Section Ⅰ Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories 1 on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior 2 they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through 3 with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in 4 to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status, 5 as a rejection of middle-class values. Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, 6 the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes 7 lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are 8 to criticism. Changes in the social structure may indirectly 9 juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that 10 to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment 11 make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in 12 lead more youths into criminal behavior. Families have also 13 changes these years. More families consist of one-parent households or two working parents; 14 , children are likely to have less supervision at home 15 was common in the traditional family 16 . This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other 17 causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased 18 of drugs and alcohol, and the growing 19 of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, 20 a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.
[考点] 考查逻辑关系。 [解析] A．在……之前，表时间；B．如果不，除非，表条件；C．直到……才，表时间；D．因为，表因果。 从结构上看，本题的空格在一个由that引导的宾语从句中：Theories suggest that...该从句含有两个完整的分句：children engage in criminal behavior和they were not sufficiently penalized。从语义上看，这两个分句说明“儿童以前的不良行为没有及时受到惩处”就是“儿童犯罪”的原因之一，两者之间是因果关系。选项中只有连词because表因果，因此D是正确答案。
3.
A.interaction
B.assimilation
C.cooperation
D.consultation
A B C D
A
[考点] 考查名词短语辨析。 [解析] A．与……的互相作用，互相影响；B．适应、同化、融入……；C．与……的合作；D．和……的商议。 空格处的词要与with others搭配构成名词短语，作through的介词宾语，由此可以排除assimilation，它不能与with搭配。然后，空格所在的分句的主谓宾是they have learned criminal behavior(孩子们学会犯罪)，是负面内容，through (3) with others(和其他人的……)是途径或方式，也应是中性偏负面的内容，选项中只有interaction with others符合，意为“和他人的相互影响”，即受到坏人的影响(而学会了犯罪)。注意cooperation with多为褒义，而且也不能说是“通过合作”来学会犯罪。
[考点] 考查逻辑关系。 [解析] A．或者，表并列；B．but rather不是固定搭配；C．而是，表转折；D．否则，要不然。 从结构上看，in response to their failure和as a rejection of middle-class values都是commit crimes的状语，是一种并列关系。从语意上看，社会影响理论强调孩子犯罪有两个方面的原因：一是社会经济方面；二是社会价值观方面。二者也是并列关系，空格处需要一个表并列的连词来连接，所以or正确。
[考点] 考查上下文语义和动词词义辨析。 [解析] A．影响，感动，感染；B．减少，缩小，还原；C．检查，制止，核对；D．反射，反映，表现。 空格处需填入一个谓语动词，其主语是Changes in the social structure(社会结构的变化)，indirectly(间接地)对宾语juvenile crime rates(青少年犯罪率)做的动作。首先，由于语义不通而排除check；其次，reflect也不合适，从逻辑上讲，只能是“犯罪率(的变化)反映了社会结构的变迁”，而不能反过来说“社会结构的变化反映了犯罪率(的变化)”；再次，由于上下文中不涉及犯罪率高低变化问题，可排除reduce。所以，affect词义相符，表示“社会结构的变化间接地影响了少年犯罪率”。
10.
A.point
B.lead
C.come
D.amount
A B C D
B
[考点] 考查上下文语义和动词短语辨析。 [解析] A．指向，指明，让人注意到；B．通向，导致，引起，造成；C．谈及，到达，共计，恢复知觉；D．总计，等于，等同，接近。 空格所在从句的主语是that的先行词changes in the economy(经济变化)，谓语是空格处填人的动词与to的搭配，宾语是。fewer job opportunities(减少的工作机会)。首先，四个选项中的动词都可与to搭配，因此要从句意上做判断。其次，逻辑词for example表明下面要具体论述上文提到的影响，因此这个动作类似于“影响”，体现了一种因果关系。四个选项中能够表达因果关系的只有lead to，意为“经济变化导致年轻人就业机会减少和失业率上升”。
11.
