If leadership consists of getting things done through others, then persuasion is one of the leader's essential tools. Many executives have assumed that this tool is beyond their grasp, available only to the charismatic (有魅力的) and the eloquent. Over the past several decades, though, experimental psychologists have learned which methods reliably lead people to concede, comply, or change. Their research shows that persuasion is governed by several principles that can be taught and applied. The first principle is that people are more likely to follow someone who is similar to them than someone who is not. Wise managers, then, ask peers to help make their cases. Second, people are more willing to cooperate with those who are not only like them but who like them, as well. So it's worth the time to uncover real similarities and offer genuine praise. Third, experiments confirm the intuitive truth that people tend to treat you the way you treat them. It's sound policy to do a favor before seeking one. Fourth, individuals are more likely to keep promises they make voluntarily and clearly. The message for managers here is to get commitments in writing. Fifth, studies show that people really do defer to (服从) experts. So before they attempt to exert influence, executives should take pains to establish their own expertise and not assume that it's self-evident. Finally, people want more of a commodity when it's scarce; it follows, then, that exclusive information is more persuasive than widely available data.
1. Experiments have confirmed the assumption of many executives.
1. It's useless. It's dirty. It spreads disease. That's why the British Medical Association in the U.K. recently called for hospital doctors to stop wearing ties. 2. That leads to another question. Why does anyone wear a tie.9 Ties serve no purpose. They do not cover any part of your body and keep you warm. They always seem to get covered in food stains. Perhaps that is the purpose of the tie. It lets everyone know what you just ate. 3. Ties have an odd history. Soldiers from Croatia, in Eastern Europe, served as mercenaries (雇佣军) in various conflicts in the 17th century. They were identified by brightly colored pieces of silk worn around the neck. Known as cravats (围巾), these became a popular fashion item in France and eventually evolved into the tie. 4. It's an interesting story, but it doesn't tell us why men want to put useless pieces of cloth or silk around their necks. The answer seems to be about identification (身份证明). In the 19th-century Britain, ties were used by universities, military regiments (团), sports clubs, schools and gentleman's clubs. Each tie was in a particular set of colors which identified the wearer as a member of that organization. Wearing ties was also the mark of Britain's most powerful classes. That made the tie itself a symbol of power and respect. And that led it to be adopted by a much larger class-the business class. 5. You cannot wear a tie if you work with machinery. So wearing a tie became a sign that you were a man who used his brain to make a living, rather than his hands. It showed you were serious. It showed you were a professional. It meant that everyone who wanted a job in business had to wear one. It was just impossible to take seriously a man who did not wear a piece of colored silk around his neck. This is how millions of people came to wear ties across the world. 6. Is there a future for ties.'? The signs are not promising. Many political leaders, including British Prime Minister Tony Blair now go without ties.
1. Paragraph 2 ______. A. Origin of the tie B. British ties C. Uselessness of the tie D. Old-fashioned ties E. Role of the tie F. Signs of a tieless era
5. The British Medical Association suggested that ______. A. they were workmen B. they were members of different organizations C. hospital doctors stop wearing ties D. who does not always wear a tie E. who served as mercenaries in many conflicts in the 17th century F. who does not want to live like a king
C
[解析] 由文章第一段最后一句话可知，英国医学协会最近号召医生们不再佩戴领带。故选C。
6. Ties were first worn by the Croatian soldiers ______.
Shopping for clothes is not the same experience for a man as it is for a woman. A man goes shopping because he needs something. His purpose is settled and decided in advance. He knows what he wants, and his objective is to find it and buy it; the price is a secondary consideration. All men simply walk into a shop and ask the assistant for what they want. If the shop has it in stock, the salesman promptly produces it, and the business of trying it on follows at once. All being well, the deal can be and often is completed in less than five minutes, with hardly any chat and to everyone's satisfaction. For a man, slight problems may begin when the shop doesn't have what he wants. In that case the salesman, as the name implies, tries to sell the customer something else, he offers the nearest he can to the article required. No good salesman brings out such a substitute impolitely; he does so with skill : "I know this jacket is not the style you want, sir, but would you like to try it for size? It happens to be the color you mentioned. " Few men have patience with this treatment, and the usual response is: "This is the right color and may be the right size, but I should be wasting my time and yours by trying it on. " Now how does a woman go about buying clothes? In almost every respect she does so in the opposite way. Her shopping is not often based on need. She has never fully made up her mind what she wants, and she is only "having a look round". She is always open to persuasion; indeed she sets great store by what the saleswoman tells her, even by what companions tell her. She will try on any number of things. Uppermost in her mind is the thought of finding something that everyone thinks suits her. Contrary to a lot of jokes, most women have an excellent sense of value when they buy clothes. They are always on the lock-out for the unexpected bargain. Faced with a roomful of dresses, a woman may easily spend an hour going from one rail to another, to and fro, often retracing her steps, before selecting the dresses she wants to try on. It is a laborious process, but apparently an enjoyable one. Most dress shops provide chairs for the waiting husbands.
