Turning once again to the question of invasion, I would observe that there has never been a period in all these long centuries of which we boast when an absolute guarantee against invasion, still less against serious raids, could have been given to our people. In the days of Napoleon the same wind which would have carried his transports across the Channel might have driven away the blockading (封锁) fleet. There was always the chance, and it is that chance which has excited and befooled (愚弄) the imaginations of many continental tyrants. Many are the tales that are told. We are assured that novel methods will be adopted, and when we see the originality of malice (怨恨), the ingenuity of aggression, which our enemy displays, we may certainly prepare ourselves for every kind of novel stratagem (战略) and every kind of brutal and treacherous (奸诈的) maneuver (花招). I think that no idea is so outlandish (古怪的) that it should not be considered and viewed with a searching, but at the same time, I hope, with a steady eye. We must never forget the solid assurances of sea power and those which belong to air power if it can be locally exercised. At any rate, that is what we are going to try to do. This is the resolve of His Majesty's government—every man of them. This is the will of parliament and the nation. The British Empire and the French republic, linked together in their cause and in their need, will defend to the death their native soil, aiding each other like good comrades to the utmost of their strength. Even though large tracts of Europe and many old and famous states have fallen or may fall into the grip of the Gestapo and all the odious (可憎的) apparatus of Nazi rule, we shall not flag (变弱) or fail. We shall go on to the end, we shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our island, whatever the cost might be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills, we shall never surrender, and even if, which I do not for a moment believe, this island or a large part of it were subjugated (征服) and starving, then our empire beyond the seas, armed and guarded by the British fleet, would carry on the struggle, until, in God's good time, the new world, with its power and might, steps forth to the rescue and the liberation of the old.
1. Throughout Britain's history, there has been no guarantee that an invasion would not happen.
What is a black hole? Well, it's difficult to answer this question, since the terms we normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are inadequate here. Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space (not a thing) into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape—not even light, so we can't see a black hole. A black hole exerts (施加) a strong gravitational (重力的) pull and yet it has no matter. Since the black hole is only space, we think. How can this happen? The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point; they "collapse" and sometimes a supernova (超新星) occurs. The collapse of a star may produce a "White Dwarf (白矮星)" of a "neutron star" —a star whose matter is so dense that it continually shrinks by the force of its own gravity. But if the star is very large this process of shrinking may be so intense that a black hole results. Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a marble, but still having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull, and you have some idea of the force of a black hole. Any matter near the black hole is sucked in. It is impossible to say what happens inside a black hole. Our space and time laws don't seem to apply to objects in the area of a black hole. Einstein's relativity theory is the only one that can explain such phenomena. Einstein claimed that matter and energy are interchangeable so that there is no "absolute" time and space. There are no constants at all, and measurements of time and space depend on the position of the observer—they are relative. Einstein's theory provided a basis for the idea of black holes before astronomers started to find some evidence for their existence. It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes. The most convincing evidence of black holes comes from research into binary (由两部分组成的) star systems. In some binary star systems, astronomers have shown that there is an invisible companion star, a "partner" to the one which we can see in the sky. There is one star, called by its catalogue number HDE 226868, which must have a partner. This partner star, it seems, has a mass ten or twenty times greater than the sun—yet we can't see it. Matter from HDE 226868 is being dragged towards this companion star. Could this invisible star, which exerts such a great force, be a black hole? Astronomers have evidence of a few other stars too, which might have black holes as companions.
1. Paragraph 1 ______. A. The convincing evidence of black holes B. The explosion of black holes C. The explanation of the black hole D. The definition of the black hole E. The origin of the universe F. The formation of the black hole
D。
[解析] 第一段没有主题句，但该段第一句“what is a black hole?”却起到了抛砖引玉的作用。由此推知，该段主要介绍了什么是黑洞，即对黑洞进行定义。D选项“The definition of the black hole”(黑洞的定义)与其意思一致，故D为正确答案。
2. Paragraph 2 ______.
F。
[解析] 第二段没有主题句，但首句提出问题：How can this happen?这里的this即指black hole，由此推知，该段主要阐释了黑洞是如何形成的。F选项“The formation of the black hole”与其意思一致，故F为正确答案。
