Section Ⅰ Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. There's fear of the number 13. It's a number just like any other, and yet there are 1 movies about it; some buildings 2 have no 13th floor and plenty of couples 3 getting married on the 13th of the month. The 4 name for fear of the number 13 is triskaidekaphobia, and 5 it is rare, about 9 to 10 percent of Americans are, at the very least, uneasy about the number 13. What 6 this number so scary? Well, there's no single reason 7 the widespread fear. Historians have pinpointed a few 8 reasons for 13's prevalence as an unlucky number. The most popular theory about the 9 of fear of the number 13 is biblical: there were 13 10 at the Last Supper. The 13th to arrive was Judas, who 11 Jesus. In Norse mythology, too, a table of 13 proved unlucky, to say the least. 12 one of the myths, the primary 12 gods were dining together peacefully 13 the god of mischief (and frequent superhero-movie villain) Loki showed up. As soon as this 13th guest arrived, chaos and holocaust happened. The superstition that a table of 13 diners 14 bad news even made its way into Harry Potter. On its own, there are no problems with the number itself. It's 13's proximity to the number 12 that makes it look bad, according to scientists and mathematicians. In many ancient cultures, 12 was 15 to be a perfect number. There are 12 hours on a clock, 12 months in a year, and 12 phases of the Zodiac. As the number immediately follows this "perfect" one, 13 seemed 16 , inspiring unease 17 the ancient world. So factors from both myth and math have 18 to make this particular number more 19 than any other, inspiring fear of the number 13 in many. The uneasiness about the number, 20 to ancient times, has been compounded over the years to create a very real, modem fear.
1.
A.drama
B.horror
C.crime
D.comedy
A B C D
B
[解析] 本文节选自Reader's Digest(《读者文摘》)，原文标题为This Is Why People Are So Afraid of the Number 13(这就是为什么人们如此害怕数字13)。本文主要讲述人们害怕数字13的可能原因。 A．drama戏剧 B．horror恐怖 C．crime犯罪 D．comedy喜剧 考查名词辨析。文章首句指出人们害怕数字13。虽然13就像其他数字一样，只是一个数字，但是也有关于它的______电影。由yet转折可知空格处是强调人们对于数字13的害怕，因此关于数字13的电影应属于恐怖电影，故B项为正确答案。 A、D项与本文主旨无关；C项犯罪电影不一定令人害怕。故均排除。 [参考译文] 人们害怕数字13。虽然13就像其他数字一样，只是一个数字，但是也有关于它的恐怖电影；一些建筑故意没有设置13层，很多情侣都避免在某月13日结婚。害怕数字13的专业名称是十三恐惧症，虽然这种情况很少见，但至少有9%到10%的美国人对数字13感到不安。 是什么让这个数字如此可怕?在这种普遍的恐惧背后并没有单一的原因。历史学家指出了13作为不吉利数字流行的几个潜在原因。 关于害怕数字13的起源，最流行的理论来自《圣经》：在最后的晚餐中有13位用餐者。第13个到达的是犹大，他背叛了耶稣。至少在北欧神话中，一张13人的桌子被证明是不吉利的。根据其中一个传说，最初的12位神正一起和平地吃饭，直到灾祸之神洛基(经常出现在超级英雄电影中的反派人物)的出现。第13位客人一到，混乱和大屠杀就发生了。一桌13人用餐会带来倒霉事的迷信甚至还流传到了《哈利·波特》中。 就其本身而言，这个数字没有问题。科学家和数学家认为，数字13和12很接近，这让它看起来很糟糕。在许多古代文化中，12被认为是一个完美的数字。时钟上有12个小时，一年有12个月，黄道带有12个星座。紧随着这个“完美”数字出现，13似乎是有缺陷的，其所引发的不安遍及整个古代世界。 因此，来自神话和数学的因素结合在一起，使得这个特定的数字比其他任何数字都更具有害性，从而引发了许多人对数字13的恐惧。对这个数字的不安可以追溯到古代，多年来一直在加剧，造成了一种非常真实的、新式的恐惧。
[解析] A．considered认为 B．qualified具有……资格；合格 C．exposed揭发 D．worshipped敬奉(神) 考查动词辨析。根据原文，在许多古代文化中，12被______是一个完美的数字。时钟上有12个小时，一年有12个月，黄道带有12个星座。be considered to be意为“被认为是……”，代入文中后语义及逻辑均合理，因此A项是正确答案。 B项qualified“具有……资格；合格”，关于“完美”数字并未制定相关考察条件，因此B项排除。C项exposed“揭发”，通常指揭发不好的事，与文义不符，可排除。D项worshipped“敬奉(神)”，尤指在教堂、庙宇等祷告，也可排除。
[解析] A．combined结合 B．linked连接 C．associated使联合 D．compared比较 考查动词辨析。上文分别说明了在神话和数学方面的因素，因此这两方面的因素共同使得数字13比其他数字更______。A项combined可构成combine to do sth. 的搭配，表示多种因素结合在一起导致/造成……，用在此处符合语义及语法，故为正确答案。 B项指把(物体、机器、地方等)连接起来或(两件东西或两人之间)有联系或关系，与本文语境不符，且不能构成。link to do sth. 的搭配，故排除。C项不能构成associate to do sth. 的搭配，故排除。D项明显与本文内容相悖，故排除。
[解析] A．running back回忆；返回 B．dating back追溯到 C．running from逃避，飞奔以逃离 D．dating from追溯到；始于 考查固定搭配。根据原文，对这个数字的不安可以______古代，多年来一直在加剧，造成了一种非常真实的、新式的恐惧。date back to表示“追溯到”，代入后符合文义，故为正确答案。 A、C项代入后明显语义不通顺，故排除。D项dating from等于dating back to，后面不用再接to，故排除。
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.
