Section Ⅰ Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. When Serggio Lanata moved to San Francisco in 2013, he was stunned by its sprawling tent cities. "Homelessness was 1 I looked," he says. Lanata, a neurologist at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), was also struck by 2 in the behaviour of some older homeless people and patients he had treated for dementia in the clinic. Now, years later, he is 3 a study that will examine homeless adults for early 4 of Alzheimer's disease and other degenerative brain disorders to better understand the 5 between these conditions and life on the street. The work ties into an 6 effort by researchers at UCSF to understand the biological effects of homelessness in older people. Since 2013, a team led by Margot Kushel, director of the university's Center for Vulnerable Populations, has 7 a group of about 350 older homeless adults in Oakland, California, to 8 why this group ages in hyper-speed. 9 the participants' average age is 57, they experience strokes, falls, and visual impairment 10 rates 11 of US residents in their late 70s and 80s. The research has drawn attention from politicians, economists and health-care providers across the country who are struggling to help the homeless and 12 their numbers. Although homelessness is a global problem, the situation in California is particularly 13 . Nearly 70％ of the 130,000 people 14 homes in the state are considered to be "unsheltered", living on the streets or in locations unfit for human 15 , compared with just 5％ in New York City. The United States' homeless population is also 16 : rising housing prices in many areas have increased the rate of homelessness among "baby boomers" born between 1954 and 1964. 17 many hospitals, police and homeless shelters are 18 to deal with the special needs of an ageing homeless population. "I hear from shelter providers, 'Gosh, we are set up for people who use drugs but we have no idea how to 19 dementia'," Kushel says. By understanding how homelessness can accelerate ageing, her team hopes to identify ways to 20 suffering and save governments money.
1.
A.anywhere
B.everywhere
C.nowhere
D.somewhere
A B C D
B
[考点] 副词辨析+上下文语义 [解析] 本文选自Scientific American《科学美国人》2019年5月23日的文章，原文标题为What Are the Biological Consequences of Homelessness?(《无家可归对身体造成什么影响?》)本文共四段：第一段讲述加州大学旧金山分校的塞尔吉奥·兰纳塔刚搬到旧金山时被无家可归者的数量以及他们的行为与他接诊过的阿尔茨海默症患者的行为相似之处深深震惊；第二段讲述加州大学旧金山分校研究人员开展研究，调查加利福尼亚州350名无家可归的老人，确定他们超速衰老的原因；第三段讲述这项研究引起社会各界广泛关注，是全球问题；最后一段讲述美国无家可归的人口也在老龄化。 本句意为“______，均是无家可归的人”。根据文章首句“2013年，当塞尔吉奥·兰纳塔搬到旧金山时，他深深震惊于城市里蔓延的帐篷”可知旧金山无家可归的人很多，因为一般情况下，无家可归的人会住帐篷，且sprawling“蔓延的”一词，生动形象地体现帐篷数量之多。anywhere意为“无论哪里”，everywhere意为“到处，处处”，nowhere意为“无处，哪里都不”，somewhere意为“在某处，到某处”。将四个选项分别代入文中可知，B项符合句意。故本题选B。 [参考译文] 2013年，当加州大学旧金山分校的神经病学家塞尔吉奥·兰纳塔搬到旧金山时，他深深震惊于城市里蔓延的帐篷。他说：“所见之处，均是无家可归的人。”兰纳塔也被一些无家可归的老人的行为与他在诊所治疗的阿尔茨海默症患者行为的相似性感到深深震惊。现在，几年后，他开始了一项研究，将对无家可归的成年人进行阿尔茨海默症和其他退化性脑部疾病的早期症状检查，以更好地理解这些状况与街头生活之间的相互作用。 这项工作是在加州大学旧金山分校研究人员持续的共同努力下完成的，以了解无家可归对老年人的身体影响。自2013年以来，由该大学弱势群体中心主任玛戈·库舍领导的一个团队跟踪调查了加利福尼亚州奥克兰的约350名无家可归的老年人，以确定这个群体超速衰老的原因。尽管参与者的平均年龄是57岁，但他们中风、跌倒和有视力障碍的几率是美国70和80多岁居民的典型水平。 这项研究引起了全国政治家、经济学家和医疗保健供应者的关注，他们正努力帮助无家可归者并减少他们的数量。尽管无家可归是一个全球性问题，但加州的情况尤为严峻。该州13万无家可归者中，近70%被认为是“居无定所的”，生活在街头或不适合人类居住的地方，相比之下，纽约只有5%。 美国无家可归的人口也在老龄化：许多地区不断上涨的房价提高了1954年至1964年间出生的“婴儿潮一代”的无家可归率。但是许多医院、警察和无家可归者收容所没有准备好满足老龄无家可归者的特殊需求。库什尔说：“我从庇护所提供者那里听说，‘天哪，我们是为吸毒的人设立的，但我们不知道如何解决老年痴呆症’”。通过了解无家可归如何加速老龄化，她的团队希望找到抑制痛苦和节省政府资金的方法。
[考点] 介词辨析 [解析] 本句意为“该州13万______人中，近70%被认为是“居无定所的”，生活在街头或不适合人类______的地方”。从伴随状语living on the streets or the locations unfit for human ... 可知，这13万人应指的是“无家可归者”，因此without符合句意。故本题选A。
[考点] 形容词辨析 [解析] 本句意为“美国无家可归的人口也在______”。aged意为“年迈的”，greying意为“灰白头发的，衰老的”，increasing意为“不断增长的”，decreasing意为“不断下降的”。本句中有冒号，冒号可以用在总结性话语的后面，表示引起下文的分说。因此，所填词是对“许多地区不断上涨的房价增加了1954年至1964年出生的‘婴儿潮一代’的无家可归率”的总结，由此可知，出生在“婴儿潮一代”的无家可归者年龄越来越大，故此处填表示“老龄化”的词语。此外，从本段最后一句By understanding how homelessness can accelerate ageing也可以选出答案。本句应使用进行时表示正在发生的状态或趋势，故本题选B。
Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.