3. Paragraph 3 ______.
C。
[解析] 第三段主题句为第二句，其意思是：爱因斯坦的相对论是唯一能解释黑洞现象的理论。C选项“The explanation of the black hole”与其意思相符，故C为正确答案。
4. Paragraph 4 ______.
A。
[解析] 第四段主题句为第一句，其意思是：目前最可靠的黑洞存在的证据来自于双星系统研究。A选项“The convincing evidence of black holies”与其意思一致，故A为正确答案。
5. We can not see the black hole because ______. A. there is no "absolute" space and time B. each star we see in the sky has an invisible companion star C. it is a region of space rather than being made up of by matters D. we can not see the black hole with our naked eye E. their intensity increases to a particular point F. these stars are hit by other stars
C。
[解析] 根据题干线索词see定位原文至第一段第三句：Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space (not a thing) into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape—not even light, so we can't see a black hole. 由此推断，画线部分为所需添加成分。而C选项是对该部分的同义改写，故C为正确答案。
6. Some stars would explode when ______.
E。
[解析] 根据题干线索词explode可定位原文至第二段第二句“The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point”，由此推断，题干所需添加成分即为画线部分。而E选项属于原文复现，故E为正确答案。
7. According to Einstein, matter and energy are interchangeable so that ______.
A。
[解析] 根据题干线索词Einstein定位原文至第三段，其中第三句提到Einstein claimed that matter and energy are interchangeable so that there is no "absolute" time and space，由此可知，画线部分即为所需添加成分。而A选项属于原文复现，故A为正确答案。
8. In the binary star system, the astronomers demonstrate that ______.
B。
[解析] 根据题干线索词the binary star system和astronomers定位原文至最后一段第二句“In some binary star systems, astronomers have shown that there is an invisible companion star, a 'partner' to the one which we can see in the sky”，其中题干中的demonstrate与show为同义词，由此推知，题干所需添加成分即为画线部分。B选项是对原文的同义改写，故B为正确答案。
第4部分：阅读理解 下面有三篇短文，每篇短文后有五道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定一个最佳选项。
第一篇
Ancient Egypt Brought Down by Famine
Even ancient Egypt's mighty pyramid (金字塔) builders were powerless in the face of the famine (饥荒) that helped bring down their civilization around 2180 B. C. Now evidence collected from mud deposited by the River Nile suggests that a shift in climate thousands of kilometers to the south was ultimately to blame—and the same or worse could happen today. The ancient Egyptians depended on the Nile's annual floods to irrigate their crops. But any change in climate that pushed the African monsoons (季风) southwards out of Ethiopia would have reduced these floods. Declining rains in the Ethiopian highlands would have meant fewer plants to stabilize the soil. When rain did fall it would have washed large amounts of soil into the Blue Nile and into Egypt, along with sediment (沉积) from the White Nile. Blue Nile mud has a different isotope (同位素) signature from that of the white Nile. So by analyzing isotope differences in mud deposited in the Nile Delta. Michael Krom of Leeds University worked out what proportion of sediment came from each branch of the river. Krom reasons that during periods of drought, the amount of Blue Nile mud in the river would be relatively high. He found that one of these periods, from 4,500 to 4,200 years ago, immediately came before the fall of the Egypt's old Kingdom. The weakened waters would have been disaster for the Egyptians. "Changes that affect food supply don't have to be very large to have a ripple (波浪) effect in societies," says Bill Ryan of the Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory in New York. Similar events today could be even more devastating, says team member Daniel Stanley. A scientist from the Smithsonian Institution in Washington D.C. "Anything humans do to shift the climate belts would have an even worse effect along the Nile system today because the populations have increased dramatically."
1. Why does the author mention "Egypt's mighty pyramid builders"?
A.Because they once worked miracles.
B.Because they were well-built.
C.Because they were actually very weak.
D.Because even they were unable to rescue their civilization.