Text 1 Medical advances come at a cost, and that cost is increasingly steep. We rely on pharmaceutical companies, as well as public and philanthropic investment, to develop the medicines that can transform and even save lives. New drugs emerge not according to need, but when companies know they can make sizable profits from them. Governments and patients around the world are struggling to cope with escalating costs. Last year a report suggested that the average annual price of new cancer drugs had almost doubled in the US between 2013 and 2017—and would double again by 2022. Companies blame the cost of development and say they need to recoup their investments. They are less keen to acknowledge their often sky-high profits, the fact that some put more into share buy-backs than research and development, and the reality that many new offerings are "me-too" variations rather than game-changing innovations. The problem is especially acute for drugs that do not have a large market—either because the aim is to use them only as a last resort to preserve their efficacy; or because the disease or condition is an uncommon one. Last month, the health secretary, Matt Hancock, proposed incentivising pharmaceutical companies to develop new drugs to tackle anti-microbial resistance by paying for the medicines according to their value to the health service, rather than by the quantity used. Now Mr Hancock is being asked to show boldness in another case. A US manufacturer has set the price of a drug called Orkambi, which could extend the lives of thousands of children with cystic fibrosis, at more than ￡100,000 a year. Britain is home to more than a tenth of the 100,000 people worldwide affected by the life-limiting genetic disorder. But the NHS cannot afford Orkambi. Other companies have budged in similar circumstances; but the drug's maker, Vertex rejected an offer of ￡500m over five years for access to its cystic fibrosis drugs as inadequate and unfair; it is understood to have spent $3.3bn on the patents for the drug, though campaigners say it has already earned $2.5bn from sales. The head of specialised commissioning for NHS England has described the company as "an extreme outlier in terms of both its pricing and behaviour". Parents and the medicines group Just Treatment are urging the government to invoke "crown use", allowing it to make cheap versions and pay Vertex a smaller sum in compensation. This would be very unusual, but not unprecedented. The principle that intellectual property rules cannot automatically outweigh health considerations is well established, and not only in public opinion; it is recognized in the WTO's Doha declaration of 2001. Mr Hancock should heed the campaigners' call. The hopes raised by this powerful drug should not be dashed. If "crown use" sent a broader message on acceptable pricing, all the better.
1. New drugs may not hit the market unless ______
A.the public has paid a certain cost.
B.it is lucrative for medicine-makers.
C.the medicine manufacturers are moved by conscience.
D.it can improve the condition and save more lives.
A B C D
B
[解析] 本文节选自The Guardian(《卫报》)，原文标题为The Guardian View on New Drugs: High Hopes, Higher Prices(《卫报》对新药的看法：希望高，价格更高)。本文主要讲述了高药价的现状并诉诸政府援引“皇冠使用”来解决这一问题。第一至三段指出新药代价越来越高，且投资减少，换汤不换药，这一问题对那些没有大市场的药物来说尤其严重。第四段用药物Orkambi的例子指出严峻的高药价现状。最后一段讲作者支持活动家们呼吁政府援引“皇冠使用”的做法。 定位词：New drugs 事实细节题。根据定位词定位到第一段。第一段最后一句指出，新药并非按需上市，而是在(制药)公司知道他们可以从中获得可观的利润时才会出现。由此可知，B项“这对制药商来说是有利可图的”为正确答案。 文中说医学的进步代价很大，但这与新药上市无太大关系，A项排除。C项原文没有提及。D项指的是药物的作用，而非新药上市的原因，故排除。 [参考译文] 医学的进步是要付出代价的，而且代价越来越大。我们依靠制药公司，以及公众和慈善捐款来开发能够改善(病情)甚至拯救生命的药物。新药并非按需上市，而是在(制药)公司知道他们可以从中获得可观的利润时才会出现。 世界各国政府和患者都在努力应对不断上升的医疗成本。去年的一份报告显示，2013年至2017年，美国抗癌新药的年均价格几乎翻了一番，到2022年还将再翻一番。企业将此归咎于研发成本，并表示它们需要收回投资。它们不太愿意承认自己获取的利润通常极高，事实是一些公司将更多资金投入股票回购，而不是研发，并且许多新产品是“模仿”的变体，而不是颠覆性的创新。 这一问题对那些没有大市场的药物来说尤其严重，要么是因为其目的只是把它们作为维持药效的最后手段，要么是因为这种疾病或状况并不常见。上个月，英国卫生大臣马特·汉考克提议，应当鼓励制药公司根据药物的药用价值，而不是用量来支付药物费用，从而开发出应对抗生素耐药性的新药。 现在，需要汉考克先生在另一个事件中展现魄力。美国一家制造商将一种名为Orkambi的药物的价格定在每年10万英镑以上，这种药物可以延长数千名囊胞性纤维症儿童患者的寿命。全世界有10万人受到这种影响寿命的遗传疾病的影响，其中有十分之一以上居住在英国。但是NHS(英国国民健康保险制度)负担不起Orkambi。其他公司在类似情况下也出现了改变；但该药物的制造商Vertex(顶点制药)拒绝了在5年内支付5亿英镑购买其囊胞性纤维症药物的提议，理由是该提议不够充分且不公平。据悉，该公司已在该药物的专利上花费33亿美元，但活动家们表示，该公司已从销售中获利25亿美元。NHS专门负责人形容该公司“在定价和行为方面都是一个极端的门外汉”。 家长和Just Treatment药品集团敦促政府援引“皇冠使用”，允许其生产价格亲民的版本，并向Vertex支付较小金额的补偿。这将是非常不寻常的，但并非史无前例。知识产权规则不能自动凌驾于健康考虑之上的原则已经确立，而且不仅是在公众舆论中；世贸组织2001年的多哈宣言也承认了这一点。汉考克先生应该留意活动家们的呼吁。这种强效药物所带来的希望不应破灭。如果“皇冠使用”能就可接受的定价发出更广泛的信息，那就更好了。
2. The new drugs can be described as the following except ______
3. Smaller-market drugs' severe situation is partly due to ______
A.its restricted medicinal range.