Text 1 Burn-out is a phrase you might have heard banded around over the years to describe feeling physically and emotionally run down. While some could have been tempted to dismiss bum-out as millennial jargon, it has now been added to the World Health Organization's (WHO) International Classification of Diseases, meaning that it will become a globally-recognized medical condition as of 2022. The WHO defines burn-out as "chronic workplace stress that has not been successfully managed". It characterizes the condition with the following symptoms: feelings of energy depletion or exhaustion; increased mental distance from one's job, or feelings of negativism or cynicism related to one's job; and reduced professional efficacy. The WHO only refers to such feelings within work environments and clarifies that burn-out should not be applied to describe symptoms caused by other life situations. A spokesperson for the WHO told Agence Presse France on Monday that it's the "first time" burn-out has been classified as a medical condition by any official health body. The phrase "burn-out syndrome" is credited to German-born psychologist Herbert Freudenberger, who used the term in a 1974 study of the condition. Freudenberger analyzed the phenomenon after he observed it in some of his colleagues, who described themselves as being "burnt out" and later also experienced it himself. The psychologist described the state of being burnt out as "becoming exhausted by making excessive demands on energy, strength, or resources". In January 2019, a Buzzfeed article titled How Millennials Became the Burnout Generation went viral. Writer Anne Helen Peterson was praised for accurately describing how and why the condition is impacting people aged 18 to 34 and in some cases rendering them emotionally and physically paralyzed. However, unlike the WHO, Peterson recognizes burn-out in areas outside of the workplace, writing: "Burnout and the behaviors and weight that accompany it aren't, in fact, something we can cure by going on vacation." "It's not limited to workers in acutely high-stress environments. And it's not a temporary affliction: It's the millennial condition. It's our base temperature. It's our background music. It's the way things are. It's our lives."
1. Which one of the following statements about burn-out is TRUE according to the WHO?______
A.It can be used to describe both mental and physical exhaustion.
B.It refers to the work pressure that fails to be dealt with properly in the long term.
C.It draws much attention as a millennial jargon.
D.It will be added to the WHO International Classification of Diseases in 2022.
A B C D
B
[解析] 细节题 burn-out，TRUE，according to the WHO 本文选自The Independent《英国独立报》2019年5月28日的文章，标题为“Burn-out”Recognized as Chronic Condition by WHO(《“过劳”被世界卫生组织定义为慢性疾病》)。本文共六段。第一段讲WHO将过劳列入世界卫生组织《国际疾病分类》，且过劳将于2020年成为全球公认的疾病；第二、三段讲WHO对过劳的定义；第四段讲德国心理学家赫伯特·弗罗伊登伯格对过劳的研究和定义；第五、六段讲作家安妮·海伦·彼得森在书中对过劳的阐释。 本题需要考生一一分析选项，定位到原文信息进行判断。A项可定位到第一段第一句，说法正确，但不是WHO的看法，而是人们的普遍看法，因此错误。B项可定位到第二段第一句The WHO defines burn-out as "chronic workplace stress that has not been successfully managed"，因此B项正确。C项可定位到第一段第二句前半句，即“一些人可能会忍不住把‘精疲力尽’当作千禧一代的流行词汇而不予理会”，而不是“获得千禧一代的很多关注”，因此C项错误。D项可定位到第一段第二句的后半句，原文讲的是“如今它已被列入世界卫生组织《国际疾病分类》，这意味着从2022年起，‘过劳’将成为一种被全球承认的疾病”，因此D项说法错误。故本题选B。 [参考译文] 多年来你可能一直听到人们用“精疲力尽”这个词来形容身体和情感上的疲惫。一些人可能会忍不住把“精疲力尽”当作千禧一代的流行词汇而不予理会，而如今它已被列入世界卫生组织《国际疾病分类》，这意味着从2022年起，“过劳”将成为一种被全球承认的疾病。 根据世界卫生组织的定义，过劳指“未得到妥善应对的长期工作压力”。它表现出的症状为：感觉精力耗尽或精疲力尽；与工作的心理距离增加，或与工作有关的消极或愤世嫉俗的情绪；职业效能降低。 世界卫生组织此番归类仅仅指向工作环境中产生的上述感觉，并阐明不应该用“过劳”来描述由其他生活状况引起的症状。本周一(5月27日)，世界卫生组织的一位发言人对法新社表示，这是官方卫生机构“首次”将过劳列为一种疾病。 德国心理学家赫伯特·弗罗伊登伯格在1974年对这种情况的研究中首次使用了“疲劳综合征”这个表达。弗罗伊登伯格在他的一些同事身上观察到这种现象后进行了分析。他的一些同事称自己“精力耗尽”，后来他本人也经历了这种情况。这位心理学家将“过劳”的状态描述为“对能量、力量或资源的过度需求使人精疲力竭”。 2019年1月，Buzzfeed网站上一篇题为《千禧一代如何成为过劳一代》的文章走红。作家安妮·海伦·彼得森在文章中准确描述了这种疾病影响18岁至34岁人群的方式及原因，以及在某些情况下使他们在情感和身体上精疲力竭的原因，并因此受到称赞。 然而，与世界卫生组织的意见不同，彼得森也承认人们在工作场合之外的“过劳”状况。她写道：“事实上，过劳以及伴随而来的行为和体重影响并不是我们可以通过度假来治愈的。”“这并不局限于处于强烈高压环境中的职场人士。这不是暂时的痛苦：这是千禧一代的普遍情况。这是我们所处的温度，这是我们所听到的背景音乐。事情就是这样，这就是我们的生活。”
