Section A Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.
1. The Social Security Retirement Program is made up of two trust funds, ______ could go penniless by next year.
3. Andrew, my father' s younger brother, will not be at the picnic, ______ to the family' s disappointment.
A.much
B.more
C.too much
D.much more
A B C D
A
[解析] 本题考查程度副词much的用法。 [详细解答] 本句中的程度副词much作状语，修饰介词短语 to the family's disappointment来加强语气。因本题井无比较对象，因而不用比较级more和much more，所以不能选[B]和 [D]。由于too much不能与介词to连用，故选项[C]也是错误的。那么选项[A]是唯一正确的。much to one's disappointment为固定习惯用语，意为“使某人大失所望”。
4. I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I ______ fully occupied the whole of last week.
6. The chief reason for the population growth isn't so much a rise in birth rates ______ a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.
A.and
B.as
C.but
D.or
A B C D
B
[解析] 本题考查对固定搭配的掌握。 [详细解答] not so much…as是固定搭配，意为“与其说是……不如说是……”，故选项[B]为正确答案。
7. He claims to be an expert in astronomy, but in actual fact he is quite ignorant on the subject. ______ he knows about it is out of date and inaccurate.
9. Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone ______ to the system, so does the value of a computer system increase with each program that turns out.
A.adding
B.to have added
C.to add
D.added
A B C D
D
[解析] 本题考查介词with的用法。 [详细解答] 从结构上看，本句前后两个分句都带有一个with介词短语。而介词宾语后边又分别有一个后置的定语。“with+名词/代词+分词”为一常用结构，each new phone与 odd是动宾关系，故选项[D]为正确答案。
10. The vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and American English are so trivial and few as hardly
A.noticed
B.to be noticed
C.being noticed
D.to notice
A B C D
B
[解析] 本题考查，so as to结构的用法。 [详细解答] so as to引导的不定式作结果状语。so as to或 in order to+不定式常作目的状语。本题中不定式与句子的主语之间是动宾关系，因此应选用不定式的被动形式。
Section B Directions: Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.
1. Although Professor Green's lectures usually ran over the fifty-minute period, but none of his students ever objected as they found his lectures both informative and interesting. A. over B. fifty- minute C. but none D. ever
2. When Edison died, it was proposed that the American people turned offall power in their homes, streets, and factories for several minutes in honor of this great man. A. When B. turned off C. all power D. in honor of
3. They pointed out the damage which they supposed that had been done by last night's storm. A. pointed out B. which C. that D. night's
C，去掉that。
[解析] 本题测试连接手段。 [详细解答] 本句是带定语从句的复合句。定语从句中 which是主语，had been done是谓语。they suppose从语法上讲应该属于插入成分。那么that在此无任何语法功能，故应该去掉。
4. Because of the recent accidents, our parents forbid my brother and me from swimming in the river unless someone agrees to watch over us. A. Because of B. swimming C. unless D. to watch
B，改against swimming为to swim。
[解析] 本题考查对惯用搭配的掌握。 [详细解答] forbid sb. to do sth．为固定搭配，意为“禁止某人做某事”。
5. A great many teachers firmly believe that English is one of the poorest-taught subjects in high schools at present. A. A great many B. firmly C. poorest-taught D. at present
6. In this way these insects show an efficient use of their sound-produced ability, organizing two sounds delivered at a high rate as one call. A. sound-produced B. organizing C. delivered D. call
8. For him to be re-elected, what is essential is not that his policy works, but that the public believe that it is. A. to be re-elected B. works C. but that D. is
10. I'd say whenever you are going after something that is belonging to you, anyone who is depriving you of the right to have it is criminal. A. are going B. is belonging C. is depriving D. criminal
Section C Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.
1. When workers are organized in trade unions, employers find it hard to lay them ______.
2. The wealth of a country should be measured ______ the health and happiness of its people as well as the material goods it can produce.
A.in line with
B.in terms of
C.in regard with
D.by means of
A B C D
B
[解析] 本题考查对固定搭配的掌握。 [详细解答] in line with意为“与……一致”，常用作表语，作状语时意为“按照”；in terms of意为“就……而论，谈到……”；in regard不能与with构成短语；by means of意为“借助于……”。根据题意，只有in terms of合乎题意，故选项 [B]为正确答案。