B.its uncommon side effect.
C.its unstable effectiveness.
D.its unwelcomed goal.
A B C D
A
[解析] 定位词：Smaller—market drugs 事实细节题。根据定位词定位到第三段。题干中的smaller-market drugs与第三段第一句中的drugs that do not have a large market为同义替换。第三段第一句指出，这一问题对那些没有大市场的药物来说尤其严重，要么是因为其目的只是把它们作为维持药效的最后手段，要么是因为这种疾病或状况并不常见。由“这种疾病或状况并不常见”可知市场小的药物其药用范围小，A项符合文义，是正确答案。 文中并未提及side effect，B项可排除。C项中的unstable无中生有，可排除。文中并未提及其目标(goal)受欢迎与否，D项排除。
4. The Orkambi maker's pricing and behaviour is ______
Text 2 In the fog of uncertainty about how new technology will change the way we work, policymakers around the world have flocked to the same idea. No matter what the future brings, they say confidently, we will need to upskill the workforce in order to cope. The view sounds reassuringly sensible: if computers are growing smarter, humans will need to learn to control and employ them or be replaced by them. But the truth is, the people who are being "upskilled" in today's economy are the ones who need it the least. Research published this week by the Social Mobility Commission in the UK shows that workers with degrees are over three times more likely to participate in training as adults than workers with no qualifications. That creates a virtuous circle for those who did well at school, and vicious circle for those who did not. If the robots are coming for both the accountants and the taxi drivers, you can bet the bean counters will be more able to retrain themselves out Of danger. Employers also invest in better educated workers more. In the UK, the government introduced an "apprenticeship (学徒) levy" a few years ago in an attempt to force employers to spend more on training. A surprising number have responded by sending their senior managers on "apprenticeships" at business schools. It is no good condemning employers for directing investments at their highly skilled workers. They are simply aiming for the highest return they can get. And, for some types of lower-paid work, it is not always true that technological progress requires more skills. The UK's latest Employment and Skills Survey, which is performed every five years, suggests the use of literacy and numeracy skills at work has fallen since 2012, even as the use of computers has increased. The trouble is, when the computer makes your job easier one day, it might make it redundant the next. Many of those affected by automation will need to switch occupations, or even industries. But a retailer or warehouse company is not going to retrain its staff to help them move to a different sector. It is time to revisit older ideas. The UK once had an energetic culture of night schools, for adults to attend after their day jobs. These institutions have withered thanks to funding cuts. But a revival of night schools, subsidised by the state and enriched by online learning options, could be exactly what the 21st century needs. Rather than just "upskilling" in a narrow way, people could choose to learn an entirely new skill or trade, or explore interests they never had a chance to nurture before. It is still not clear whether the impact of new technology on the labour market will come in a trickle or a flood. But in an already unequal world, continuing to reserve all the lifeboats for the better-off would be a dangerous mistake.
1. According to the author, policymakers' idea to upskill the workforce ______
A.prevents computers from replacing people.
B.can't benefit those who really need it.
C.places great burden on today's economy.
D.aims to help us cope with new technologies.
A B C D
B
[解析] 本文节选自Financial Times(《金融时报》)，原标题为Help the Low-skilled Ride out the Rise of the Robots(帮助低技能人员应对机器人的崛起)。文章指出现实中技能提升的机会往往向高学历者倾斜，实际上，应为真正面临危机的低学历者提供再培训的机会。第一段介绍应对新科技的通常做法：提升劳动力的技能。第二段反驳通常做法并提出观点：(现实中)那些“高技能”的人是最不需要提升技能的。第三至五段分析新技术对不同劳动力群体的影响，指出迫切需要帮助的是低学历、低技能员工。第六段介绍正确的应对方法：复兴夜校。最后一段总结全文并提出：政策制定者应将更多的资源分配给低技能员工。 定位词：policymakers, upskill the workforce 推理判断题。根据定位词定位到第一段。文章第一段最后提出提升劳动力技能这一想法。本题考查作者的观点看法，那么接着看第二段。该段首句提到这一观点听上去十分明智；但第二句的But转折指出，在当今经济中，那些“高技能”的人是最不需要提升技能的，也就是真正需要提升技能的那些人并没有得到帮助，B项符合此处判断，故为正确答案。 本题考查作者的观点看法。A项作者对第二段首句内容是持否定态度的，与原文不符，故排除。C项原文并未提到great burden，可排除。D项并非作者的观点态度，而是政策制定者的看法。 [参考译文] 在新技术将如何改变我们工作方式的不确定的迷雾中，世界各地的政策制定者都有同样的想法。他们自信地说，无论未来带来什么，我们都需要提升劳动力的技能以进行应对。 这种观点听起来十分明智、令人放心：如果计算机变得越来越聪明，人类将需要学会控制和使用它们，否则就会被它们所取代。但事实是，在当今经济中，那些“高技能”的人是最不需要提升技能的。 英国社会流动性委员会本周发表的一项研究显示，拥有学历的员工参加成人培训的可能性是没有学历的员工的三倍以上。这就为那些在学校表现好的人创造了一个良性循环，而为那些在学校表现不好的人创造了一个恶性循环。如果会计和出租车司机的岗位都被机器人盯上了，你可以打赌会计人员将更有能力通过再培训来摆脱危险。 雇主也会对受教育程度更高的员工投资得更多。英国政府在几年前出台了“学徒税”，试图迫使雇主在培训上投入更多。令人惊讶的是，竞有相当数量的雇主将其高管送进商学院当“学徒”。 谴责雇主对高技能员工进行投资是没有用的。他们只是想获得最高的回报。而且，对于某些类型的低收入工作来说，技术进步并不总是需要更多的技能。英国五年一次的“就业及技能调查”的最新结果显示，尽管电脑的使用有所增加，但自2012年以来，员工在工作中对读写和计算技能的使用都有所下降。问题是，当电脑让你今天的工作变得更简单时，它可能会让你明天的工作变得多余。许多受自动化影响的人将需要转换职业，甚至行业。但零售公司或仓库公司不会对员工进行再培训，以帮助他们进入另一个行业。 现在是重新审视旧观念的时候了。英国曾经有一种充满活力的夜校文化，供成年人在白天工作后就读。由于资金削减，这些机构已经奄奄一息。但是，由国家资助并通过丰富在线学习的选择来复兴夜校，可能正是21世纪所需要的。人们可以选择学习一项全新的技能或手艺，或者探索他们以前从未有机会培养的兴趣，而不是在进行狭义的“技能提升”。 目前还不清楚新技术对劳动力市场的冲击会是涓涓细流还是滚滚洪流。但在一个已经不平等的世界里，继续把所有的救生艇都留给富人将是一个危险的错误。