A.in general
B.on average
C.by contrast
D.at length
A B C D
A
[考点] 考查句内语义和固定短语。 [解析] A．通常，一般说来；B．平均起来；C．对比起来；D．最后，终于，充分地，详细地。 空格所在句的结构完整：changes in the economy(主语)make(谓语)employment(宾语)difficult to obtain(宾补)。填入空格的短语显然只能作状语来修饰谓语。根据句子的含义“(导致年轻人工作机会减少，失业率上升)的经济变化______使收入丰厚的工作很难被找到”，只有in general放入后符合逻辑，因此它表示一种普遍规律：经济形势不好，一般就业就很困难。
[考点] 考查上下文语义和名词词义辨析。 [解析] A．系统，体系，体制；B．结构，构造；C．观念，概念；D．遗产，传统。 空格与families consist of one-parent households or two working parents中的families是相对照的，后者为现代家庭的组成方式即结构，那么前者空格处也应相应地填入表“结构”含义的词。另外，第3段首句提到了changes in the social structure，接下来依次提到了changes in the economy和Families have also experienced changes，因此后面两个变化是第一个变化的分述，即从社会结构谈到经济结构和家庭结构，而且后面提到“单亲和双职工家庭”等也确实是在谈论家庭结构问题。因此，空格处应填入这个不止一次出现的关键词“structure”。
17.
A.assessable
B.identifiable
C.negligible
D.incredible
A B C D
B
[考点] 考查形容词用法辨析。 [解析] A．可估价的，容易接近、得到和使用的；B．可以确认的；C．可以忽略的，不予重视的；D．难以置信的，惊人的。 空格的前文是lack of parental supervision is an influence(影响，原因)on juvenile crime rates，下文是Other ______causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school...，因此填入空格的形容词首先要可以修饰causes。其次，根据句意，“其他……的原因”言外之意就是前面提到的是“一个……的原因”，也就是说这个形容词是上下文提到的所有原因的共同特点。上文提到的原因是“缺乏管教”，下文提到的原因是“在学校里形成的挫败感或学习不及格、酗酒、毒品、虐待儿童等”。四个选项中只有identifiable是所有原因的共同特点，即这些原因都是人们已经有所了解的。
18.
A.expense
B.restriction
C.allocation
D.availability
A B C D
D
[考点] 考查上下文语义和名词词义辨析。 [解析] A．费用，代价；B限制，约束；C．分配，安置；D．可获得性，有效性，实用性。 空格处填入的名词需要同时被increased和drugs and alcohol修饰，描述造成青少年犯罪的一种原因。首先可排除allocation，因为它不能被increased修饰；其次，从逻辑上讲，“毒品和酒精的价钱(expense)提高”“对毒品和酒精的限制(restriction)增多”都不应该是造成犯罪的原因，反而有可能减少犯罪。只有“(青少年)越来越容易接触(availability)毒品和酒精”才可能引起犯罪，故选D。
19.
A.exposure
B.awareness
C.incidence
D.popularity
A B C D
C
[考点] 考查上下文语义和名词词义辨析。 [解析] A．暴露，揭露；B．意识，知道；C．发生(率)；D．普及，流行，出名。 与上一小题类似，空格处填入的名词需要同时被growing和child abuse and child neglect修饰，描述造成青少年犯罪的另一种原因。由于四个选项都可以被growing修饰，解题的关键只能是根据逻辑语义做出判断。首先，“儿童受虐待和得不到关怀现象的日益普及(popularity)”明显不可能；其次，“不断意识(awareness)到儿童受虐待和得不到关怀”和“不断暴露(exposure)儿童受虐待和得不到关怀”不但不是犯罪发生的原因，反而有利于减少犯罪。只有“儿童受虐待和得不到关怀事件(的发生)(incidence)日益增多”才符合文意，故选C。
Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.