Using enzymes commonly found in living cells, a new type of fuel cell produces small amounts of electricity from sugar. If the technology is able to succeed in mass production, you may some day share your sweet drinks with your cell phone. In fuel cells, chemical reactions generate electrical currents. The process usually relies on precious metals, such as platinum. In living cells, enzymes perform a similar job, breaking down sugars to obtain electrons and produce energy. When researchers previously used enzymes in fuel cells, they had trouble keeping them active, says Shelley D. Minteer of St Louis University. Whereas biological cells continually produce fresh enzymes, there's no mechanism in fuel cells to replace enzymes as they quickly degrade. Minteer and Tamara Klotzbach, also of St Louis University, have now developed polymers that wrap around an enzyme and preserve it in a microscopic pocket. "We tailor these pockets to provide the ideal microenvironment" for the enzyme, Minteer says. The polymers keep the enzyme active for months instead of days. In the new fuel cell, tiny polymer bags of enzyme are embedded in a membrane that coats one of the electrodes. When glucose from a sugary liquid gets into a pocket, the enzyme oxidizes it, releasing electrons and protons. The electrons cross the membrane and enter a wire through which they travel to the other electrode, where they react with oxygen in the atmosphere to produce water. The flow of electrons through the wire constitutes an electrical current that can generate power. So far, the new fuel cells don't produce much power, but the fact that they work at all is exciting, says Paul Kenis, a chemical engineer at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. "Just getting it to work," Kenis says, "is a major accomplishment." Sugar-eating fuel cells could be an efficient way to make electricity. Sugar is easy to find. And the new fuel cells that run on it are biodegradable, so the technology wouldn't hurt the environment. The scientists are now trying to use different enzymes that will get more power from sugar. They predict that popular products may be using the new technology in as little as 3 years.
1. According to the first paragraph, when can we share our sweet drinks with our cell phones?
A.When enzymes can be commonly found in living cells.
B.When the technology of producing a new type of fuel cell appears.
C.When the technology of a new type of fuel cell is suitable for mass production.
D.When the technology of mass producing cell phones appears.
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节考查题。只有当这种新的燃料电池被大规模生产时，才有可能实现用甜饮料给手机提供电能。
2. What trouble did Minteer and Klotzbach have in their research?
A.They had trouble keeping enzymes in fuel cells active.
B.They had trouble keeping biological cells active.
C.They had trouble producing fresh enzymes.
D.They had trouble finding mechanism for producing enzymes.
A B C D
A
[解析] 细节考查题。参见文章第三段第一句。
3. According to Paragraph 5, electrons are released ______.
A.when bags of enzyme are embedded in the new fuel cell
B.when glucose from a sugary liquid goes through the enzyme
C.when the enzyme oxidizes the glucose from a sugary liquid that goes through a pocket
D.when the enzyme oxidizes the sugary liquid that goes through a pocket
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节考查题。参见本段第二句。it指代glucose。
4. What is exciting about the new fuel cells?
A.Their limitless power generation capacity is amazing.
B.Their limited power generation capacity is a good beginning.
C.Their limited power generation capacity is the result of great efforts.
D.Their limitless power generation capacity is a major accomplishment.
A company must determine whether or not to apply for trademark protection under the federal Lanham Act of 1946 or state law. A trademark gives a firm exclusive use of a "word, symbol, combination of letters or numbers, or other devices such as distinctive packaging used to identify the goods of one company and to distinguish them from other companies" for as long as they are marketed. Trademarks are voluntary and require a registration procedure that can be time consuming, complex, and expensive. A multinational firm must register trademarks in every country in which it operates. In order for a trademark to be legally protected, it must have a distinctive meaning that does not describe an entire product category, not be confusingly similar to other trademarks, be used in interstate commerce, and not imply characteristics that the product does not possess. A surname by itself cannot be registered, because anyone can do business under his or her name. However, a surname can be registered if used to describe a specific business (e. g., Roy Rogers Restaurants). When brands become too popular or descriptive of a product category, they run the risk of becoming public property. Then a firm loses its trademark position. Brands that are fighting to remain exclusive trademarks include Xerox, Levis Frigidaire, Formica, Kleenex, and Teflon. Brands of former trademarks that are now considered generic and therefore public property are cellophane (赛璐芬), aspirin, kerosene (煤油), cola, linoleum (漆布), and monopoly. DuPont used careful research to retain a trademark for Teflon. As company survey showed that 68 percent of the consumers questioned identified Teflon as a brand name. This enabled DuPont to win a court case against a Japanese firm using the name Teflon. On the other hand, the US Supreme Court ruled that "Monopoly" was a generic term that could be used by any game maker. Likewise, a federal court ruled that Miller could not trademark the single word Lite for its lower calorie (低热量) beer. Trademark protection is essential to many firms because exclusive use of brands and symbols enables them to maintain long established images and market shares.