2. We may infer from Paragraph 3 that ______
A.participating in various training leads to a virtuous circle.
B.taxi drivers are doomed to a vicious circle in face of danger.
C.less-educated and low-skilled employees are in need of help.
D.each of us may get out of danger brought by robots via retraining.
Text 3 When Winston Churchill was at Harrow School, he was in the lowest stream. This did not, he wrote in "My Early Life", blight his academic career, for "I gained an immense advantage over the cleverer boys. They all went on to learn Latin and Greek and splendid things like that... We were considered such dunces that we could learn only English... Thus I got into my bones the essential structure of the ordinary British sentence—which is a noble thing." Partly thanks to Churchill and the post-war Anglo-American ascendancy, English is these days prized, not despised. Over a billion people speak it as either their first or second language; more still as a third or fourth language. English perfectly exemplifies the "network effects" of a global tongue: the more people use it, the more useful it is. It is not surprising that there is a surge in "English-medium" education all over the world. In some regions—such as East Asia and Latin America—the growth is principally among the rich. In others—Africa and South Asia, where former colonies never quite escaped the language's grip—it is happening at all income levels. Parents' desire for their children to master English is spurring the growth of private schooling; parents in the slums of Delhi and Lagos buy English-medium education in the hope that their children will gain a university degree, obtain good jobs and even join a glittering world of global professionals. Teaching children in English is fine if that is what they speak at home and their parents are fluent in it. But that is not the case in most public and low-cost private schools. Children are taught in a language they don't understand by teachers whose English is poor. The children learn neither English nor anything else. English should be an important subject at school, but not necessarily the language of instruction. Unless they are confident of the standard of English on offer, parents should choose mother-tongue education. Rather than switching to English-medium teaching, governments fearful of losing customers to the private sector should look at the many possible ways of improving public schools—limiting the power of obstructive teachers' unions, say, or handing them over to private-sector managers and developing good curriculums and so on. Pakistani Punjab has decided to end the English experiment; Uganda has introduced mother-tongue instruction in 12 different languages in the first four years of schooling. More should follow. After all, it was a good education in his mother tongue, rather than in the classics then favoured by the British aristocracy (贵族), that won Churchill the Nobel prize for literature.
1. Winston Churchill is cited to ______
A.illustrate his great contribution to the popularity of English.
B.show the significance of educating in mother tongue.
C.prove his great talent for learning ordinary British sentence.
D.reveal one of the noble things written in his famous book.
2. The word "surge" (Para. 3) most probably means ______
A.sharp increase.
B.momentary popularity.
C.blind following.
D.favorable change.
A B C D
A
[解析] 定位词：surge, Para. 3 词汇理解题。根据定位词定位到第三段。本段划线词所在句之后的内容均是在例证该句。由第三段第三句中的the growth和第四句中的happening at all income levels可知该词应与“增长”和“发生范围广泛，发生率高”有关系，观察四个选项，A项符合此处判断，故A项为正确答案。 由以上分析可知，其余三项均与文章内容不符，故排除。
3. What can the method of teaching in English be described as according to Paragraph 4? ______
4. According to the author, the governments are suggested to ______
A.find ways to switch to English-medium teaching successfully.
B.attach importance to mother-tongue education in public schools.
C.take measures to prevent customers from running off to private schools.
D.promote the management and curriculum quality of public schools.
A B C D
D
[解析] 定位词：governments 事实细节题。根据定位词定位到第五段。第五段最后一句提到，那些担心生源流向私立学校的政府不应转向英语教学，而应着眼于许多改善公立学校的可能途径，比如限制故意刁难的教师工会的权力，或者将其移交给私营部门的管理者，并开发良好的课程等。以上三种途径都属于管理和课程质量方面，D项符合原文内容，故为正确答案。 文中明确指出，政府不应转向英语教学，A项错误，故排除。B项定位段未提及，属于无中生有，故排除。C项利用文中的losing customers to the private sector(生源流向私立学校)设置干扰，但严重曲解了文意，故排除。
5. The author's attitude toward Punjab and Uganda's practice may be ______
A.supportive.