Text 1 America's education system has become less a ladder of opportunity than a structure to transmit inequality from one generation to the next. That's why school reform is so critical. This is an issue of equality, opportunity and national conscience. It's not just about education, but about poverty and justice. It's true that the main reason inner-city schools do poorly isn't teachers' unions, but poverty. Southern states without strong teachers' unions have schools at least as awful as those in union states. Some Chicago teachers seem to think that they shouldn't be held accountable until poverty is solved. There're steps we can take that would make some difference, and Mayor Rahm Emanuel is trying some of them—yet the union is resisting. I'd be sympathetic if the union focused solely on higher compensation. Teachers need to be much better paid to attract the best college graduates to the nation's worst schools. But, instead, the Chicago union seems to be using its political capital primarily to protect weak performers. There's solid evidence that there are huge differences in the effectiveness of teachers. The gold standard study by Harvard and Columbia University scholars found that even in high-poverty schools, teachers consistently had a huge positive or negative impact. Get a bottom 1% teacher, and the effect is the same as if a child misses 40% of the school year. Get a teacher from the top 20%, and it's as if a child has gone to school for an extra month or two. The study found that strong teachers in the fourth through eighth grades raised the skills of their students in ways that would last for decades. Just having a strong teacher for one elementary year left pupils a bit less likely to become mothers as teenagers, a bit more likely to go to college and earning more money at age 28. How does one figure out who is a weak teacher? Yes, that's a challenge. But researchers are improving systems to measure a teacher's performance throughout the year, and, with three years of data, it's usually possible to tell which teachers are failing. Unfortunately, the union in Chicago is insisting that teachers who are laid off—often for being ineffective—should get priority in new hiring. That's an insult to students. Teaching is so important that it should be like other professions, with high pay and good working conditions but few job protections for bottom performers. This isn't a battle between garment workers and greedy bosses. The central figures in the Chicago schools strike are neither strikers nor managers but 350,000 children. Protecting the union demand sacrifices those students, in effect turning a blind eye to the injustice in the education system.
1. What do we learn about America's education system? ______
A.It provides a ladder of opportunity for the wealthy.
B.It contributes little to the elimination of inequality.
C.It has remained basically unchanged for generations.
D.It has brought up generations of responsible citizens.
4. What is the finding of the gold standard study by Harvard and Columbia University scholars? ______
A.Many inner-city school teachers are not equal to their jobs.
B.A large proportion of inner-city children often miss classes.
C.Many students are dissatisfied with their teachers.
D.Student performance has a lot to do with teachers.
A B C D
D
[解析] 根据题干中的the gold standard study, Harvard and Columbia University scholars定位至第5段第2句。该句found后的宾语从句即为答案：即使是在极度贫困地区的学校，教师也总是会对教育产生巨大的或积极或消极的影响。因此，D项“学生的表现与教师密切相关”为答案，体现了教师对教育所产生的影响。题干中的。finding是原文found的词性转换。 文章提及部分内城区学校的师资不佳，但这并非该研究发现的结果，因此A项“很多内城区学校的教师无法胜任他们的工作”可排除。文章未提及内城区学校学生的行为以及他们对教师的态度，因此B项“大部分内城区的孩子经常翘课”和C项“很多学生对他们的教师不满”也可排除。
5. Why does the author say the Chicago unions' demand is an insult to students? ______
A.It protects incompetent teachers at the expense of students.
B.It underestimates students' ability to tell good teachers from poor ones.
C.It makes students feel that they are discriminated against in many ways.
D.It totally ignores students' initiative in the learning process.
