1. The fate of unborn millions will now depend, under God, on the courage and conduct of this army.
苍天之下,千百万尚未出生的人的命运将取决于我们这支军队的勇气和斗志。
[解析] 难点在于under God作为插入语,将动词短语depend on拆分开来,翻译时可将插入语部分提前译作状语,其余部分便可迎刃而解。在西方语言文化中会有很多具有宗教色彩的词汇如God,Bible等,译成汉语时,可根据汉语文化和习惯将God译作“苍天,老天”,而将Bible译作“权威著作,经典”,例如:
Man proposes, God disposes. 谋事在人,成事在天。
For many teachers Lehninger has been a biochemical bible. 对许多教师来讲,莱宁格尔一直是生化方面的权威。
This dictionary should be your Bible when studying English. 这本字典应是你的主要参考书。
1)词的添加。unborn millions省略了of people,可添加名词译作“千百万尚未出生的人”,使译文意思更加明确。英译汉时,经常可根据逻辑将原文中省略的部分补充完整。例如:
The rate of unemployment descend with the economy. 失业率随着经济增长而降低。
Commission depends on the quantity of goods ordered. 佣金多少取决于订货量的大小。
2)词语的引申。在不脱离原文词义的基础上,体现语言的明喻或隐喻特点。conduct一词本意是“举止,行为”,根据特定场合引申为“斗志”。如:
Brain drain has been the major concern—as a matter of fact it has become an epidemic in that area. 人才外流是首要问题,而且它已成为该地区的一个带普遍性的严重问题。
译文将brain(头脑)引申为“人才”,将concern(关心的事)引申为“问题”,又将epidemic (流行病)引申为一个带“普遍性的严重问题”。
2. Our cruel and unrelenting enemy leaves us only the choice of brave resistance or the most abject submission. We have, therefore, to resolve to conquer or to die.
敌人残酷无情,我们别无选择,要么奋起抵抗,要么屈膝投降。因此,我们必须下定决心,若不克敌制胜,就是捐躯疆场。
[解析] 此译文使用了几个成语,巧妙而恰到好处地表达了原文的意境。又如:
cruel and unrelenting 残酷无情 lively 栩栩如生
brave resistance 奋起抵抗 powerless 无能为力
abject submission 屈膝投降 identical 千篇一律
conquer 克敌制胜 helpless 无可奈何
die 捐躯疆场 thick 如胶似漆
1)肯定与否定。leaves us only the choice意思是“留给我们唯一的选择”,但译文使用了“以反替正”的方法,译作“我们别无选择”。实际上,翻译时常可根据需要将肯定译作否定或将否定译作肯定。如:
The same is not true of a mortal illness. 如果是得了不治之症,那情况就不一样了。
This is only a marginal agreement. 这只是一个无关紧要的协议。
The ancient battle field has become something holy. It was almost untouched. 古战场成了圣地,它几乎保持着当年的风貌。
extraordinary 特别的→非同小可 illiterate 不识字的人→文盲
fail 失败→没做成(某事) incomplete 不完全的→残缺的
complain 发牢骚→不满意
2)名词转换成动词。brave resistance和abject submission是名词性词组,译文“奋起抵抗”和 “屈膝投降”为动词性词组。这一词性转换符合英语倾向于多用名词、叙述呈静态而汉语倾向于多用动词、叙述呈动态的特点。如:
Some of my classmates are good singers. 我同学中有几个歌唱得很好。
The famous scientist was a great lover of literature and music. 这位著名科学家也酷爱文学和音乐。
3. Our own, our country's honor, calls upon us for a vigorous and manly exertion; and if we now shamefully fail, we shall become infamous to the whole world.