B.ambiguous.
C.critical.
D.indifferent.
A B C D
A
[解析] 定位词：Punjab and Uganda 态度观点题。根据定位词定位到最后一段。该段开头分别阐述了巴基斯坦的旁遮普省和乌干达的做法，接着作者用More should follow(更多的地方应该效仿)进行总结评价，可见作者是持支持的态度，因此A项为正确答案。 由以上分析可知，其余三项均不符合文义。
Text 4 A devastating heat wave swept across Europe in 2003, killing tens of thousands of people, scientists estimate. Many were elderly, with limited mobility, and some already suffered from chronic diseases. But climate change is making such extreme weather more common—and the effects will not be limited to the old and sick. Warming temperatures do not only threaten lives directly. They also cause billions of hours of lost labor, enhance conditions for the spread of infectious diseases and reduce crop yields, according to a recent report. "It affects everyone around the world—every single person, every single population. No country is immune," says Nick Watts, executive director of the Lancet Countdown and one of many co-authors of the report. "We've been seeing these impacts for some time now." The report found that millions of people worldwide are vulnerable to heat-related disease and death and that populations in Europe and the eastern Mediterranean are especially susceptible—most likely because they have more elderly people living in urban areas. Adults older than 65 are particularly at risk, as are those with chronic illnesses such as heart disease or diabetes. Places where humans tend to live are exposed to an average temperature change that is more than twice the global average. The report did find some bright spots: in 2015, 30 of 40 countries surveyed by the WHO reported having climate change health adaptation plans, and 65 percent of cities have undertaken (or are undertaking) risk assessments that address threats to public health infrastructure. But worldwide spending on health adaptation is still under 5 percent of all climate adaptation spending. And funding has not matched that pledged in the Paris Agreement, the global climate accord that is set to take effect in 2020. Compared with 1986 to 2005, each person was exposed to, on average, 1.4 more days of heat wave per year from 2000 to 2017. That may not seem like a lot, but as Watts notes, "someone who is 75 and suffers from kidney disease can probably survive three to four days of heat wave but not five or six." Among the biggest steps countries can take to mitigate these health effects are phasing out coal-fired power and shifting to greener forms of transportation, Watts says. Electric vehicles are making progress in places, he notes—and "active" transport, such as walking or cycling, is also important. Summing up the costs of climate change, Watts says, makes it clear that our response or lack of response is going to determine our health over the next century.
1. According to the first two paragraphs, we may learn that ______
A.climate change has various effects and with wide ranges.
B.the older people are most likely to be threatened by climate change.
C.many people are out of work under the high temperature conditions.
D.diseases are easier to spread in high-temperature environment.
A B C D
A
[解析] 本文节选自Scientific American(《科学美国人》)，原文标题为Climate Change Is Having a Major Impact on Global Health(气候变化正对全球健康产生重大影响)。本文主要讲述了气候变化对全球健康的影响。第一至三段借2003年的热浪指出气候变化使得极端天气变得更加常见，其影响非常广泛且是多方面的。第四段指出全球用于健康适应的支出不足。第五段指出热浪的影响越来越明显，也越来越严重。最后一段提出应对措施，并呼吁人类采取正确的行动。 定位词：the first two paragraphs 事实细节题。根据定位词定位到前两段。第一段指出“气温升高不仅直接威胁生命。根据最近的一份报告显示，它们还造成数十亿小时的工时损失，提高了传染病传播的可能性，并降低了农作物产量”。由此可见气候变化的影响是多方面的。第二段指出“它影响着世界上的每个人——每一个个体，每一个群体。任何一个国家都会受到影响”。由此可见其影响的广泛性。因此A项为正确答案。 气温升高的影响将不仅限于老年人和病人，B项错误，故排除。C项文中说的是造成数十亿小时的工时损失，并非是失业了，故排除。D项文中说的是气温升高提高了传染病传播的可能性，D项扩大了范围，故排除。 [参考译文] 2003年，一场毁灭性的热浪席卷欧洲，科学家们估计这场热浪会致使数以万计的人死亡。其中许多是行动不便的老年人，有些则已患有慢性疾病。但气候变化正使这种极端天气变得更加常见，其影响将不仅局限于老年人和病人。气温升高不仅直接威胁生命。根据最近的一份报告显示，它们还造成数十亿小时的工时损失，提高了传染病传播的可能性，并降低了农作物产量。 “它影响着世界上的每个人——每一个个体，每一个群体。任何一个国家都会受到影响，”作为“柳叶刀倒计时”报告的合著者之一及执行主任尼克·沃茨说，“我们看到这些影响已经有一段时间了。” 该报告发现，全球有数百万人易受与高温有关的疾病和死亡的影响，欧洲和地中海东部地区的人口尤其容易受影响——这很有可能是因为他们有更多的老年人居住在城市地区。65岁以上的成年人，以及患有心脏病或糖尿病等慢性病的人，面临的风险尤其大。人类居住地的平均气温变化是全球平均气温变化的两倍多。 报告确实发现了一些亮点：2015年，在世界卫生组织调查的40个国家中，有30个国家报告有气候变化健康适应计划，65%的城市已经(或正在)进行风险评估，以应对公共卫生基础设施面临的威胁。但全球用于健康适应的支出仍不到所有气候适应支出的5%。资金也没有达到《巴黎协定》中承诺的水平。《巴黎协定》是一项全球气候协议，此协议将于2020年生效。 与1986年到2005年相比，从2000年到2017年，每个人平均每年暴露在热浪中的时间多了1.4天。这似乎并不多，但正如沃茨所指出的，“一个75岁的肾病患者可能可以在热浪中存活三到四天，但不可能存活五到六天。” 沃茨说，为了减轻这些对健康的影响，各国可以采取的最大措施之一是逐步淘汰燃煤发电，转向更环保的交通方式。他指出，电动汽车正在某些领域取得进展，步行或骑自行车等“主动的”交通方式也很重要。沃茨说，总结气候变化的代价，可以让我们清楚地看到，我们的反应或缺乏反应将决定我们下个世纪的健康状况。
2. The author holds that health adaptation plans are ______
3. What may Watts agree in terms of the effect of climate change? ______
A.A little neglect may breed great mischief.