A B C D
A
[解析] 根据题干中的Chicago unions' demand和an insult to students定位至最后3段。第9段指出芝加哥工会坚持认为那些被解聘的(通常是不称职的)教师拥有优先聘用权，作者认为这对学生是一种侮辱。第10段和第11段对此做具体解释，指出不应过度保护这些人的工作权益，一旦满足工会要求，保护这些人的权益，学生的权益就会被牺牲掉。因此，A项“以牺牲学生为代价保护不称职的教师”为答案，at the expense of是原文中sacrifices的同义转换。 文章未涉及工会对学生辨别和学习能力的评估，B项“低估了学生辨别好老师和坏老师的能力”、D项“完全忽视学生在学习过程中的主动性”均可排除。文章未提及歧视问题，C项“让学生感到在多方面遭受歧视”也可排除。
Text 2 What can be done about mass unemployment? All the wise heads agree: there're no quick or easy answers. There's work to be done, but workers aren't ready to do it—they're in the wrong places, or they have the wrong skills. Our problems are "structural", and will take many years to solve. But don't bother asking for evidence that justifies this bleak view. There isn't any. On the contrary, all the facts suggest that high unemployment in America is the result of inadequate demand. Saying that there're no easy answers sounds wise, but it's actually foolish: our unemployment crisis could be cured very quickly if we had the intellectual clarity and political will to act. In other words, structural unemployment is a fake problem, which mainly serves as an excuse for not pursing real solutions. The fact is job openings have plunged in every major sector, while the number of workers forced into part-time employment in almost all industries has soared. Unemployment has surged in every major occupational category. Only three states, with a combined population not much larger than that of Brooklyn, have unemployment rates below 5%. So the evidence contradicts the claim that we're mainly suffering from structural unemployment. Why, then, has this claim become so popular? Part of the answer is that this is what always happens during periods of high unemployment—in part because experts and analysts believe that declaring the problem deeply rooted, with no easy answers, makes them sound serious. I've been looking at what self-proclaimed experts were saying about unemployment during the Great Depression; it was almost identical to what Very Serious People are saying now. Unemployment cannot be brought down rapidly, declared one 1935 analysis, because the workforce is "unadaptable and untrained. It cannot respond to the opportunities which industry may offer." A few years later, a large defense buildup finally provided a fiscal stimulus adequate to the economy's needs—and suddenly industry was eager to employ those "unadaptable and untrained" workers. But now, as then, powerful forces are ideologically opposed to the whole idea of government action on a sufficient scale to jump-start the economy. And that, fundamentally, is why claims that we face huge structural problems have been multiplying: they offer a reason to do nothing about the mass unemployment that is crippling out economy and our society. So what you need to know is that there's no evidence whatsoever to back these claims. We aren't suffering from a shortage of needed skills; we're suffering from a lack of policy resolve. As I said, structural unemployment isn't a real problem, it's an excuse—a reason not to act on America's problems at a time when action is desperately needed.
1. What does the author think is the root cause of mass unemployment in America? ______
Text 3 Facing water shortages and escalating fertilizer costs, farmers in developing countries are using raw sewage (下水道污水) to irrigate and fertilize nearly 49 million acres of cropland, according to a new report—and it may not be a bad thing. While the practice carries serious health risks for many, those dangers are outweighed by the social and economic gains for poor urban farmers and consumers who need affordable food. "There is a large potential for wastewater agriculture to both help and hurt great numbers of urban consumers," said Liqa Raschid-Sally, who led the study. The report focused on poor urban areas, where farms in or near cities supply relatively inexpensive food. Most of these operations draw irrigation water from local rivers or lakes. Unlike developed cities, however, these areas lack advanced water-treatment facilities, and rivers effectively become sewers (下水道). When this water is used for agricultural irrigation, farmers risk absorbing disease-causing bacteria, as do consumers who eat the produce raw and unwashed. Nearly 2.2 million people die each year because of diarrhea-related (与腹泻相关的) diseases, according to WHO statistics. More than 80% of those cases can be attributed to contact with contaminated water and a lack of proper sanitation. But Pay Drechsel, an environmental scientist, argues that the social and economic benefits of using untreated human waste to grow food outweigh the health risks. Those dangers can be addressed with farmer and consumer education, he said, while the free water and nutrients from human waste can help urban farmers in developing countries to escape poverty. Agriculture is a water-intensive business, accounting for nearly 70% of global fresh water consumption. In poor, dry regions, untreated wastewater is the only viable irrigation source to keep farmers in business. In some cases, water is so scarce that farmers break open sewage pipes transporting waste to local rivers. Irrigation is the primary agricultural use of human waste in the developing world. But frequently untreated human waste harvested from lavatories is delivered to farms and spread as fertilizer. In most cases, the human waste is used on grain crops, which are eventually cooked, minimizing the risk of transmitting water-borne diseases. With fertilizer prices jumping nearly 50% per metric ton over the last year in some places, human waste is an attractive, and often necessary, alternative. In cases where sewage mud is used, expensive chemical fertilizer use can be avoided. The mud contains the same critical nutrients. "Overly strict standards often fail," James Bartram, a WHO water-health expert, said, "We need to accept that fact across much of the planet, so waste with little or no treatment will be used in agriculture for good reason."