2. According to Paragraph 4, Herbert Freudenberger ______.
A.argues bum-out refers to the exhausted symptoms caused by both work and life situations
B.observed the "burn-out syndrome" from his colleagues rather than himself
C.defines bum-out as a condition where a person is worn out for consuming too much energy
D.regards that bum-out refers to the exhausted sensations that only arise during work
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节题 Paragraph 4, Herbert Freudenberger 根据题干信息可定位到第四段。A项“认为过劳指在工作和生活中产生的疲劳症状”说法错误，第四段并未提及。B项“从他的同事身上观察到过劳综合征而不是他自己身上”说法错误，原文讲的是...later also experienced it himself“后来他自己也经历了这种情况”。C项“将过劳定义为一个人因消耗太多精力而精疲力竭的情况”说法正确，符合原文第四段的最后一句。D项“认为过劳指只发生在工作中的疲劳感觉”说法正确，但属于第三段中的内容，不是Herbert Freudenberger的观点，错误。故本题选C。
3. Anne Helen Peterson received wide acclaim because ______.
A.she depicts the way and reason that burn-out does harm to people aged 18 to 34
B.she finds out the reason why burn-out makes them exhausted both emotionally and physically
C.she explains how can we prevent burn-out situations
D.she illustrates the manner and reason that burn-out influences the young and the reason why burn-out makes them tired in mental and physical conditions
A B C D
D
[解析] 细节题 Anne Helen Peterson, wide acclaim 根据题干信息可定位到原文第五段。第二句意为“作家安妮·海伦·彼得森在文章中准确描述了这种疾病影响18岁至34岁人群的方式及原因，以及在某些情况下使他们在情感和身体上精疲力竭的原因，并因此受到称赞”，D项是该句的同义替换，因此D项说法正确。A、C两项概括得不完整，B项原文没有提及，错误。故本题选D。
4. It can be learned from the last paragraph that ______.
A.burn-out is a momentary symptom that only arises in millennial generation
B.burn-out may do harm to our temperature and hearing
C.burn-out can have a negative impact on our actions and weight
D.exhaustion can be healed through a long vacation
A B C D
C
[解析] 推断题 learned, last paragraph 本题需要考生逐一分析选项。A项说法错误，原文提到“这不是暂时的痛苦：这是千禧一代的普遍情况”，因此momentary和only错误。B项说法错误，原文讲的是It's our base temperature. It's our background music，而不是“对温度和听觉有害”。C项“过劳会对我们的行为和体重产生负面影响”可从第六段中的Burnout and the behaviors and weight that accompany“过劳以及伴随而来的行为和体重影响”中推测出来，故正确。D项“过劳能通过休长假治愈”说法错误，可从it aren't, in fact, something we can cure by going on vacation中看出来。故本题选C。
5. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?______
A."Burn-out", A Globally-recognized Medical Condition
B.Different Definitions on "Burn-out"
C."Burn-out" Recognized as Chronic Condition by WHO
D."Burn-out", A Common Phenomenon of Millennial Generation
A B C D
C
[解析] 主旨题 best title 文章的主旨一般出现在第一段或最后一段，在个别情况下会出现在第二段。本文开篇讲到WHO将过劳列入世界卫生组织《国际疾病分类》，第二、三段讲WHO对过劳的定义，接着讲述心理学家和作家对过劳的看法，最后又提到过劳不是短暂的状况，而是长期存在的，因此C项含有burn-out，chronic condition和WHO的信息，为本文的标题。A项说法错误，过劳将在2022年被全球公认为一种疾病。B项错误，原文虽然提到了心理学家和作家对过劳的看法，但全文的侧重点并不在表达对过劳的不同定义。D项虽然有所提及，但不是文章所描述的话题，错误。故本题选C。
Text 2 Conversations about elderly parents and technology usually center on safety, in particular on devices designed to alert a call center in case of trouble. But our parents are more than the sum of their maladies. Instead of keeping the safe, can't some of these devices help keep them happy? Experts say the key to making tech work for Mom and Dad is not to buy the newest cool thing, but to look for a device or software that fulfills a basic need, that does something they particular want to do. And it's helpful if the learning curve involves an element or two already familiar to them. "The question is what's the motivation?" said Dr. Gary Small, the director of the center on aging at the university of California, Los Angeles, and the author of iBrain: surviving the technological alteration of the modern mind. "For technology to become 'sticky' with the older generation, we have to get into their heads and understand what make them think this is fun," he added. "The bells and whistles that might attract us are too counterintuitive." Dr. Small says that device for the elderly should answer three criteria, in this order:simplicity of use, availability of phone assistance and hardware that's easy to manipulate. Once installation and set-up are completely—likely the responsibility of a tech-savvy adult child—enjoyment has to out-weigh effort. Beyond that, it is important to evaluate how large a technology leap an aging parent will be willing to take. Those who know their way around a VCR or DVD player will be a likelier to embrace a device that requires new equipment or an occasional call to a help number. Dr. Small like single-application devices that meet a personal need for the technological newcomer—like ones that send and receive e-mail, making it easier to stay in touch with family and see those digital photos of a new grandchild. Reading devices like the kindle are also popular with the older users, because they make an enjoyable, lifelong activity easier by replacing a heavy book with lightweight tablet. A reader can be ideal for a parent who travels and wants to take more than one book along. The right motivation can overcome a parent's doubt or anxiety about adopting new technology. Dr. Small's father, a practicing physician in his 80s, avoided technology until the hospital where he worked switched to electronic records. Suddenly he had no choice. If he wanted to continue to work, he had to wade in. Dr. Cartensen says that electronic manufacturers have failed to develop products for elder users "because of stereotypes which suggest that older people aren't interested, even when they might be," and because marketers think "they can simply wait until younger cohorts grow old, knowing the problem will be solved." But there are signs of change on the horizon, several of them involving that most familiar of technologies, like the television set.