3. He has failed me so many times that I no longer place any ______ on what he promises.
12. I tried very hard to persuade him to join our group but I met with a flat ______.
A.disapproval
B.rejection
C.refusal
D.decline
A B C D
C
[解析] 本题为名词词义辨析题。 [词义辨析] disapproval意为“不赞成，不许可”，是动词disapprove的名词形式。decline意为“逐渐衰落，衰败”rejection，refusal均有“拒绝”之意，但在表示“遭到拒绝”时，通常其搭配分别为to get/meet with a refusal，to have many rejections。故选项[C]为正确答案。
13. From this material we can ______ hundreds of what you may call direct products.
15. What seems confusing or fragmented at first might well become ______ a third time.
A.clean and measurable
B.notable and systematic
C.pure and wholesome
D.clear and organic
A B C D
D
[解析] 本题为形容词词义辨析题。 [词义辨析] clean and measurable意为“清洁并可测量的”； notable and systematic意为“值得注意的且系统的”；pure and wholesome意为“纯净且有益健康的”；clear and organic意为“清晰而有机联系的”。在此四个选项中，只有[D]与题干中的confusing or fragmented意思相对应。
16. The public opinion was that the time was not ______ for the election of such a radical candidate as Mr. Jones.
A.reasonable
B.ripe
C.ready
D.practical
A B C D
B
[解析] 本题为形容词词义辨析题。 [词义辨析] reasonable指人或行为“明理的，理智的”；ripe意为“成熟的”；ready用于句型be ready for/to do sth，意为“准备好(做某事)或已准备好的”；practical意为“实际的，现实的”。题中所需形容词应说明名词time的特点，还要与radical保持逻辑卜的——致。而选项[B]能最好的表达“较激进入当选的时机尚不成熟”这一含义，故为正确答案。
17. Hudson said he could not kill a living thing except for the ______ of hunger.
18. For the new country to survive, ______ for its people to enjoy prosperity, new economic policies will be required.
A.to name a few
B.let alone
C.not to speak
D.let's say
A B C D
B
[解析] 本题考查对固定搭配的掌握： [详细解答] to name a few意为“提及，列举……”；let alone意为“更不必说，还不算”，后可按名词或不定式短语；没有 not to speak这一搭配，但not to speak of是习语，意为“更不用说……”；let's say意为“假定说，譬如说”。根据题意，选项[B]为正确答案。
19. Foreign disinvestment and the ______ of South Africa from world capital markets after 1985 further weakened its economy.
Part Ⅱ Gloze Test Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. Manpower Inc. , with 560,000 workers, is the world's largest temporary employment agency. Every morning, its people 1 into the offices and factories of America, seeking a day's work for a day's pay. One day at a time, 2 industrial giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive 3 reducing the number of employees, Manpower, based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is booming. 4 its economy continues to recover, the US is increasingly becoming a nation of part - timers and temporary workers. This" 5 "work force is the most important 6 in American business today, and it is 7 changing the relationship between people and their jobs. The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive 8 avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens 9 by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension plans. For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of 10 that came from being a loyal employee.
Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension Directions: Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A] , [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.
Passage 1 It was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the group's online service, Death NET. Says Hofsess: "We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn't just something that happened in Australia. It's world history." The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill law has left physicians and citizens a like trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right - to - life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia -- where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part -- other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right-lo-die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling. Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death -- probably by a deadly injection or pill -- to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors. After a "cooling off" period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. For Lloyd Nickson, a 54 -year- old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally HI law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition. "I'm not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how I'd go, because I've watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks," he says.
1. From the second paragraph we learn that ______.
A.the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countries
B.physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasia
C.changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the law
D.it takes time to realize the significance of the law's passage
A B C D
D
[解析] 短文第二段的首句说“The full import may take while to sink in”(这一立法的深刻意义可能要过一段时间才能为人们所理解)，它是本段的主题句，其意与选项[D]的意思相吻合，故为正确答案。
2. When the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling, he means ______.
A.observers are taking a wait- and- see attitude towards the future of euthanasia
B.similar bills are likely to be passed in the US, Canada and other countries
C.observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoes
D.the effect - taking process of the passed bill may finally come to a stop
Passage 2 A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions Small - minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment. For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world. The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn't take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation. Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. "I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner -- amazing. "Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are nor always understood properly. The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition. As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions under lies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to "translate" cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word "friend" ,the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor's language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.