B.A bad beginning makes a bad ending.
C.A burden of one's choice is not felt.
D.A match will set fire to a large building.
A B C D
D
[解析] 定位词：Watts, the effect of climate change 推理判断题。根据定位词以及出题顺序原则定位到第五段。该段指出，与1986年到2005年相比，从2000年到2017年，每个人平均每年暴露在热浪中的时间多了1.4天。这似乎并不多，但正如沃茨所指出的，“一个75岁的肾病患者可能可以在热浪中存活三到四天，但不可能存活五到六天。”也就是说数字变化虽然微小，但其影响不可小觑，D项“星星之火，可以燎原”比喻小事可以酿成大变，符合文章此处语境，故为正确答案。 A项表示小事不忍耐就会坏了大事；B项表示有不好的开始必然有坏的结局；C项表示愿意担当就不会喊累。此三项均与原文语境不符，故排除。
4. The word "mitigate" (Para. 6) most probably means ______
Part B Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. For the first time in history, the Earth has more people over the age of 65 than under the age of five. In another two decades the ratio will be two-to-one, according to a recent analysis by Torsten of Deutsche Bank. 1 The world's greying is inevitable. But its negative effects on growth are not. Ageing slows growth in several ways. One is that there are fewer new workers to boost output. Work forces in some 40 countries are already shrinking because of demographic change. 2 People in work, required to support ever more pensioners, must pay higher taxes. But the biggest hit to growth comes from weakening productivity. A study published in 2016, for example, examined economic performance across American states. It found that arise of 10% in the share of a state's population that is over 60 cuts the growth rate of output per person by roughly half a percentage point, with two-thirds of that decline due to weaker growth in productivity. Why are older economies less productive? The answer is not, as one might suppose, that older workers are. 3 A study of Germany's manufacturing sector published in 2016 failed to detect a drop-off in productivity in workers up to the age of 60. Companies can tweak employees' roles as they get older in order to make best use of the advantages of age, such as extensive experience and professional connections. Furthermore, if weak productivity growth was caused by older workers producing less, pay patterns should reflect that. Wages would tend to rise at the beginning of a career and fall towards its end. But that is not what usually happens. 4 It is not older workers' falling productivity that seems to hold back the economy, but their influence on those around them. That influence is potent: the authors reckon that as much as a percentage point of America's recent decline in annual productivity growth could be associated with ageing. How this influence makes itself felt is unclear. But the authors suggest that companies with more older workers might be less eager to embrace new technologies. 5 Or older bosses might be to blame. Research indicates that younger managers are more likely to adopt new technologies than are older ones. This may seem obvious: older people's greater aversion to new technology is a cliché. And at least anecdotally, greying industries do seem more averse to change. A. Though some capabilities, notably physical ones, deteriorate with age, the overall effect is not dramatic. B. As the number of elderly people increases, governments may neglect growth-boosting public investment in education and infrastructure in favour of spending on pensions and health care. C. Rather, according to a recent paper by economists at Moody's Analytics, a consultancy, wages are lower for everyone in companies with lots of older workers. D. It would not only expand the labour force and create new taxpayers, but would mean more and younger companies, and greater openness to new technologies. E. The trend has economists worried about everything from soaring pension costs to "secular stagnation"—the chronically weak growth that comes from having too few investment opportunities to absorb available savings. F. That might be because they are reluctant to make investments that would require employees to be retrained, given the shorter period over which they could hope to make a return on that training for those near the end of their careers. G. If the evidence suggested that ageing economies struggled primarily because of slow-growing labour forces and fast-growing pension costs, it would make sense to focus policy efforts on keeping people in work longer—by raising retirement ages, for example.
1.