1. According to the passage, a trademark can ______.
A.exclude other firms from a business
B.include only one firm in the business
C.help to identify the goods of one firm as exclusive
D.distinguish the goods of one firm from those of other firms
A B C D
D
[解析] 细节考查题。参见第一段第二句。
2. Which of the following statements is not true according to the second paragraph?
A.A firm can use a trademark without application for trademark protection.
B.A multinational firm has different trademarks in different countries in which it operates.
C.A trademark of a product must be so special as to distinguish the product from other similar products.
D.A surname can be used as a trademark for a specific business.
A B C D
B
[解析] 细节考查题。选项A、C、D都符合原文内容。
3. They run the risk of becoming public property. It means one of the following: ______.
A.They are likely to be used by the general public
B.It is risky for them to be used by the general public
C.It will be dangerous if they become public property
More and more Americans are living alone. Some live alone because of divorce or the death of a partner. 1 According to a recent US census (人口普查), 25 percent of all households in the US are made up of just one person. This is a dramatic change from the extended families of just a couple of generations ago. The typical person living alone is neither old nor lonely. 2 The majority of these people have chosen to live alone. They are responding to decreasing social pressure to get married and have a family. It's now socially acceptable, even fashionable, to live alone. As people get better jobs and become financially independent, it becomes possible for them to maintain one person household. 3 However, people who do get married are marrying at a later age and divorcing more often. The number one reason given by most people for living alone is that they simply enjoy doing what they want when they want to do it. "Living alone is a luxury," says Nina Hagiwara, "Once you do it, you can't ever go back to living with others." David C' Debaca, agrees. 4 Children think that being grown up means being able to do exactly as they please. 5 The chance to discover whether that freedom is as wonderful as it sounds is a chance more and more Americans are taking. A. There's more pressure to get married nowadays. B. The growing number of women with good jobs has done much to increase the number of people living alone. C. However, even more people are living alone because they have chosen to. D. It seems that many grown-ups today are realizing that childhood dream. E. In fact, a quarter of the 23 million single people in the US are under the age of 35. F. He says, "I like being by myself."
On the average, Americans waste as much energy as two-thirds of the world's population consumes. That is largely the 1 of driving inefficient cars, using inefficient appliances (设备), and living and working in poorly insulated (隔热) buildings. Then what can you do to 2 the situation? Buy energy-efficient products. —Buy new appliances or electronics of the highest energy-efficiency rating. New energy-efficient models may cost more initially, but have a lower operating 3 over their lifetimes. The most energy-efficient models 4 the Energy Star label, which identifies products 5 use 20-40 percent less energy than standard new products. According to the EPA (美国环境保护署), the typical American household can save about $400 per year in 6 bills with products that carry the Energy Star. Switch to compact fluorescent bulbs (荧光灯). —Change the three bulbs you use 7 in your house to compact fluorescens. Each compact fluorescent bulb will keep half a ton of CO2 out of the air 8 its lifetime. 9 , compact fluorescent bulbs last ten times as long and can save $30 per year in electricity costs. Set heating and cooling temperatures correctly. —Check thermostats (温度自动调节器) in your home to make sure they are 10 at a level that doesn't waste energy. Turn off the lights. —Turn off lights and other electrical appliances such as televisions and radios when you're not 11 them. Install automatic timers for lights that people in your house frequently 12 to turn them off when leaving a room. Let the sun shine in. —The cheapest and most energy-efficient light and heat source is often right outside your window. On 13 days, open blinds (百叶窗) to let the sun light your home for free. Also remember that 14 entering a room equals passive solar heating. Even on cold winter days, sun streaming into a room can raise the temperature by several 15 .
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