1. In the eyes of visitors from the outside world ______.
A.rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US
B.small- minded officials deserve a serious comment
C.Canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors
D.most Americans arc ready to offer help
A B C D
D
[解析] 短文开头就说：“A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly，couscous，and helpful most Americans were to them．”(去美国访问的人经常带回报告说，大多数美国人对他们友善、好客、乐于助人)这与选项[D]“大多数美国人乐于助人”的意思一致，故为正确答案。
2. It could be inferred from the last paragraph that ______.
A.culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship
B.courteous convention and individual interest are interrelated
C.various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends
D.social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions
A B C D
A
[解析] 在本文末段开头作者指出：“As is true of any developed society，in America a complex set of cultural signals， assumptions，and conventions underlies all social interrelation ships．”(在美国，所有的社会交往都要受一套复杂的文化特征、文化构想和文化习俗的制约)，这与选项[A]“文化对社会交往会产生影响”的意思一致，故为正确答案。
3. Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers ______.
4. The tradition of hospitality to strangers ______.
A.tends to be superficial and artificial
B.is generally well kept up in the United States
C.is always understood properly
D.has something to do with the busy tourist trails
A B C D
B
[解析] 文章第四段第二句说“Yet，the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US”(美国人的好客传统至今仍然盛行不衰)，这与选项[B]“在美国大体上保持完好”的意思一致，故为正确答案。
Passage 3 Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They don't realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists, The phrase" substance abuse" is often used instead of" drug abuse" to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine. We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued. Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depress ants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down. Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations. These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning" mind-manifesting") because they seemed to radically alter one's state of consciousness.
1. "Substance abuse" (Line 5, Paragraph 1) is preferable to "drug abuse" in that ______.
A.substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used
B."drug abuse" is only related to a limited number of drug takers
C.alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine
D.many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous
A B C D
D
[解析] 文中第一段说到The phrase "substance abuse" is often used instead of "drug abuse" to make clear that sub stances such as alcohol and tobacco call be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine．(他们常用“物质滥用”而不用“药物滥用”来清楚表明滥用酒精和烟草这样的物质同滥用海洛因和可卡因一样有害)，这与选项[D]“除了海洛因和可卡因外，许多其他物质也可能是有毒的”意思相近，其中“也可能是有毒的”暗指“如果不适量使用，也会造成毒性反应”，故[D]为正确答案。
2. The word "pervasive" (Line 1, Paragraph 2) might mean ______.
4. From the last paragraph we can infer that ______.
A.stimulants function positively on the mind
B.hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health
C.depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances
D.the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groups
A B C D
B
[解析] 短文最后一段第三句说“Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception，distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations．”(幻觉剂主要作用于人的感知觉，以各种不同的方式对感知觉加以扭曲和改变，其中包括产生幻觉)，由此可知选项[B]“幻觉剂本身就对健康有害”是正确的。
Passage 4 No company likes to be told it is contributing to the moral decline of a nation. "Is this what yon intended to accomplish with your careers?" Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. "You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?" At Time Warner, however, such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990. It's a self -examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line. At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992. On the financial front, Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and reduce the company's mountainous debt, which will increase to $17.3 billion after two new cable deals close. He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company, but investors are waiting impatiently. The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the company's rap music on the grounds of expression. In 1992, when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice -T's violent rap song Cop Killer, Levin described rap as a lawful expression of street culture, which deserves an outlet. "The test of any democratic society," he wrote in a Wall Streel Journal column, "lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. We won't retreat in the face of any threats." Levin would not comment on the debate last week, but there were signs' that the chairman was backing off his hard- line stand, at least to some extent, During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month's stockholders' meeting, Levin asserted that "music is not the cause of society's ills" and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students. But he talked as well about the "balanced struggle" between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music. The 15 - member Time Warner board is generally supportive of Levin and his corporate strategy. But insiders say several of them have shown their concerns in this matter. "Some of us have known for many, many years that the freedoms under the First Amendment are not totally unlimited," says Luce," I think it is perhaps the case that some people associated with the company have only recently come to realize this."
1. Senator Robert Dole criticized Time Warner for ______.
A.its raising of the corporate stock price
B.its self - examination of soul
C.its neglect of social responsibility
D.its emphasis on creative freedom
A B C D
C
[解析] 本文开头提到：没有哪家公司愿意听到别人说他们败坏了社会风气。然而，时代一华纳公司最近却为此受到参议员多尔的谴责：“You have sold your souls，but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?”(你们已经出卖了自己的灵魂，难道你们一定要使我们的民族道德沦丧，使我们的儿童受到威胁吗?)，由此可见，多尔批评时代一华纳公司显然是因为它缺乏社会责任感，这与选项[C]“无视社会责任”的意思一致，故为正确答案。
2. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE? A. Luce is a spokesman of Time Warner. B. Gerald Levin is liable to compromise. C. Time Warner is united as one in the face of the debate.D. Steve Ross is no longer alive.
