic dialectics
A B C D
B
[解析] 根据文中的“it is one among the many problems of philosophy to establish a wise economy”可知,这是众多关于创建明智经济体的哲学问题之一。其中it指代前面的“the intellectual business of thinking”,后文围绕哲学以及思想展开论述。据此可知,B项“提出一种新的哲学体系”正确。
2. What is the author's concern as expressed through the first metaphoric exposition? ______
A.Random disbursement of proposals and hypothesis.
B.A confusion of algebraic formularies.
C.An unwarranted loss of appropriate reference.
D.Violation of intellectual property rights.
A B C D
C
[解析] 根据文中的“to fear lest a thoughtless and lavish dissipation of the noblest mental endowments should become prevalent, or a false and baseless credit-system in thought spring up amid an absolute deficiency of a solid and permanent capital safely invested in fundamental ideas and lasting truths.”可知,担忧轻率、奢侈地消耗思想天赋成为普遍现象,或者担忧由于缺乏可靠、稳定的资本安全地投资于重要的思想和永恒的真理,虚假、毫无根据的思想信用制度涌现出来。据此可知,作者所担心的是思想天赋的损耗,故C项“不适当的损失”正确。
3. The second concern of the author refers to ______.
A.a variegated set of fallacies
B.a cantankerous type of pessimism
C.unqualified quackery
D.the proliferation of metaphysics
A B C D
A
[解析] 根据文中的“As for the second simile: I should...wish to gain a victory...over some of the many errors and many semblances of thought”可知,作者希望战胜思想中的那些错误和假象。据此可知,A项“各种错误的见解”正确。
4. What is the function of the author's frequent usage of rhetorical figures of speech? ______
A.Definition.
B.Clarification.
C.Exemplification.
D.Illustration.
A B C D
B
[解析] 根据文中的“has a sort of affinity and resemblance”“As for the second simile”“and such as the eye can take in easily and agreeably”“As such a tree strikes the hasty and passing glance...which livingly move backward and forward in the free air”等可知,作者在文中频繁使用各种修辞手法都是为了说明文中提出的新哲学体系,故B项正确。definition定义;clarification说明;exemplification例证;illustration例证。
5. In the passage, the author outlines a plea for ______.
A.rigor
B.topicality
C.reliability
D.flexibility
A B C D
D
[解析] 根据文中的“German philosophy is anything but free from those algebraic formularies...this elaborate structure of mechanical demonstration can never produce a true, intrinsic, and full conviction.”可知,德国哲学只是一些代数公式,在这些公式中所有的东西混合在一起。这种复杂的机械示范永远不会产生真正的、内在的、充分的信念。而根据“The method which philosophy really requires is quite different, being absolutely internal and intellectual”可知,哲学真正需要的方法是与前面提及的德国哲学相反的。由此可推知作者呼吁的是与“机械示范”相对的“灵活性”,故D项正确。rigor严谨;topicality话题性;reliability可靠性;flexibility灵活性。
Passage Four In a letter to a friend, George Orwell wrote, "It is impossible to mention Jews in print, either favorably or unfavorably, without getting into trouble." But there are times when trouble had better be got into before mere trouble turns into catastrophe. Jews, blacks, and homosexualists are despised by the majorities of East and West. Also, as a result of the invention of Israel, Jews can now count on the hatred of the Islamic world. Since [America's] own Christian majority looks to be getting ready for great adventures at home and abroad, I would suggest that the three despised minorities join forces in order not to be destroyed. This seems an obvious thing to do. Unfortunately, most Jews refuse to see any similarity between their special situation and that of the same-sexers. At one level, the Jews are perfectly correct. A racial or religious or tribal identity is a kind of fact. Although sexual preference is an even more powerful fact, it is not one that creates any particular social or cultural or religious bond between those so-minded. Although Jews would doubtless be Jews if there was no anti-Semitism, same-sexers would think little or nothing at all about their preference if society ignored it. So there is a difference between the two estates. But there is no difference in the degree of hatred felt by the Christian majority for Christ-killers and Sodomites. In the German concentration camps, Jews wore yellow stars while homosexualists wore pink triangles. I was present when Christopher Isherwood tried to make this point to a young Jewish movie producer. "After all," said Isherwood, "Hitler killed six hundred thousand homosexuals." The young man was not impressed. "But Hitler killed six million Jews," he said sternly. "What are you?" asked Isherwood. "In real estate?" Like it or not, Jews and homosexualists are in the same fragile boat, and one would have to be pretty obtuse not to see the common danger. But obtuseness is the name of the game among New York's new class. Harper's Magazine and Commentary usually publish these pieces, though other periodicals are not above printing the odd expose of the latest homosexual conspiracy to turn the United States over to the Soviet Union or to structuralism or to Christian Dior. Although the new class's thoughts are never much in themselves, and they themselves are no more than spear carriers in the political and cultural life of the West, their prejudices and superstitions do register in a subliminal way, making mephitic the air of Manhattan if not of the Republic. Although the kindness of strangers is much sought after, gay liberation has not got much support from anyone. Natural allies like the Jews are often virulent in their attacks. Blacks in their ghettos, Chicanos in their barrios, and rednecks in their pulpits also have been influenced by the same tribal taboos. That Jews and blacks and Chicanos and rednecks all contribute to the ranks of the same-sexers only increases the madness. Herewith the burden of The Boys on the Beach: since homosexualists choose to be the way they are out of idle hatefulness, it has been a mistake to allow them to come out of the closet to the extent that they have, but now that they are out (which most are not), they will have no choice but to face up to their essential hatefulness and abnormality and so be driven to kill themselves with promiscuity, drugs, and suicide. Not even the authors of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion ever suggested that the Jews, who were so hateful to them, were also hateful to themselves. So Decter has managed to go one step further than the Protocols' authors; she is indeed a virtuoso of hate, and thus do pogroms begin. Comprehension Questions:
1. The author argues that a key difference between anti-Semitism and homophobia is ______.
A.anti-semitism can be effectively stopped through the use of Hollywood movies
B.homophobia directly affects members of many different ethnic and religious groups
C.anti-semitism is a relic of the 19th century
D.homophobia is primarily spread through written texts
A B C D
B
[解析] 根据第一段中的“Although sexual preference is an even more powerful fact,it is not one that creates any particular social or cultural or religious bond between those so-minded.”可知,虽然性别偏好是更有影响力的事实,但其无法在具有如此想法的人之间创建社会、文化或宗教之间的特定联系。据此可知,B项“对同性恋的憎恶直接影响不同种族、宗教团体的成员”正确。
2. In the second paragraph, obtuseness is used to mean ______.
A.being unwilling to understand or grasp new concepts
B.Jewish dislike of homosexuals
C.mental or emotional disability
D.deficit of understanding
A B C D
A
[解析] 根据第二段中的“Like it or not, Jews and homosexualists are in the same fragile boat, and one would have to be pretty obtuse not to see the common danger.”可知,不管是否喜欢,犹太人和同性恋者都在同一条脆弱的船上,而人们却不得不迟钝地对于这种众所周知的危险视而不见。因而,obtuseness表示“故意地拒绝接受”,因而A项“不愿意理解接受新观念”正确。
3. The meaning we are meant to take from the conversation between Christopher Isherwood and the film producer is ______.
A.that Jews have suffered worse than homosexuals
B.that homosexuals and Jews both suffered terribly under the Nazi regime
C.that loss of human life may be easily and meaningfully quantified
D.that Hollywood produces films that meaningfully explores the Nazi murder of Jews and homosexuals alike
A B C D
B
[解析] 根据第一段中的“'After all,' said Isherwood,Hitler killed six hundred thousand homosexuals.' The young man was not impressed. 'But Hitler killed six million Jews,' he said sternly.”可知,伊舍伍德说,“希特勒屠杀了六十万名同性恋者。”年轻人听后不以为然,他说,“但是希特勒屠杀了六百万犹太人。”据此可知,B项“在纳粹制度下,同性恋者和犹太人都遭受了可怕的痛苦”正确。
4. The author believes that the arguments put forth in The Boys on the Beach ______.
A.echo the themes of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
B.are similar to those arguments heard before
C.may lead to an organized massacre of a specific group
D.can be meaningfully interpreted through the lens of the Jewish experience in America
A B C D
C
[解析] 根据最后一段中的“they will have no choice...so be driven to kill themselves”可知,这些人别无选择,被迫自杀;此外,根据最后一段中的“So Decter has managed to go one step further than the Protocols' authors; she is indeed a virtuoso of hate, and thus do pogroms begin.”可知,德克特更进了一步,她是真正的仇恨专家,大屠杀就这样开始了。据此可知,C项“可能导致对特定群体有组织的大屠杀”正确。
5. The author argues that ______.
A.homosexuality and Judaism are necessarily mutually exclusive, but both are in danger
B.homosexuals and Jews share a common interest in justice
C.The Boys on the Beach, like The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, is a threat to homosexuals
D.identity groups that are frequently discriminated against should support each other
A B C D
D
[解析] 根据第一段中的“Jews, blacks, and homosexualists are despised by the majorities of East and West...I would suggest that the three despised minorities join forces in order not to be destroyed. This seems an obvious thing to do.”可知,作者认为犹太人、黑人和同性恋者不管在东方还是西方都会受到主流群体的歧视,这三种群体如果不想被击败,就应该联合起来。作者认为三者的联合显然是有必要的。据此可以推知,D项“经常被歧视的群体应该相互支持”正确。
Part Ⅳ Translation Directions: Write your translations on your Answer Sheet.