1. The passage seems to suggest that tech work for elderly parents is ______.
A.to keep themselves safe
B.to do something special
C.to keep up with the development of the society
D.to fulfill their basic needs and interest
A B C D
D
[解析] 细节题 tech work for elderly parents 本文共有七段。第一段表明父母需要一些能够帮助他们保持心情愉快的新产品。第二段借专家之口提出了关于老年人使用的科技产品的动机相关问题。第三段提出必须了解老人的兴趣所在。第四段指出为老人设计的科技产品应该达到的三个标准。第五段表示能够满足科技产品新用户的个人需求的单一应用设备比较适合老人。第六段举例说明恰当的动机可以帮助父母接触新技术。第七段提及制造商有“老人对电子产品不感兴趣”的刻板印象，同时提到近期已出现改变的迹象。 根据题干关键词定位到文章第一段。通过原文“专家表示科技不是给我们的父母买最新最酷的商品，而是能够帮助他们满足基本的要求，做他们想做的事情，如果科技产品中能包含一两个他们熟悉的元素将对他们帮助很大”可知，D项“满足他们的基本需求和兴趣”符合题意。A项“保证他们自身安全”、B项“做一些特别的事”和C项“为了跟上社会的发展”都不符合父母对科技的需求。故本题选D。 [参考译文] 有关年迈父母和技术的讨论，通常以安全为中心，尤其是那些一出现问题能立即提醒呼叫中心的装置。但我们的父母并不是病痛的集合体。某些装置能不能帮助他们保持心情愉快而不是保护他们的安全?专家表示科技不是给我们的父母买最新最酷的商品，而是能够帮助他们满足基本的要求，做他们想做的事情，如果科技产品中能包含一两个他们熟悉的元素将对他们帮助很大。 “问题是(使用该装置的)动机是什么?”盖瑞·斯莫博士问道，他是加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校的老年化中心主任，也是《智能大脑：现代头脑持久的技术改造》的作者。 “由于对老年一代来说，技术变得很‘棘手’，我们必须知道他们在想什么，了解什么使他们觉得有趣，”他补充道，“那些可能吸引我们的花言巧语太违背直觉了。” 斯莫博士说为老年人设计的装置应该依次达到这样三个标准：功能简洁；可协助通话；硬件操作简单。一旦安装和设置完成——(安装和设置)可能是技术精湛的成年子女的责任——享受就会超过(对装置进行安装和学习的)努力。除此之外，重要的是评估年迈的父母愿意跨越多大的技术鸿沟。那些熟悉VCR和DVD播放器的人，可能会接受装置需要外接新设备或者时不时打个求助电话。 斯莫博士倾向于单一应用设备，其能够满足科技产品新用户的个人需求。例如可以收发电子邮件的装置，其可以让老年人和家人保持联系，观看新出生的孙子的电子照片也变得更容易。像kindle这样的电子阅读器也很受老年人欢迎，因为有了轻便的平板电脑，他们不用带沉甸甸的书，阅读器可以使阅读这样一个令人愉快的、长期的爱好更容易保持。父母在旅途中，想带不止一本书，拿一个阅读器再理想不过了。 父母有恰当的动机就可以克服对采用新技术的怀疑和焦虑。斯莫博士的父亲是一位医师，80多岁了，他一直逃避新技术，直到有一天他工作的医院采用了电子存档记录的方式，突然间，他没有选择了。如果他想继续工作，就不得不用电子记录。 卡斯滕森博士认为电子产品制造商没能开发出针对老年用户的产品，“因为存在一种刻板印象，制造商认为老年人不会感兴趣，甚至当他们可能会感兴趣时，”营销人员认为“他们可以等年轻一代变老，问题就解决了。”但是近期出现了种种改变的迹象，其中包括最为熟悉的技术变化，例如电视机。
2. Device for the elderly should meet the criteria EXCEPT ______.
A.a lot of fun
B.phone assistance
C.simplicity usage
D.user-friendly hardware
A B C D
A
[解析] 细节题 device for the elderly, criteria 根据题干关键词定位到文章第四段第一句。原文指出，针对老年人的产品需要符合三个要求：使用方式简洁、电话求助便利以及易于操作的硬件。故A项“许多乐趣”不符合题意。B项“电话求助”、C项“使用简单”和D项“硬件对用户友好”在原文中均有所提及。故本题选A。
3. According to Dr. Small, the advantage of single-application devices rests on ______.
A.sending and receiving e-mails
B.seeing those digital photos of a new grandchild
C.replacing a heavy book with lightweight tablet
D.fulfilling the individualized requirement of elderly persons
A B C D
D
[解析] 细节题 Dr. Small, the advantage of single-application devices 根据题干关键词定位到文章第五段。首句指出single-application devices需要满足科技产品新用户的个人需求，而“科技产品新用户”指的是不熟悉科技产品的老年人口，故D项“满足老年人的个性化需求”符合题意。A项“发送和接收邮件”、B项“看到新出生孙子的数码照片”和C项“用轻的平板电脑代替沉重的书”都只是对single-application devices的举例说明，都不够全面。故本题选D。
4. The switch of Dr. Small's father is mentioned to demonstrate ______.
A.his father needs to retire for health
B.the 80-year-old person can still devote themselves to their career
C.electronic records are prevailing in modern hospital
D.helping elderly parents adopt new technology needs fight motivation
A B C D
D
[解析] 细节题 switch of Dr. Small's father 根据题干关键词定位到文章第六段。举斯莫博士父亲的例子意在证明第六段的论点The right motivation can overcome a parent's doubt or anxiety about adopting new technology(父母有恰当的动机就可以克服对采用新技术的怀疑和焦虑)。D项“帮助年迈的父母采用新技术需要合适的动机”是对原文内容的同义替换，符合题意。A项“他的父亲因为健康问题需要退休”、B项“80岁的人仍然可以全身心地投入到事业中去”和C项“电子病历在现代医院很盛行”均未在原文中提及。故本题选D。