1. What does the author say about the use of raw sewage for farming? ______
A.Its risks cannot be overestimated.
B.It should be forbidden altogether.
C.Its benefits outweigh the hazards involved.
D.It is polluting millions of acres of cropland.
A B C D
C
[解析] 根据题干中的关键词the use of raw sewage for farming可知，本题是问有关污水在农业上使用的问题，考查的是考生对整体篇章的理解能力，定位到全文。C项“其利大于弊”是对第2段“那些健康危险远不及社会效益和经济贡献重要”的同义转换，符合文意。 A项“其风险不能被高估”和B项“应完全禁止”在原文中无法找到依据。D项“正使许多农田受到污染”，以原词cropland作干扰，但原文说的是用未经处理的污水对大约4900万英亩农田进行灌溉和施肥，这种做法有健康风险，不能直接得出“这些农田被这些污水污染了”，因此D项属过度推测。 [参考译文] 一份新的研究报告显示，面对水资源短缺和化肥价格的逐步上涨，发展中国家的农民用未经处理的污水对大约4900万英亩农田进行灌溉和施肥——这可能不是坏事。 虽然这样做给很多人带来了严重的健康风险，但是对贫困的城市农民和需要廉价食品的消费者来说，这一举措的危险远不及其带来的社会效益和经济贡献重要。 Liqa Raschid-Sally是这个项目的负责人，他说：“废水灌溉农业很可能在帮助数量庞大的城镇消费者的同时也带来危害。” 该报告的调查地点集中在贫困的城市区域。在那些地方，城中或城郊农场供应价格相对低廉的食物。农田的灌溉水主要来自于当地的河流或湖泊。然而，不像发达城市，这些地区缺乏先进的污水处理设备，河流实际上成了下水道。 由于将污水用于农业灌溉，农民冒着接触致病细菌的危险。食用这类未经加工和清洗的农产品的消费者也面临着同样的问题。据世界卫生组织统计，每年大约有220万人死于与腹泻有关的疾病。其中超过80%的病例与接触污水和环境卫生差有关。不过，环境学家Pay Drechsel认为，使用未经处理的人类排泄物种植粮食所带来的社会和经济效益比其带来的健康危害更重要。 他表示，那些风险可通过教育农民和消费者来规避，同时来自人类排泄物的免费水分和营养可以帮助发展中国家的城市农民摆脱贫困。 农业是水密集型产业，据计算，全球几乎70%的淡水用于农业。 在贫困缺水的地区，未处理的废水是农民们唯一可以用来灌溉的水源。有时候水资源奇缺，农民们为了灌溉甚至砸开把污水排向当地河流的管道。 在发展中国家，灌溉是人类排泄物的主要农业用途。但是，人们经常把厕所里未经处理的排泄物当作废料撒在农田里。 在大多数情况下，人类排泄物用于为谷类作物施肥，这些食物最终会被烹饪，使得通过水传播疾病的风险降到最小。去年，有些地方每吨肥料的价格几乎上涨了50%，人类排泄物成为有吸引力的必需替代品。 有时候，人们用下水道污泥来代替昂贵的化学肥料，污泥同样含有重要的营养成分。 “过于严格的标准往往会失败，”世界卫生组织的水健康专家James Bartram表示，“我们必须接受一个事实，在这个世界有很多地方，将稍稍处理或没有经过处理的排泄物用于农业是有充分理由的。”
2. What is the main problem caused by the use of wastewater for irrigation? ______
A.Rivers and lakes nearby will gradually become contaminated.