Section A Translate the underlined sentences into good Chinese. The American tradition has found this view of human history repugnant and false. 1 This tradition sees the world as many, not as one. These empirical instincts, the preference for fact over logic, for deed over dogma, have found their most brilliant expression in the writings of William James and in the approach to philosophical problems which James called "radical empiricism". Against the belief in the all-encompassing power of a single explanation, against the commitment to the absolutism of ideology, against the notion that all answers to political and social problems can be found in the back of some sacred book, against the deterministic interpretation of history, against the closed universe, 2 James stood for what he called the unfinished universe—a universe marked by growth, variety, ambiguity, mystery, and contingency—a universe where free men may find partial truths, but where no mortal man will ever get an absolute grip on Absolute Truth, a universe where social progress depends not on capitulation to a single, all-consuming body of doctrine, but on the uncoerced intercourse of unconstrained minds. Thus ideology and pragmatism differ radically in their views of history. They differ just as radically in their approach to issues of public policy. The ideologist, by mistaking models for reality, always misleads as to the possibilities and consequences of public decision. The history of the twentieth century is a record of the manifold ways in which humanity has been betrayed by ideology. Let us take an example from contemporary history. 3 It is evident now, for example, that the choice between private and public means, that choice which has obsessed so much recent political and economic discussion in underdeveloped countries, is not a matter of religious principle. It is not a moral issue to be decided on absolutist grounds, either by those on the right who regard the use of public means as wicked and sinful, or by those on the left who regard the use of private means wicked and sinful. It is simply a practical question as to which means can best achieve the desired end. It is a problem to be answered not by theology but by experience and experiment. Indeed, I would suggest that we might well banish some overloaded words from intellectual discourse. They belong to the vocabulary of demagoguery, not to the vocabulary of analysis. So, with the invention of the mixed society, pragmatism has triumphed over absolutism. As a consequence, the world is coming to understand that the mixed economy offered the instrumentalities through which one can unite social control with individual freedom. But ideology is a drug; no matter how much it is exposed by experience, the craving for it still persists. That craving will, no doubt, always persist, so long as there is human hunger for an all-embracing, all-explanatory system, so long indeed as political philosophy is shaped by the compulsion to return to the womb. The oldest philosophical problem, we have noted, is the relationship between the one and the one and the many. Surely the basic conflict of our times is precisely the conflict between those who would reduce the world to one and those who see the world as many—between those who believe that the world is evolving in a single direction, along a single predestined line, toward a single predestined conclusion, and those who think that humanity in the future, as in the past, will continue to evolve in diverse directions, toward diverse conclusions, according to the diverse traditions, values, and purposes of diverse peoples. It is a choice, in short, between dogmatism and pragmatism, between the theological society and the experimental society. Ideologists are afraid of the free flow of ideas, even of deviant ideas within their own ideology. They are convinced they have a monopoly on the Troth. Therefore they always feel that they are only saving the world when they slaughter the heretics. 4 Their objective remains that of making the world over in the image of their dogmatic ideology. The goal is a monolithic world, organized on the principle of infallibility—but the only certainty in an absolute system is the certainty of absolute abuse. The goal of free men is quite different. Free men know many truths, but they doubt whether any mortal man knows the Truth. Their religious and their intellectual heritage join in leading them to suspect fellow men who lay claim to infallibility. They believe that there is no greater delusion than for man to mistake himself for God. 5 They accept the limitations of the human intellect and the infirmity of the human spirit. The distinctive human triumph, in their judgment, lies in the capacity to understand the frailty of human striving but to strive nonetheless.
China began to have real cultural exchanges with European and American countries in the late Ming Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty, which is what is often called Xi Xue Dong Jian in Chinese—the introduction of modern Western science, technology and culture to China—and Dong Xue Xi Jian in Chinese—the introduction of traditional Chinese culture centered on Confucianism to the West. This turned out to be the second period for China to absorb and assimilate foreign cultures on a large scale following the introduction of India's Buddhist culture to China. In a span of 100 years between the late Ming Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty, with the arrival of Western missionaries, the spread and diffusion of Chinese and Western cultures both entered upon a new phase of history.
The development and progress of Tibet is in accord with the rules for the development of human society. From traditional agriculture and animal husbandry to a modern market economy, from the integration of political and religious powers to their separation, from autocracy to democracy, superstition to science, and isolation to openness—these are the generic laws for the development of human society. Over the past 60 years of its development, Tibet has unfailingly followed these rules and the general trend.
The world today is undergoing extensive and profound changes. It has become "a global village" due to the economic globalization, development of information, and the rapid advance of science and technology. Countries are more closely linked and interdependent with their interest more closely integrated than ever before. They find more issues that need joint response. They want to engage in mutually beneficial cooperation more than ever before. To some extent, the world has become a community of interest.