5. According to Dr. Cartensen, electronic manufacturers should ______.
A.wait until young generation grows old
B.give up their marketing endeavors to cater to old population
C.develop new technology particularly for elderly parents
D.try new marketing strategy among the old
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节题 Dr. Cartensen, electronic manufacturers 根据题干关键词定位到文章第七段。该段指出电子产品制造商现在的问题是未能关注到老年人对科技产品的需求，消极被动地等待市场变化。所以解决该问题的关键在于针对老年人开发新科技，故C项“为年迈的父母开发新技术”符合题意。A项“等到年轻的一代变老”、B项“放弃他们的营销努力去迎合老年人”和D项“尝试新的营销策略”都不符合卡斯滕森博士的观点。故本题选C。
Text 3 The first clue came when I got my hair cut. The stylist offered a complimentary nail-polish change while I waited for my hair to dry. Maybe she hoped this little amenity would slow the growing inclination of women to stretch each haircut to last four months. Suddenly everything is on sale. The upside to the economic downturn is the immense incentive it gives retailers to treat you like a queen for a day. But now the customer rules, just for showing up. Finger the scarf, then start to walk away, and its price floats silkily downward. When the mechanic calls to tell you that brakes and a timing belt and other services will run close to $ 2,000, it's time to break out the newly perfected art of the considered pause. You really don't even have to say anything pitiful before he'll offer to knock a few hundred dollars off. Restaurants are also caught in a fit of ardent hospitality, especially around Wall Street. New York Times restaurant critic Frank Bruni characterizes the new restaurant demeanor as "extreme solicitousness tinged with outright desperation". Now everyone is hoping to restart the economy. But human nature is funny that way. In dangerous times, we clench and squint at the deal that looks too good to miss, suspecting that it must be too good to be true. Store owners will tell you horror stories about shoppers with attitude, who walk in demanding discounts and flaunt their new power at every turn. These store owners wince as they sense bad habit forming: Will people expect discounts forever? Will their hard-won brand luster be forever cheapened, especially for items whose allure depends on their being ridiculously priced? There will surely come a day when things go back to "normal"; retail sales even inched up in January after sinking for the previous six months. Bargain-hunting can be addictive regardless of the state of the markets, and haggling is a low-risk, high-value contact sport. Trauma digs deep into habit, like my 85-year-old mother still calling her canned-goods cabinet "the bomb shelter." The children of the First Depression were saving string and preaching sacrifice long after the skies cleared. They came to be called the "greatest generation." As we learn to be decent stewards of our resources, who knows what might come of it? We have lived in an age of wanton waste, and there is value in practicing conservation that goes far beyond our own bottom line.
1. Why did the stylist treat the author so well when she got her hair cut? ______
A.Shops try various kinds of means to satisfy customers.
B.Large shops or small shops are offering big discounts.
C.Women are inclined to have their hair cut less frequently.
D.Customers refrain from purchasing things impulsively.
2. By saying the underlined sentence in Paragraph 2, the author shows that customers ______.
A.now purchase things which are on sale
B.have got a sense of superiority
C.have learned the way to bargain
D.have higher requirement for service
A B C D
C
[解析] 含义题 underlined sentence, Paragraph 2, customers 根据题干关键词定位到文章第二段。联系上下文可知，这种考虑时的沉默就是一种有效的还价手法，只是由于现在经济不景气，所以连这些还价的流程都不需要了。从You really don't even have to say anything pitiful before he'll offer to knock a few hundred dollars off可知，因为顾客现在是真的不需要玩这种还价艺术，商家就会主动提供折扣。所以the newly perfected art of the considered pause即指顾客们将考虑时的沉默作为最新的还价手法，因此C项“顾客已经学会了如何还价”正确。A项“顾客购买打折的东西”、B项“顾客有一种优越感”和D项“客户对服务有更高的要求”均不符合题意。故本题选C。
3. According to Paragraph 4, the phrase "flaunt their new power at every turn" means that consumers want to ______.
A.keep asking for more discounts
B.demonstrate their power
C.show off their money
D.have more suspicion
A B C D
A
[解析] 细节题 Paragraph 4, flaunt their new power at every turn 根据题干关键词定位到文章第四段。该段指出，每一次在商家满足了顾客的还价要求后，顾客又会提出进一步的降价要求，让一开始的就显得过分的折扣变得越来越大。因此A项“获得更低的商品价格”符合文意。B项“表现他们的力量”只从字面上对flaunt their new power进行了解释，没有联系语境进一步说明。C项“炫耀他们的钱财”和D项“疑心更重”均不符合题意。故本题选A。
4. What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs? ______
A.The practice of frugality is essential.
B.Extravagant spending would accelerate economic development.
C.One's life experience would be transformed into lifelong habits.
D.Customers should cut the price of luxury goods.
A B C D
A
[解析] 推断题 last two paragraphs 根据题干关键词定位到文章最后两段。通过最后一段末句there is value in practicing conservation that goes far beyond our own bottom line可知，作者崇尚节俭，因此A项“厉行节俭是很重要的”符合题意。因此B项“奢侈的消费会加速经济的发展”、C项“一个人的生活经历会转变成一生的习惯”和D项“消费者应该期待奢侈品降价”均不符合题意。故本题选A。
5. Which of the following could be the best title of this passage? ______
A.During Economic Downturn, Everything is on Sale
B.The Art of Bargaining
C.Promising Shoppers
D.In a Recession, the Consumer is Queen
A B C D
D
[解析] 主旨题 best title 作者首先列举在理发店、家电市场和餐馆的一些经历，指出商家在提供服务时变得越来越热情主动，进而阐述了这一变化的原因主要是经济危机。而这些变化刺激了顾客的购买欲，随之而来的是奢侈消费，必而造成浪费。所以D项“在经济衰退中，消费者是女王”符合文意。A项“在经济低迷时期，一切都在促销”、B项“砍价的艺术”和C项“有前途的购物者”都只是文中部分内容的概况，并不是本文主旨。故本题选D。
Text 4 In 2016, many shoppers opted to avoid the frenetic crowds and do their holiday shopping from the comfort of their computer. But people are also returning those purchases at record rates, up 8% from last year. What went wrong? Is the lingering shadow of the global financial crisis making it harder to accept extravagant indulgences? Or do people shop more impulsively when online? Both arguments are plausible. However, there is a third factor: a question of touch. And physically interacting with an object makes you more committed to your purchase. When my most recent book Brandwashed was released, I teamed up with a local bookstore to conduct an experiment. I carefully instructed a group of volunteers to promote my book in two different ways. The first was a fairly hands-off approach. Whenever a customer would inquire about my book, the volunteer would take them over to the shelf and point to it. Out of 20 such requests, six customers proceeded with the purchase. The second option also involved going over to the shelf but, this time, removing the book and then subtly holding onto it for just an extra moment before placing it in the customer's hands. Of the 20 people who were handed the book, 13 ended up buying it. Just physically passing the book showed a big difference in sales. Why? We feel something similar to a sense of ownership when we hold things in our hand. It can motivate us to make the purchase even more. A recent study conducted by Bangor University together with the United Kingdom's Royal Mail service also revealed the power of touch. A deeper and longer-lasting impression of a message was formed when delivered in a letter, as opposed to receiving the same message online. The study also indicated that once touch becomes part of the process, it could translate into a sense of possession. In other words, we simply feel more committed to possess and thus buy an item when we've first touched it. This sense of ownership is simply not part of the equation in the online shopping experience. As the rituals of purchase in the lead-up to Christmas change, not only do we give less thought to the type of gifts we buy for our loved ones but, through our own digital wish lists, we increasingly control what they buy for us. The reality, however, is that no matter how convinced we all are that digital is the way to go, finding real satisfaction will probably take more than a few simple clicks.