B.It will drive producers of chemical fertilizers out of business.
C.Farmers and consumers may be affected by harmful bacteria.
D.It will make the farm produce less competitive on the market.
A B C D
C
[解析] 根据题干中的关键词the use of waste water for irrigation可定位至第5段。C项“农民和消费者都可能受到有害细菌的影响”是对第5段首句的概括，符合文意。 A项“附近的河流和湖泊都将逐渐受到污染”属过度推断，原文第4段第2句仅仅提到农田的灌溉水主要源于当地的河流或湖泊。原文虽然提及人们用人类排泄物代替化学肥料，但无法证明B项“利用污水灌溉会使化肥产商倒闭”。D项“利用污水灌溉会减少农产品在市场上的竞争力”属于无中生有。
3. What is environmental scientist Pay Drechsel's attitude towards the use of untreated human waste in agriculture? ______
Text 4 Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet. It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zoё Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K. Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush's predecessors (including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chrétien and Koizumi). The world's three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the world's five richest men ( Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht). Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly. The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.
1. What does the author intend to illustrate with AAAA cars and Zodiac cars? ______
Part B Directions: Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the left column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. How serious is the terrorist threat that justifies the National Security Agency's surveillance of Americans? Edward Snowden, the NSA leaker, doesn't address this question; his point is that the American people should have the information they need to decide whether the threat merits the surveillance. Matthew Yglesias thinks the threat isn't very serious, and that counterterrorism efforts, including surveillance and airport security systems, should be subjected to a cost-benefits analysis. ("Approximately zero lives per year are saved by airport security measures," he writes, though he admits he could be wrong about this.) Stephen Walt agrees that terrorism simply isn't the kind of danger that could merit the level of response America devotes to it. Unless terrorists get nuclear weapons, he says, they really can't do much damage in America. Conventional terrorism is not a serious threat to the U. S. economy, the American way of life, or even the personal security of the overwhelming majority of Americans, because Americans are at far greater risk from car accidents, bathtub mishaps, and a host of other undramatic dangers than they are from "jihadi terrorism". Mr Yglesias and Mr Walt are right: conventional terrorism poses no major threat to America or to its citizens. But that's not really what it aims to do. Terrorism is basically a political communications strategy. The chief threat it poses is not to the lives of American citizens but to the direction of American policy and the electoral prospects of American politicians. For Barack Obama the war on terror is what the Vietnam War was to Lyndon Johnson: a vast, tragic distraction in which he must be seen to be winning, lest the domestic agenda he really cares about be derailed. It's no Surprise that he has given the surveillance state whatever it says it needs to prevent a major terrorist attack. In a perfect world, as Mr Walt argues, we in the public wouldn't let terrorist strikes dictate our politics. But we're not likely to get calmer about terrorism, because too many people are trying to keep us frantic. At least three parties stand to gain from exaggerating, rather than minimizing, our reactions to terrorist strikes. The first is the media, which wins viewership by whipping up anxiety over terrorist strikes. The second is politicians seeking partisan advantage, since panic over foreign backed terrorism tends to increase voter turnout. Finally, the third party trying to exacerbate our responses to terrorist attacks are the terrorists themselves, who have generally proven quite effective at choosing targets that provoke widespread media coverage. Politicians do not want to have to deal with these sorts of surprises. They have very strong incentives to go along with intelligence organizations that say they need ever-more-powerful surveillance programs to see what the terrorists are up to. For Mr Obama, this is a no-win situation. Now, having given the NSA what it said it needed to prevent any nasty surprises, he finds himself dealing with a different nasty surprise: the leak of the NSA programs themselves. And that surprise has made the chances of accomplishing anything on the issues Mr Obama really cares about—health care, climate change, immigration reform, inequality—more remote than ever.