1. According to the passage, when a man is buying clothes, ______.
A.he buys cheap things, regardless of quality
B.he chooses things that others introduce
C.he does not mind how much he has to pay for the fight things
D.he buys good quality things, so long as they are not too dear
A B C D
C
[解析] 由文章第一段第四句话“He knows what he，wants，and．his objeetive is to find it and buy it： the price is a secondary consideration.”可知，男士在购物时一旦找到自己想要的东西，就会买下来，一般很少考虑价格问题。故选C。
2. What does the passage tell us about women shoppers for clothes? ______.
A.They welcome suggestions from anyone.
B.Women rarely consider buying cheap clothes.
C.Women often buy things without giving the matter proper thought.
D.They listen to advice but never take it.
A B C D
A
[解析] 由文章第三段第五句“She is always open to persuasion；indeed she sets great store by what the saleswoman tells her，even by what companions tell her.”和第七句“Uppermost in her mind is the though of finding something that everyone thinks suits her.”可知，女士在购物时总是广纳荐言，因为她希望买到一件所有人都认为适合她的衣服，她会听取每个人的意见。故选A。
3. What does a man do when he can not get exactly what he wants?
A.He buys a similar thing of the color he wants.
B.He usually does not buy anything.
C.At least two of his requirements must be met before he buys.
D.So long as the style is right, he buys the thing.
A B C D
B
[解析] 由文章第二段最后一句话中的“This is the right color and may be the right size，but I should be wasting my time and yours by trying it on.”可知，男士在买不到自己想要的东西时，他会拒绝售货员提供的一切建议，宁愿不买，也不浪费时间去试穿不是自己最初想要的衣服。故选B。
4. Many jokes make fun of women shoppers by saying that ______.
A.they waste money on inferior (劣质的) goods
B.they should buy only the best clothes
C.they are much more sensible than men
D.they think of the price of clothes and nothing else
A B C D
A
[解析] 由第三段第八句“Contlrary to a lot of jokes，most women have an excellent sense of value when they buy clothes.”可知，多数女士都能判断所买衣服的价值。所以，如果你开玩笑说她买的衣服是劣质的且浪费钱的，那就是在嘲弄她。故选A。
5. What is the most obvious difference between men and women shoppers?
A.The fact that men do not try clothes on in a shop.
B.Women bargain for their clothes, but men do not.
Calfornia is a land of variety and contrast. Almost every type of physical land feature, sort of arctic ice fie|ds and tropical jungles can be found within its borders. Sharply contrasting types of land often lie very close to one another. People living in Bakersfield, for instance, can visit the Pacific Ocean and the coastal plain, the fertile San Joaquin Valley, the arid Mojave Desert, and the high Sierra Nevada, all within a radius of about 100 miles. In other areas it is possible to go snow skiing in the morning and surfing in the evening of the same day, without having to travel long distance. Contrast abounds in California. The highest point in the United States (outside Alaska ) is in California, and so is the lowest point (including Alaska). Mount Whitney, 14,494 feet above sea level, is separated from Death Valley, 282 feet below sea level, by a distance of only 100 miles. The two areas have a difference in altitude of almost three miles. California has deep, clear mountain lakes like Lake Tahoe, the deepest in the country, but it also has shallow, salty desert lakes. It has Lake Tulainyo, 12,020 feet above sea level, and the lowest lake in the country, the Sahon Sea, 236 feet below sea level. Some of its lakes, like Owens Lake in Death Valley, are not lakes at all: they are dried up lake beds. In addition to mountains, lakes, valleys, deserts, and plateaus, California has its Pacific coastline, stretching longer than the coastlines of Oregon and Washington combined.
1. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as being within a radius of about 100 miles of Bakersfield?
Like millions of other Americans, I come from a family with a history of the heart disease. My father had his first three heart attacks when he was only thirty-one. I was three years old at that time. I grew up with heart disease. It was there, but I didn't take it seriously. When I was thirty-one, my blood cholesterol (胆固醇) level was measured for the first time. It was 311 mg/dl, the doctor told me-an extremely high level that put me at a very high risk of heart disease, especially with my family history. He sent me to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to be screened for participation in a clinical trial. The trial was designed to test the effect of lowering blood cholesterol on the risk of heart disease. At NIH, physicians explained the degree of risk associated with my blood cholesterol level and the nature of the experiment. This test involves putting a tube through a leg artery (动脉) up to the heart. The death rate for the test was only 1 in 100, I was assured. Learning about the risks of the experiment as well as the risk associated with my raised blood cholesterol level scared the life out of me. Although I was excluded from participating in the study, the experience may well have saved my life. For the first time, I began to realize the seriousness of high blood cholesterol. It was a heart attack just waiting to happen. But equally important, I got a taste of what it is like to be a patient, to have tests done on me and to think of myself as sick. This was hard to take. This experience taught me two lifesaving lessons. First, although I felt fit and strong, I was actually at high risk for heart disease because of my high blood cholesterol level. And with my family history, it could not be ignored. Second, I could lower my blood cholesterol level simply by changing what I ate.