1. The author believes that shoppers return their purchases most probably that ______.
A.they change their ideas out of indetermination
B.they finally find the purchase too costly
C.they are discontent with the quality of the purchase
D.they regret making the purchase without deep thinking
A B C D
A
[解析] 细节题 shoppers return their purchases 本文分为六段。第一段指出在网购大受欢迎的同时，退货率也很高。第二段分析了高退货率的原因，其中最重要的是顾客接触不到商品。第三段是作者的实验，叙述了志愿者完全不推销图书时的情况。第四段则提出另一种推销方式，并分析了这种方式更容易卖出图书的原因。第五段通过研究证明了触碰的力量。第六段呼应首段，表明网购是大势所趋，论述发现真正让人满意的购物的重要性。 根据题干关键词定位到首段末句，第二段对这一现象进行具体解释。由第二段倒数第一、二句there is a third factor: a question of touch. And physically interacting with an object makes you more committed to your purchase可知，A项“人们因为不坚定而改变了主意”符合题意。B项“他们最终发现购物太贵”和D项“他们后悔在没有深思的情况下买东西”也是人们退货的原因，但不是最重要的原因。C项“他们对购物质量不满意”在原文中未提及。故本题选A。 [参考译文] 2016年，很多顾客选择避开疯狂的购物人群，在节日里用电脑舒适地进行购物。但人们同时也在以创纪录的速度退货，退货率较去年增长了8%。 到底是哪里出错了?是全球金融危机挥之不去的阴影使奢侈浪费之风更难被接受?还是人们在网购中更多地冲动消费?这两个观点看似都是合理的。然而还有第三个因素：网购不能直接触碰到商品。而往往是对一件商品有形真实的接触才让你对购买的东西更加坚定。 在我的新书《品牌洗脑》出版后，我与当地一家书店合作进行了一次实验。我认真仔细地指导一组志愿者用两种不同的方式推销我的书。第一种是采取完全放任不管的手段，每当有顾客上前咨询我的这本书时，志愿者只是将他们带到书架前并给顾客指出书所在的位置。在20位询问的顾客中，有6位购买了此书。 第二种推销方式也会将顾客带到相应书架前，但是有所不同的是，这次志愿者会拿起书，先让书巧妙地在自己的手里停留片刻，然后再将书递到顾客手中。在20位拿到书的顾客之中，有13位最终购买了此书。在销售过程中，仅仅只是有形真实地通过身体传递了一下书籍，就让结果大不相同。为什么呢?我们用手拿到某样东西时，会产生一种类似于“所有权”的感觉。这种感觉会刺激我们购买更多的商品。 班格尔大学和英国皇家邮政服务中心合作进行的一项最新研究也揭示了触摸的力量。与接收同样的网络信息相反，寄信会给人留下更为深刻的印象。这个研究也表明：一旦触碰变成此过程的一部分，其就会转变成一种“所有感”。换句话说，当我们初次触碰物品时，仅仅是因为对物品产生了所有感，所以购买了它。在网购过程中无法产生相同意义的“所有感”。 随着圣诞节购物狂欢方式的改变，我们不仅不再认真考虑我们为所爱之人购买礼物的类型，而且还通过用我们的愿望清单日趋控制我们所爱之人要买给我们的礼物。然而，现实是无论我们如何确定数字网购是大势所趋，发现真正让人满意的购物都比简单点几下鼠标要重要得多。高管仍然一厢情愿地相信明星具有吸引观众前往影院的能力，并且再次证明明星和票房之间没有必然的关系。
2. The experiment in the bookstore could show the fact that ______.
A.customers prefer online shopping to offline shopping
B.the volume of sales is not related to volunteers
C.the physically passing of goods is usually void
D.the sense of ownership would urge people' s shopping
A B C D
D
[解析] 细节题 experiment in the bookstore 根据题干中关键词定位到原文第三、四段。由第四段中的physically passing the book showed a big difference in sales(仅仅是亲手把书递给顾客在销量上就显示出了很大的差别)和We feel something similar to a sense of ownership when we hold things in our hand.(我们用手拿到某样东西时，会产生一种类似于“所有权”的感觉)可知，拿到实物的归属感会促使顾客购物，故D项“所有权感会促使人们购物”为正确选项。A项“比起线下购物，顾客更喜欢网上购物”、B项“图书的销量和志愿者无关”和C项“用身体传递商品一般都是无效的”均不是实验想要展示的内容。故本题选D。
3. The underlined word "subtly" (Para. 4) refers to ______.
4. The recent study by Bangor University and the Royal Mail Service are mentioned to ______.
A.compare the study to bookstore's experiment
B.give more evidence to prove the power of touch
C.show the brain's functions through research
D.illustrate the emotional responses of shopping
A B C D
B
[解析] 例证题 recent study 根据题干关键词定位到原文第五段。由首句A recent study conducted by Bangor University together with the United Kingdom's Royal Mail service also revealed the power of touch可知，该项研究显示了触摸的力量，作者通过研究结论再一次论证自己的实验结果，因此B项“为触碰的力量提供更多证据”符合题意。A项“将这项研究与书店的实验作比较”、C项“通过研究显示大脑的功能”和D项“说明购物的情绪反应”均不是作者的真正目的。故本题选B。
5. According to the last paragraph, which of the following is true? ______
A.Physical stores could bring more satisfaction than online shops.