E。
[解析] 本文节选自The Economist(《经济学人》)，原标题为Slower Growth in Ageing Economies Is Not Inevitable(老龄化经济体增长放缓并非不可避免)。本文主要论述了老龄化对经济的影响。第一段提出世界老龄化现象不可避免。第二段指出老龄化减缓了经济增长的几个原因：劳动力缓慢增长；政府忽视公共教育和基础设施，增加养老金支出、卫生医疗服务支出；养老金成本增加，在职人员缴纳更多税收；最重要的原因是生产力下降。第三至五段指出经济增长迟缓不是因为老年工人不断下降的生产力，而是由老龄化对周围的影响引起的。最后两段提到拥有更多老年员工的公司不愿意接受新科技，从而导致了生产力的下降。 上句提到，再过20年，年龄在65岁以上的人口数量与年龄在5岁以下的人口数量的比例将达到2:1，这阐明了一种趋势，一种变化。接着下文指出老龄化不可避免，但它对经济增长的负面影响却不是必然的，由此可知上文应该会涉及老龄化的影响等内容。E项句首The trend指代上句阐述的趋势，随后又指出了对经济的可能的影响，符合上下文逻辑，故E项正确。 [参考译文] 地球上年龄在65岁以上的人口数量有史以来首次超过了年龄在5岁以下的人口数量。根据德意志银行的托尔斯滕·斯洛克近期的一项分析，再过20年，两者的比例将达到2:1。这种趋势令经济学家们担心养老金开支飙升及“长期停滞”(吸收可用储蓄的投资机会太少，从而导致经济增长长期疲软)等方方面面的问题。世界老龄化不可避免，但其对经济增长的负面影响却不是必然的。 老龄化在几个方面减缓了经济增长。其中之一就是增加产出的新工人减少了。由于人口结构的变化，大约40个国家的劳动力已经在减少。随着老年人数量的增加，政府可能会在教育和基础设施方面忽视促进经济增长的公共投资，而倾向于养老金和医疗保健方面的支出。就业人员要供养更多的养老金领取者，就必须缴纳更高的税费。但对经济增长最大的冲击来自生产力的下降。例如，2016年发表的一项研究调查了美国各州的经济效益。研究发现，一个州年龄在60岁以上的人口占总人口的比例每上升10%，人均产出增长率就会降低约0.5个百分点，其中三分之二的下降是由于生产力增长缓慢。 为什么老龄化经济体生产力较低?答案并不像人们可能认为的那样是因为员工年龄大。4尽管有些能力，尤其是身体能力，会随着年龄的增长而退化，但总体影响并不显著。2016年发表的一项关于德国制造业的研究并未发现年龄达到60岁的工人的生产力下降。随着员工年龄的增长，公司可以调整他们的角色，以充分利用年龄的优势，比如丰富的经验和专业方面的人脉。 此外，如果生产力增长疲软是由于年龄较大的工人的生产力降低造成的，那么薪酬模式应该反映出这一点。在职业生涯开始时，工资往往呈上升趋势，到职业生涯结束时，工资往往会下降。但通常并不是这样的。 相反，根据穆迪分析——一家咨询公司的经济学家最近发表的一篇论文，在有大量年龄较大的员工的公司里，每个人的工资都较低。似乎阻碍经济发展的不是老年工人不断下降的生产力，而是他们对周围人的影响。这种影响是强大的：作者们认为，美国最近年度生产力的增长下降一个百分点可能与老龄化有关。 这种影响给人的感觉如何尚不清楚。但作者们认为，有更多年龄较大的员工的公司可能不太愿意接受新技术。 这可能是因为他们不愿意投资那些需要对员工进行再培训的项目，因为他们希望在较短的时间内为那些接近职业生涯终点的员工提供培训，并从中获得回报。或者年长的老板可能是罪魁祸首。研究表明，年轻的管理者比年长的管理者更有可能采用新技术。这似乎是显而易见的：老年人对新技术的厌恶是老生常谈的。而且，至少从传言来看，老龄化产业似乎更厌恶改变。 A．尽管有些能力，尤其是身体能力，会随着年龄的增长而退化，但总体影响并不显著。 B．随着老年人数量的增加，政府可能会在教育和基础设施方面忽视促进经济增长的公共投资，而倾向于养老金和医疗保健方面的支出。 C．相反，根据穆迪分析——一家咨询公司的经济学家最近发表的一篇论文，在有大量年龄较大的员工的公司里，每个人的工资都较低。 D．这不仅会扩大劳动力，创造新的纳税人，还意味着更多更年轻的公司，以及对新技术的更大开放。 E．这种趋势令经济学家们担心养老金开支飙升及“长期停滞”(吸收可用储蓄的投资机会太少，从而导致经济增长长期疲软)等方方面面的问题。 F．这可能是因为他们不愿意投资那些需要对员工进行再培训的项目，因为他们希望在较短的时间内为那些接近职业生涯终点的员工提供培训，并从中获得回报。 G．如果有证据表明，老龄化经济体之所以举步维艰，主要是因为劳动力增长缓慢和养老金成本快速增加，那么将政策重点放在延长人们的工作时间上是有意义的——比如提高退休年龄。
[解析] 上句提到，作者们认为有更多年龄较大的员工的公司可能不太愿意接受新技术，接着下文指出或者年长的老板是罪魁祸首，本句用了or(或者)，可知划线处应该也在说明一种原因。F项That might be because...(这可能是因为……)符合本段上下文逻辑，故F项正确。
Part C Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. An Internet privacy bill introduced by Sen. Catherine Cortez Masto would prohibit discriminatory data practices. That is a good goal. But which practices qualify as discriminatory is a complicated question. Privacy activists have long stressed that data over-collection and misuse cause disproportionate harm to minority groups. Often, that harm is prohibited by existing civil rights rules. But those rules were put into place before anyone could have imagined an age of digital discrimination, and companies are circumventing them. Take targeted advertising. 1 Leaders in the industry make money by allowing advertisers to select the very specific segments of the population they think are most likely to want their products, or by selecting the segments themselves. Sometimes, those categories are the same classes of people that civil rights law exists to protect, such as minorities and women. 2 That can lead to forms of marketing that are not insidious at all: say, promoting women's shoes exclusively to potential customers who have displayed an online interest in women's fashion. It can also lead to obvious abuses, such as companies displaying housing ads only to mainstream individuals, whether by explicitly excluding minorities or engaging in digital redlining via Zip code restrictions. An expanse of gray lies in between. 3 Regulators will have to decide whether to limit anti-discrimination rules to areas where there are traditionally heightened protections or whether—and how—to push beyond those frameworks. Lawmakers will also have to look at data-based discrimination that is not designed to have an adverse impact on protected groups but does anyway. 4 An algorithm that adjusts an ad's audience to maximize engagement could end up showing a job posting only to men if men click on it most frequently—which could occur for a profession historically unfriendly to women. There's an added wrinkle. Sometimes, targeting sensitive advertisements based on protected characteristics can actually promote equity. Directing education opportunities to an underserved community is a kind of advertising affirmative action that regulators should take care not to prohibit. Whatever Congress decides—Ms. Cortez Masto's bill would leave the particulars to the Federal Trade Commission—any law should require that companies of a certain size study how their algorithms do, or don't, hurt the vulnerable. In the data privacy debate, generalized philosophical gripes can sometimes overshadow concrete harms. 5 Putting the discriminatory use of data front and center focuses discussion of a federal framework on what it actually ought to do: protect Americans, especially those who need it most.