A B C D
D
[解析] 短文第二段第一句说“…who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992”(他是在1992年取代已故董事长史蒂夫·罗斯的)，由此可知“late”的意思是“已故的”，故选项[D]为正确答案。
3. In face of the recent attacks on the company, the chairman ______.
A.stuck to a strong stand to defend freedom of expression
B.softened his tone and adopted some new policy
C.changed his attitude and yielded to objection
D.received more support from the 15 - member board
Passage 5 Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as "steering the economy to a soft landing" or "a touch on the brakes", makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain. And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy. Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rear view mirror and a faulty steering wheel. Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below the double - digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s. It is also less than most forecasters had predicated, In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist Polls each month said that America's inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995, In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and is expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America. Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America's, have little productive slack, America's capacity utilization, for example, his historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate (5.6% in August) has fallen be low most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment -- the rate below which inflation has taken off on the past. Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.
1. From the passage we learn that ______.
A.there is a definite relationship between inflation and interest rates
B.economy will always follow certain models
C.the economic situation is better than expected
D.economists had foreseen the present economic situation
A B C D
C
[解析] 根据第二段首句中的had much to boast about (值得吹嘘一番)和第四段首句中particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures(对有利的通货膨胀数字感到惊奇不已)可知，选项[C]为正确答案。
2. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?
A.Making monetary policies is comparable to driving a car.
B.An extremely low jobless rate will lead to inflation.
C.A high unemployment rate will result from inflation.
D.Interest rates have an immediate effect on the economy.
3. The sentence "This is no flash in the pan" (Line 5, Paragraph 3) means that ______.
A.the low inflation rate will last for some time
B.the inflation rate will soon rise
C.the inflation will disappear quickly
D.there is no inflation at present
A B C D
A
[解析] 短文第三段告诉我们，美国这样低的通货膨胀率是经济学家始料不及的。在英国和日本，也比去年预测的低半个百分点。本段最后又提到：英、美两国过去两年间的通货膨胀率一直比预计的要低。而选项There is no flash in the pan这一成语的意思是“这种情况不是昙花一现”，它与选项[A]“低通货膨胀率将持续一段时间”的意思最接近，故为正确答案。
4. The passage shows that the author is ______ the present situation
A.critical of
B.puzzled by
C.disappointed at
D.amazed at
A B C D
D
[解析] 短文第三段第一句话说：“It is also less than most forecasters had predicated．”(通货膨胀率比大多数人预测的要低)，短文第四段第一句话又说：“Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States．”(英、美两国有利的通货膨胀数字大大出乎经济学家的意料)，由此可知选项[D]amazed(惊讶)最能说明作者的态度，故为正确答案。
Part Ⅳ English - Chinese Translation Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET Ⅱ.
Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground - clearing way to start. 71 Actually, it isn't because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, Which is something the world does not have. On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none. 72 Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. Therefore. animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd, for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights. However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people -- for instance, to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations. In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have fur people who never consented to it, how do you reply to somebody who says "I don't like this contract" ? The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless. 73 It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. This is a false choice. Better lo start with another, more fundamental question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all? Many deny it. 74 Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake -- a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans. This view which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely "logical". In fact it is simply shallow: the confused centre is right to reject it. The most elemental' form of moral reasoning -- the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl -- is to weigh others' interests against one's own. This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without which there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy. 75 When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is a mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.
Part Ⅴ Writing Directions: A. Study the following set of pictures carefully and write an essay in no less than 120 words. B. Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET Ⅱ. C. Your essay should cover all the information provided and meet the requirements.
1. below: 1. Interpret the following pictures. 2. Predict the tendency of tobacco consumption and give your reason.
[参考范文] As is shown in the first picture, the total production of tobacco in the world dropped from 14,364 million billion, in 1994. According to the figures given in picture two, cigarette smokers account for 20 percent of the total population in the world, reaching 1.1 billion persons. First, it is a tremendous waste of money. The total amount of money spent on cigarette smoking amounts to, $ 200 billion every year. Second, about 3 million people on the globe die of smoking every year. As far as the tendency of tobacco consumption is concerned, I think in some developed countries the consumption will more or less stabilize. In many developing nations, however, the number of cigarette smokers will be on the rise. There are two good reasons for what I've mentioned above. On the one hand, a growing number of people in developed countries realize that smoking pollutes the air, that it does a lot of harm to one's health, and that it may be responsible for lung cancer and many other diseases. On the other hand, cigarette smoking, unfortunately, is seen as a sign of economic growth in many developing countries. It is clear that the future tobacco consumption will vary from country to country.
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