B.People still think highly of Christmas gift buying.
C.The digital age has more advantages than disadvantages.
D.Online shopping is a great choice for sales promotion.
A B C D
A
[解析] 推断题 last paragraph 根据题干关键词定位到原文最后一段。作者在段末指出finding real satisfaction will probably take more than a few simple clicks(要找到真正的满足感远远不是点几下鼠标就能做到的)，由此可知，作者认为虽然电子购物是大势所趋，但是购物者要想获得真正的满足感还是要去实体店，通过对实物的触碰感来获得真正的满足。故A项“实体店能带来比网上商店更大的满足感”正确。B项“人们依旧高度重视购买圣诞礼物”、C项“数字时代的优点多于缺点”和D项“网上购物是促销的一大选择”均不符合题意。故本题选A。
Part B Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41～45, choose the most suitable one from the list A～G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. "Deadpool", which so far has taken more than $500m in cinemas worldwide, is an atypical blockbuster, a foul-mouthed anti-hero film with a mature "R" audience rating. But in one important respect it is typical of many of Hollywood's most successful movies: it does not rely on a world-famous star to sell it. 1 What happened? Ms. Lawrence is by the reckoning of some the biggest star in Hollywood's firmament; Mr. Smith held that unofficial title for years. Have film stars lost some of their lustre? Overall, the cinema business's health seems as rude as ever. 2 The industry has held up well against increased competition from streaming services that give people plenty of option stars with the biggest global profiles, such as Tom Cruise and Leonardo DiCaprio, are instantly recognizable in lucrative overseas markets. 3 Such productions are more likely to make stars than to be made by them. "You really don't want to have a movie star" in certain big franchises, says a senior studio executive: the films will be hits either way, so why pay more? An analysis by The Economist of two decades of box-office results in America and Canada does not refute Ms. Lawrence's status as one of the biggest box-office draws. 4 Hollywood executives still want to believe in stars' power to get bums on seats, so they will bet again on a headliner even after a few flops. Academic studies in recent decades have generally failed to find any conclusive evidence to support studio bosses 'faith in stars' pulling power. 5 It helps to have a damsel in distress, but it does not really which damsel. A. But much of the industry's recent success, at home and abroad, comes from the rise of the big special-effects event film: franchises like "Fast and Furious", "Avengers", "The Hunger Games", "Jurassic Park", James Bond and "Star Wars". B. In contrast, two recent "star vehicle" films struggled to attract audiences despite heavy promotion and high-profile openings on Christmas Day in America. "Joy", with Jennifer Lawrence, and "Concussion", with Will Smith, both failed to earn back their production budgets at the domestic box office and also fared poorly overseas. C. The 2015 film, "Terminator: Genisys", a flop in America with $ 90m in takings on a $155m production budget, was a blockbuster overseas, earning $351m, including $113m in China. But at least 14 films with more than $500m each led in worldwide box-office takings last year. D. Our own analysis suggests only that a few of them do add a bit to box-office receipts. And they reckon that as long as the stars look good and can act, they make scant difference, with at best a very few exceptions. E. Revenue from the American box office grew by 6.3% in 2015, to a record high of $11 billion. Thanks to droves of new film-goers in China, where the market grew by 49% last year, global revenues increased by 4% to $38 billion. F. But it is hard statistically to disentangle her singular appeal from the massive success of the franchise films she has been in. By the same token, she should perhaps not be blamed for the poor performance of "Joy" — without Jennifer Lawrence in it, it would have been a flop, a total flop. G. Jennifer Lawrence was not "Jennifer Lawrence, biggest female movie star in the world" until she made the first "Hunger Games" film.
[解析] 本题位于段末，需要分析前一句。前一句分析了劳伦斯的地位，认为她是最具票房吸引力的明星，F项中的人称代词she可以跟上文Lawrence衔接上，并且F项提到《乔伊》这部电影如果没有劳伦斯，将会是一部烂片(flop)，而下一段首句也提到a few flops，F项跟上下文都可以衔接上。故本题选F。
5.
D
[解析] 本题位于段中，需要分析上下文。上一句说明几十年来的学术研究没能找到结论性的证据，D项中our own analysis suggests that...显示出研究结果，与上文研究结果并列，D项符合题意。故本题选D。
Part C Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. 1 Is language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick II in the thirteenth century, it may be. Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent. All the infants died before the first year. But clearly there was more than lack of language here. What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seriously affected. Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. 2 Most often the reason for this backward speaking is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. If these sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at the right time, but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed. 3 Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. At three he knows about 1,000 words which he can put into sentences, and at four his language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar. Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak. What is special about man's brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern "toy-bear." 4 And even more incredible is the young brain's ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways. 5 But speech has to be induced, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child, where the mother recognizes the signals in the child's babbling and smiling, and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals. Sensitivity to the child's non-verbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language.
1.
语言是否和食物一样是人类的基本需求，没有了它处于关键期的孩子是否会挨饿或受伤?