1. The writer had heart disease because ______.
A.he was hurt when he was young
B.his father had heart disease
C.he didn't know how to take care of himself
D.he suffered another serious disease
A B C D
B
[解析] 由文章第一段第一句中的“I come from a family with a history of the heart disease.”可知，作者的心脏病是遗传的。故选B。
2. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A.The writer had never measured his blood cholesterol before thirty-one.
B.The writer was told by the doctor that he was at high risk of heart disease.
C.The writer had a family history of heart disease.
D.The writer was at risk of heart disease just because of his family history.
Kimiko Fukuda, a Japanese girl, always wondered what her dog was trying to say. Whenever she put on makeup, it would pull at her sleeve. 1 When the dog barks, she glances at a small electronic gadget (装置). The following "human" translation appears on its screen: "'Please take me with you.' I realized that's how he was feeling. " said Fukuda. The gadget is called Bowlingual, and it translates dog barks into feelings. People laughed when the Japanese toymaker Takara Company made the world's first dog-human translation machine in 2002. But 300,000 Japanese dog owners bought it. 2 "Nobody else had thought about it. " said Masahiko Kajita, who works for Takara. "We spend so much time training dogs to understand our orders; what would it be like if we could understand dogs?" Bowlingual has two parts. 3 The translation is done in the gadget using a database (资料库) containing every kind of bark. Based on animal behavior research, these noises are divided into six categories: happiness, sadness, frustration, anger, declaration and desire. 4 In this way, the database scientifically matches a bark to an emotion, which is then translated into one of 200 phrases. When a visitor went to Fukuda's house recently, the dog barked a loud "bow wow". This was translated as "Don't come this way". 5 The product will be available in U.S. pet stores this summer for about U.S. $120. It can store up to 100 barks, even recording the dog's emotions when the owner is away. A. A wireless microphone is attached to the dog's collar, which sends information to the gadget held by the owner. B. Nobody really knows how a dog feels. C. It was followed by "I'm stronger than you" as the dog growled (嗥叫) and sniffed (嗅) at the visitor. D. More customers are expected when the English version is launched this summer. E. Now, the Japanese girl thinks she knows. F. Each one of these emotions is then linked to a phrase like "Let's play" "Look at me" or "Spend more time with me".
I was six when I joined my father and two elder brothers at sunrise in the fields of Eufaula, Oklahoma. 1 the time I was eight I was helping Dad fix up old furniture. He gave me a cent for every nail I 2 out of old boards. I got my first real job, at JM's Restaurant in town, when I was 12. My main responsibilities (职责) were 3 tables and washing dishes, but sometimes I helped cook. Every day after school I would 4 to JM's and work until ten. Even on Saturdays, I worked from two until eleven. At that age it was difficult going to work and 5 my friends run off to swim or play. I didn't necessarily like work, but I loved what working 6 me to have. Because of my job I was always the one buying when my friends and I went to the local bar Tastee Freez. This made me 7 . Word that I was trustworthy and hard-working 8 around town. A local clothing store offered me credit (赊账) 9 I was only in the seventh grade. I immediately 10 a $68 sports coat and a $22 pair of shoes. I was 11 only 65 cents an hour, and I already owed the storekeeper $90 ! So I learned 12 the danger of easy credit. I paid it off as soon as I could. My first job taught me self-control and responsibility, it brought me a 13 of personal satisfaction few of my friends had experienced. As my father, 14 worked three jobs, once told me, "If you 15 sacrifice (奉献) and responsibility, there are not many things in life you can't have. " How right he was!
[解析] 该句意思是：在那么小的年龄就去工作是挺困难的，而且还要眼睁睁地看着别的孩子去游泳去玩。这里要特别注意作者当时心情的表达。watch sb. do sth. 意为“注视/监视某人做某事”，符合句意。help sb.(to) do sth. 帮助某人做某事；have sb. do sth. 叫/派/让某人做某事； let sb. do sth. 让某人做某事。
6.
A.asked
B.told
C.promised
D.allowed
A B C D
D
[解析] 该句意思是：我不是很喜欢工作，但我喜欢工作能够让我拥有的一切。ask/tell/allow sb. to do sth. 意为“要求/告诉/允许某人做某事”，在这种结构中，ask，tell的主语通常为人，allow的主语可为人或物；promise sb. to do sth.答应某人做某事，其主语也通常为人。故选D。
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