A. thinks that US's reaction to terrorism is too exaggerative
1 Edward Snowden
B. insists that all measures be needed to frustrate terrorist attacks
2 Matthew Yglesias
C. consents to surveillance so as to seek partisan advantage
3 Stephen Walt
D. holds that people have the final say on surveillance issue
4 Barack Obama
E. believes terrorism can swing the direction of American policy
5 NSA
F. gives more weight to domestic issues in effect
G. deems it necessary to weigh the benefits and costs of counterterrorism measures
1.
D
[解析] 根据题中“Edward Snowden”这一寻找信号，可以在第1段第2句找到解题的对应内容：Edward Snowden, the NSA leaker, doesn't address this question: his point is that the American people should have the information they need to decied whether threat merits the surveillance。他的观点是：美国人民有知情权从而决定这种威胁是否使监听合情合理。显然，D(人民在监听问题上有最终的发言权)符合这句话的意思，是正确答案。 [参考译文] 恐怖主义威胁究竟多么严重以致国家安全局有理由监听美国公民?爱德华·斯诺登，国家安全局的泄密者，并没有触及这个问题；他的观点是美国人民有知情权从而决定这种威胁是否使监听合情合理。马特·伊格莱西亚斯认为威胁并不严重，反恐行动，包括监听和机场安检，应该进行成本效益分析。他写道：“机场安检每年拯救的生命几乎为零。”尽管他承认在此问题上他可能有错误。 史蒂芬·沃特同意恐怖主义的危险不值得美国对其做出如此大的反应。他说，除非恐怖分子拥有核武器，他们其实不会对美国造成巨大破坏。传统的恐怖主义对美国经济、美国生活方式，甚至大多数美国公民的个人安全都不构成严重威胁，因为较之于“伊斯兰圣战组织恐怖主义”，美国人遭遇车祸、洗澡摔跤及其他一些平淡无奇的危险的可能性大得多。 伊格莱西亚斯和沃特先生是正确的：传统的恐怖主义对美国或其公民没有构成主要威胁。但这并不是它的目的所在，恐怖主义基本上是一种政治交流策略，它的主要威胁并非针对美国公民的生命而是美国政策的方向和美国政治家选举的前景。向恐怖主义开战之于巴拉克·奥巴马就如同越南战争之于林顿·约翰逊：他必须在一个声势浩大、令人悲哀、无关主题的事物中获胜，不然他真正关心的国内议事日程就会因此偏离正轨。毫不奇怪，他给予了监听部门所需要的一切，以阻止重大的恐怖主义袭击。 正如沃特先生所说，在一个完美的世界，我们公众不能让恐怖袭击决定我们的政策。但我们不可能对恐怖主义保持冷静，因为太多的人正让我们癫狂。 我们夸大而不是弱化对恐怖袭击的反应，最少有三个群体可以从中获益。其一是媒体，它们通过不断地强化恐怖袭击引起的焦虑赢得读者和观众。其二是追求政党优势的政治家，因为对外国支持的恐怖主义惊慌失措可能增加投票的选民人数。其三，试图加剧我们对恐怖袭击的过度反应的第三个群体恰恰是恐怖分子，他们选择能引发媒体广泛报道的目标，这通常证明非常有效。 政治家不愿应付这些突然袭击，因此他们有强烈的与情报机构合作的动机，而后者声称它们需要强大的监听计划以了解恐怖分子究竟意欲何为。对奥巴马先生来说，这是一个无法取胜的局面。现在给予国家安全局所需的一切，以防范任何令人恶心的意外，他发现自己不得不应付另外一种令人恶心的意外：国家安全局自身计划的泄密。而这个意外使奥巴马先生想完成他真正关心的事务——卫生保健、气候变化、移民改革以及不平等问题——变得更加遥不可及。
2.