[解析] 本文节选自The Washington Post(《华盛顿邮报》)，原文标题为Defining Digital Discrimination(定义数字歧视)。本文由新提出的互联网隐私权法案切入，通过介绍数字歧视的多种案例，说明其复杂性，并建议法律充分重视数字歧视问题，以更好地保护弱势群体的权益。 本句中第一个by引导的方式状语较长，其中包含一个省略了引导词that的定语从句，修饰the very specific segments of the population。前半句可采取分译的方式。 [参考译文] 一项由参议员凯瑟琳·科特斯·马斯托提出的互联网隐私权法案提议将禁止歧视性数据的做法。目标是好的。但哪些做法算作歧视性的却是个复杂问题。 隐私权活动家长期以来一直强调，数据的过度收集和滥用对少数群体造成了很大伤害。在很多情况下，过度收集和滥用数据造成的伤害是现行民权法规明确禁止的。但这些法规实施时，尚没有人想到会出现一个数字歧视时代，也没有人想到公司会设法规避这些法规。 以定向广告为例。定向广告行业领导者的盈利方式是，让广告商挑选他们认为最有可能需要他们产品的特定人群，或他们自己直接挑选目标人群。有时候，被选中的群体恰恰是民权法所要保护的人群，比如少数群体和女性。 这种定向广告可能导致毫不遮掩的市场营销形式：比方说，专门向那些在网上对女性时装表现出兴趣的潜在用户推销女鞋。定向广告也可能导致明显的数据滥用，比如一些公司或直接排除少数群体，或通过邮政编码限制实行数字红线歧视，从而仅对主流人士显示住房广告。针对性市场营销和数据滥用之间是一大片灰色区域。管理者必须决定，是否将反歧视法规仅局限于传统上享受特殊保护的领域，抑或是否——以及如何——扩大其实行范围。 立法者也必须留意那种并非有意为之但确实对受保护群体产生了不利影响的数据歧视行为。调整广告受众以最大化参与度的算法可能最终导致一份招聘启事仅对男性展示，如果男性点击得最频繁的话——这种情况可能发生在一贯对女性不友好的行业中。 还有额外的一点。有时候，基于受保护特征的定向敏感广告确实可以促进公平。向政府关照不周的群体给予特定的教育机会是一种积极的广告行为，管理者要当心不要禁止这种行为。 无论国会是否通过这项提案——科特斯·马斯托女士的提案将交由联邦贸易委员会商讨细节——任何法律都应要求一定规模的公司研究他们的算法将会怎样，或怎样避免伤害弱势群体。在对数字隐私权的讨论中，泛泛的哲学层面的抱怨有时候会影响对具体危害的关注。将数据的歧视性使用视为重中之重，会使联邦法律的讨论集中于法律真正应发挥的效用：保护美国人，尤其是那些最需要法律保护的美国人。
[解析] 本句句首的that的具体指代内容，翻译时应翻译完整。主句中包含一个that引导的定语从句，修饰forms of marketing，翻译时可前置到先行词前。冒号后面的内容是对主句的一个举例性的解释说明，其中包含一个who引导的定语从句，修饰potential customers，翻译时定语前置。
[解析] 本句为包含一个宾语从句的复合句。句子结构为主语+focuses A on B结构，冒号后的部分对what引导的宾语从句进行解释说明。
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
1. Directions: Write a letter to Tom, one of your friends, to give him some suggestions on how to learn the second foreign language well. You should write about 100 words neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not use your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead.
[范文] Dear Tom, On receipt of your letter, I am writing to offer my suggestions with regard to learning the second foreign language well. The following three suggestions are on the top of my list. First and foremost, you need to realize that a systematic accumulation of relevant knowledge on that language would be the first task to ensure desirable output. What's more, you are advised to make the best of your library, a golden opportunity for you to explore the unknown and broaden your horizon. Last but not least, try to find a partner to practice speaking English every day. As the saying goes, practice makes perfect. I hope you will find the above-mentioned suggestions useful and practical. May all turn out well with you.
1. Directions: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should 1) describe the picture briefly, 2) interpret its intended meaning, and 3) give your comments. You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
[范文] As is vividly portrayed in the drawing above, people who are going up the mountain are really exhausted, while those who are going downhill are in a breeze. This cartoon, simple but thought-provoking, illustrates a heated theme, namely only with unremitting efforts can we succeed. From where I stand, it is a matter which deserves extra attention. The implied meaning of the drawing can be illustrated as follows. First and foremost, with sustained efforts, numerous individuals call benefit either academically or economically and so forth. By the same token, those sustained efforts are also a blessing to our nation's prosperity and harmony, and the next generation as well. Behind every great achievement in one's life there lies perseverance. We can learn it from the experience of successful people. For example, outstanding sportsmen spend all their time practising. Their endurance is beyond imagination. To put it in a nutshell, persistent efforts merit our contemplation in more ways than one. As far as I'm concerned, it is high time we put it in perspective. Only by doing this can we embrace a brighter future.
of Deutsche Bank. 1 The world's greying is inevitable. But its negative effects on growth are not.
深色：已答题 浅色：未答题