[考点] 定语从句；介词短语作定语 [解析] 本文共有六段。第一段提到了“语言是人类基本需求”的假设，以及十三世纪的相关实验。第二段表示缺乏育儿技巧会导致婴儿存活率下降。第三段分析现今一些儿童会话能力发展缓慢的原因。第四段是专家针对婴儿会话研究得出的结论。第五段阐明了婴儿大脑已有的作用。第六段强调了母子互动的重要性。 本句是一个复合句。该句主干是Is language a basic human need。without which引导的定语从句修饰限定a basic human need。critical译为“关键性的，紧要的”。damaged译为“受损伤的”。 [参考译文] 语言是否和食物一样是人类的基本需求，没有了它处于关键期的孩子是否会挨饿或受伤?从十三世纪腓特烈二世惨烈的实验中得出，语言确实会产生这样的效果。腓特烈二世为了知道没有听过母语的婴儿会说什么，他让护士保持沉默，不发出声音。 所有未到一岁的婴儿夭折了。但这显然不仅仅是缺失语言，而是缺少优秀的育儿技巧。没有优秀的育儿技巧，婴儿，尤其是在其一岁之前，存活的能力会受到严重的影响。 如今并没有像腓特烈所说的那种严重的缺失，但是一些儿童的会话能力依然发展缓慢。这种迟缓的常见原因则是婴儿的大脑已经做好了快速学习语言的准备，但是母亲对婴儿发出的信号并不敏感。如果我们忽视了敏感期，获得能力的理想时间会流失并且想要再次轻易地学习他们很难。鸟类在特定的时间能快速学会吟唱和飞行，但一旦错过了关键期这个过程会变得既缓慢又艰难。 专家认为语言能力的发展阶段有其固定的顺序和对应的年纪：但也有一些情况是孩子开口说话晚最后却拥有高智商。婴儿在十二周的时候能够微笑并发出类似元音的语音；十二个月的时候他能说简单的词汇并理解简单的命令；十八个月的时候他能认识三到五十个单词。三岁的孩子认识1000个单词并能用这些单词造句，而四岁的时候，他的语言会在模式上与他的父母有所不同，而不是在语法上。 最新调查认为婴儿生来就有说话能力。与猴子的大脑相比，人类大脑的特殊之处在于它有复杂的系统，能够让孩子将所见所感与语言联系在一起，比如将玩具熊的实物与音型“toy-bear”联系在一起。而更令人难以置信的是，婴儿的大脑能够从他周围混杂的语音中梳理出语言的顺序，并以新的方式分析、组合、重组语言的部分内容。 然而会话需要引导，这就取决于母亲与孩子之间的互动，在这个过程中，母亲识别孩子咿呀学语和微笑所传递的信号并做出回应。母亲对这些信息不敏感会阻碍互动，因为孩子会感到失落而只发出明显的信号。所以对孩子非单词信号的敏感度是语言成长和发展的关键要素。
2.
这种迟缓的常见原因则是婴儿的大脑已经做好了快速学习语言的准备，但是母亲对婴儿发出的信号并不敏感。
[考点] 介词短语作定语；定语从句；被动语态 [解析] 本句是一个复合句。句子的主干是the reason is that the mother is insensitive to the signals，其中that引导的从句作表语。whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly是whose引导的定语从句，修饰限定the infant。此外，backward译为“发展缓慢的”。program表示“预先确定”。
[考点] 宾语从句；介词短语作状语；定语从句 [解析] 本句是一个复合句。句子的主干是Experts suggest that speech stages are reached, but there are cases。that引导宾语从句，suggest表示“认为，表明”。连词and并列两个介词短语in a fixed sequence和at a constant age，共同修饰动词are reached作状语。此外，关系副词where(相当于介词in+which)引导的定语从句修饰名词cases，关系代词who引导的定语从句修饰名词a child。
[考点] 倒装；并列结构；介词短语作状语；介词短语作定语 [解析] 本句是一个简单句。该句的主干是more incredible is the young brain's ability，显而易见，该句是主谓倒装结构。其中，不定式短语to pick out an order和to analyze，to combine and recombine the parts of a language均作定语修饰名词ability，pick out译为“辨认出，分辨出”，recombine表示“重新组合”。
[考点] 被动结构；并列结构；介词短语作定语；定语从句 [解析] 本句是一个复合句。主句是由连词and并列连接的两个句子，即speech has to be induced和this depends on interaction，其中，induce译为“诱导，引导”。介词短语between the mother and the child作定语修饰名词interaction。关系副词where引导定语从句修饰限定interaction。在该定语从句中，连词and并列谓语recognizes和responds to，介词短语in the child's babbling and smiling作定语修饰限定signals，babbling表示“咿呀学语”。
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
1. Directions: Suppose your friend, Anne, has been promoted to the monitor. And she asked for your advice on how to serve as an excellent class leader. Write her a letter to congratulate her and give your advice. You should write about 100 words neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.
[范文] Dear Anne, I am writing this letter to express my sincere congratulation to you for the promotion. And I hope you could be an outstanding class leader. As to your request of some suggestions on how to be a qualified monitor, it is advisable for you to take part in more school and social activities, because they can help to improve your ability to associate with other students. In addition, choosing the most efficient way to work is another suggestion for you. And sometimes it's OK to ask some classmates for help. Once again, congratulate to you for this promotion. And I hope that you will find these suggestions helpful.
1. Directions: Write an essay of 160～200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should 1) describe the drawing briefly, 2) explain its intended meaning, and 3) give your comments. You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
[范文] As is illustrated in the picture, a new energy car is driven on the Earth where there are some lush trees, symbolizing that fresh air is available there. Thus we can see that the widespread adoption of new energy vehicles (NEVs) can improve the air quality to a great extent. To promote new energy vehicles, the Chinese government has offered various incentives in recent year, including tax breaks, which can be explained by several reasons. Firstly, thanks to the development of green and low-carbon technology. NEVs can cut fossil fuel use and control coal consumption, which can help reduce the use of non-renewable resources. Secondly, NEVs are poweredby renewable energy sources, such as fuel-cell technology and battery, which helps lessen air pollution and improve air quality. Last but not least, the application of NEVs can be regarded as a way for China to upgrade the economy and shift the focus away from heavy industry. As far as I am concerned, NEVs are environmental friendly, and the development of auto technology will drive NEVs to become a major trend. Even so, the government plays a vital role in promoting NEVs, for example, more charging stations and posts can be built to bring convenience for the public who buy new energy vehicles.
深色：已答题 浅色：未答题