G
[解析] 根据题中的寻找信号“Matthew Yglesias”，可以在第1段后半部分找到对应内容：Matthew Yglesias thinks the threat isn't very serious, and that counterterrorism efforts, including surveillance and airport security systems, should be subjected to a cost-benefits analysis。可以看出，他的观点是：威胁不严重，反恐行动，包括监听和机场安检，应该进行成本效益分析。据此逐一对比右栏的各选项，以上内容与G(认为有必要对反恐措施的效益和成本进行权衡)的意思最为接近，G是正确选择。
[解析] 根据题目的寻找信号“Barack Obama”可以把解题关键定位于第3段后半部分和最后一段的后半部分。本题解答的依据跨度较大，需要综合理解。这两部分的内容都在说明一个事实：奥巴马对反恐战争的迁就，“lest the domestic agenda he really cares about be derailed”(以免他真正关心的国内议事日程会因此偏离正轨)；“And that surprise has made the chances of accomplishing anything on the issues Mr Obama really cares about—health care, climate change, immigration reform, inequality—more remote than ever”(而这个意外使奥巴马先生想完成他真正关心的事务——卫生保健、气候变化、移民改革以及不平等问题——变得更加遥不可及)。从以上两段的相应内容可以看出，奥巴马真正关心的是卫生保健、移民改革等这些涉及民生的问题，而F(奥巴马实际上更重视国内问题)与这些内容的意思一致，应该是正确答案。
5.
B
[解析] 根据题中的NSA，可以在最后一段的前半部分找到对应的解题内容：“...intelligence organizations that say they need ever-more-powerful surveillance programs to see what the terrorists are up to”(情报机构声称它们需要强大的监听计划以了解恐怖分子究竟意欲何为)，以及“...having given the NSA what it said it needed to prevent any nasty surprises”(给予国家安全局所需的一切，以防范任何令人恶心的意外)。从这两句可以看出，NSA要求采取一切手段挫败恐怖主义的袭击，而这正是B所表达的意思，B是正确答案。
Section Ⅲ Translation Directions: Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.
1. Gap years are fashionable, as is reflected in the huge growth in the number of private companies offering them. Pictures of Prince William toiling in Chile have helped, but the trend has been gathering steam for a decade. The range of gap packages starts with backpacking, includes working with charities, building hospitals and schools and, commonly, working as a language assistant, teaching English. With this trend, however, comes a danger. Once parents feel that a well-structured year outside campus is essential to their would-be undergraduate's progress to a better university, a good degree, an impressive CV and well paid employment, as the gap companies' blurbs suggest, then parents will start organizing—and paying for—the gaps. Where there are disasters, according to Richard Oliver, it is usually because of poor planning. That can be the fault of the company or of the student, he says, but the best insurance is thoughtful preparation.
1. Directions: Write a letter of about 100 words to the president of your university, suggesting how to improve students' physical condition. You should include the details you think necessary. You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.
[范文] Dear Mr. President, I am a student of our university. I am writing this letter to bring forward some effective suggestions to our college students about how to improve their body health. Initially，exercising, though not a student's first priority in his/her daily life, should be stressed by all of us as well as our university, because it is vital to not only our physical health but mental health as well. Furthermore, developing a regular and healthy diet, which provides vitamins and other nutrients to our body, would, to some extent, undoubtedly benefit our body. I hope that you will find my suggestions useful and propagandas be launched among the students. I am looking forward to your earlier response.
1. Directions: In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following diagram. Describe the diagram and make your comments. You should write at least 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Reasons for study according to age of student
[范文] According to different ages, students experienced an alarming difference in the reasons for study. Reasons for study for interest of the students over 49 were at a level of nearly 70%, which equals as 9 times as it was for students under 26. On the contrary, the index of reasons for study for career declined sharply from 80% to 18% at the same time. Through careful and thoughtful consideration, I could list at least two reasons to account for the phenomenon. To begin with, it was the living pressure that had led to so many students' study for career when they are young. It was frequently reported in various parts of China that students were willing to take part in all kinds of tests in order for the certificates for their careers. And what is more, the appearance of this tendency had a lot to do with economic development which seems to be increasingly popular in this era. A sizable percentage of students, for instance, study for their interests just because they can afford their hobbies. As far as I am concerned, the difference of reasons for study will continue to exist in the following years, not only because of their different living pressure but also because of their ditterenl income at different ages. In the light of this, everyone in China should be ready to face up to the situation.
深色：已答题 浅色：未答题