我们的荣誉,祖国的荣誉,要求我们进行英勇顽强的奋斗,如果我们做不到这一点,我们将感到羞愧,并将为全世界所不齿。
[解析] Our own, our country's honor译作“我们的荣誉,祖国的荣誉”。原文为避免重复并增强紧迫感和号召力,在our own后省略了honor,但译文补充了名词“荣誉”却省略了own 和our,这样的改动使句式工整,更具感染力。例如:
She majors in English and her sister in history. 她主修英语而她姐姐主修历史。
The best conductor has the least resistance and the poorest the greatest. 最好的导体电阻最小,最差的导体电阻最大。
vigorous and manly译作“英勇顽强”,shamefully fail转译为“做不到这一点,我们将感到羞愧”是对原文意思的扩展和解释,相当于fail后添加了to do so。原文仅二词,根据战前动员这一上下文也可理解为“可耻地战败”,译作“遭受失败的耻辱”。
4. Let us then rely on the goodness of our cause, and the aid of the Supreme Being, in whose hands victory is, to animate and encourage us to great and noble actions.
所以,让我们凭借我们事业的正义性和上帝的恩助——胜利掌握在他手中——激励和鼓舞我们去创造伟大而崇高的业绩。
[解析] the Supreme Being译作“上帝”。有关“上帝”的说法除了God和the Supreme Being以外,还有以下表达:Heaven;Lord;Oversoul;Providence;the Everlasting;the Most High等。
in whose hands victory is这一结构看似复杂,实则为定语从句,其中介词in置于whose前,逻辑关系明了清晰,意为in the Supreme Being's hands。类似的结构有in which,for which,among which,between which等。
to animate and encourage us to great and noble actions译作“激励和鼓舞我们去创造伟大而崇高的业绩”。译文添加了动词“创造”符合汉语语法。又如:
The self-assured Gates of 1992 was obviously a man of his times. 1992年时充满自信的盖茨 显然属于那个时代。(2001年3月)
After nearly a year of emotional arguments in Congress but no new federal laws, the national debate over the future of human cloning has shifted to the states. 国会经过将近一年的激烈争论,但未通过新的联邦法律,关于克隆人的未来的全国性辩论已转移到各个州。(2002年9月)
In most states, qualification for a non-U.S. corporation consists of a relatively easy application, a registration fee, and a notarized or legalized copy of the corporation's articles of incorporation. 在大多数州,一家非美国公司要获得经营资格,须提出相对而言是比较容易的申请、支付登记注册费、以及提交经公证或认证的公司章程。(2008年9月)
5. The eyes of all our countrymen are now upon us, and we shall have their blessings and praises, if happily we are the instruments of saving them from the tyranny meditated against them. Let us animate and encourage each other, and show the whole world that a free man contending for liberty on his own ground is superior to any slavish mercenary on earth.
全国同胞都在注视着我们,如果我们有幸为他们效劳,将他们从企图强加于他们的暴政中解救出来,我们将得到他们的祝福和赞颂。让我们互相激励,互相鼓舞,并向全世界昭示,在自己国土上为自由而斗争的自由人民胜过世上任何受人驱使的雇佣军。
[解析] 1)介词转译成动词。The eyes of all our countrymen are now upon us译作“全国同胞都在注视着我们”。其中介词upon被译作动词,这种词性转换在翻译中常被使用,例如:
Between teaching, writing and lecturing, he has little time for reading. 因忙于教学、写文章、以及作讲座,他读书时间甚少。
Millions of the people in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty. 千百万山区人民终于摆脱了贫穷。
During the Anti-Japanese War, the party officials worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves, by dim lamps. 在抗日战争时期,党的干部吃简陋的食物,住寒冷的窑洞,靠微弱的灯光长时间地工作。
2)名词转换成动词。if happily we are the instruments of saving them from the tyranny如译作“我们有幸成为将他们从暴政中解救出来的工具”显得晦涩,译文巧妙地将instruments(字面义:工具)一词转换成动词“效劳”译作“我们有幸为他们效劳,将他们从暴政中解救出来”可谓十分恰当。相近的例子还有:
Every state is the best judge of what is required to safeguard its national security. 每个国家自己才能最好地判断需要什么来保卫自己的国家安全。
Now, China is a member of more than 1,000 international organizations-enterprises that affect everything from air travel to agricultural development. 中国参加了1000多个国际组织,涉及航空旅行和农业开发等各个领域。