Section Ⅰ Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. College grads must soon begin the daunting task of starting their first job and trying not to go broke on their meager paychecks. It's not going to be easy. In a recent 1 from the real-estate website Trulia and the job posting site Indeed, researchers 2 the numbers on 3 grads are likely to face when it 4 to job prospects and housing costs in major cities. 5 , the cities that tend to have the most job opportunities for recent college graduates are also typically the most 6 . "It 7 out that new grads are going to have a very difficult decision to make," said Ralph McLaughlin, chief economist at Trulia. The report 8 what share of apartment listings would 9 for less than 30 percent of the typical millennials' paycheck— 10 is what financial 11 often say should be the cap for how much people spend on rent. Then there are places that 12 a better balance between affordability and share of jobs 13 . In Seattle, for example, 24 percent of job listings might be good for recent grads, 14 third in 15 of job opportunities. Areas such as San Antonio, Austin or Salt Lake City have growing tech 16 , but have a lower cost of living than the typical tech centers in the Bay Area, Bardaro says. 17 that to San Francisco, where the cost of living is 64 percent higher than the national average, or New York City, where it's 76 percent higher. However, younger workers may have an easier time finding jobs in those 18 cities. You don't necessarily have to give up on your goal of living in New York or San Fran, especially if you've 19 a job that you think will help you 20 off your career.
1.
A.test
B.report
C.inquiry
D.advice
A B C D
B
[解析] 本文节选自The Washington Post(《华盛顿邮报》)，原文标题为The Cities Where College Grads Can Find Jobs Without Going Broke(可以让大学毕业生找到不会使其入不敷出的工作的城市)。文章主要介绍了房地产网站Trulia和求职网站Indeed发布的一份关于大学毕业生就业前景和住房成本方面所面临的问题的报告。第一段讲述了大学毕业生必须尽快找到工作并努力避免入不敷出的情况。第二至五段讲述了在一份报告中，研究者对大城市中大学毕业生在就业前景和住房成本方面所面临的问题而统计的数据进行了处理并报告了具体内容。最后一段作者鼓励大学毕业生如果找到可以开始职业生涯的工作，就不必放弃在生活成本较高的城市发展的目标。 A．test测试 B．report报告 C．inquiry询问 D．advice建议 考查上下文语义及名词辨析。原文指出，“房地产网站Trulia和求职网站Indeed最近发布了一份______”。同时后文出现了researchers一词，研究人员发布的肯定是“研究报告”，根据下文也可得知答案，故选B项。 A项“测试”、C项“询问”、D项“建议”均不符合句意，故排除。 [参考译文] 大学毕业生即将面临一项艰巨的任务，即寻找人生中的第一份工作，而且要尽可能利用好微薄的收入，避免入不敷出、捉襟见肘的情况。 这不是一件容易的事。房地产网站Trulia和求职网站Indeed最近发布了一份报告，在该报告中，研究者对大城市中大学毕业生在就业前景和住房成本方面所面临的问题而统计的数据进行了处理。不幸的是，在那些应届毕业生最容易找到工作的城市里，生活成本也是最为昂贵的。 Trulia网站的首席经济学家拉夫·麦克劳林说道：“结果是，应届毕业生很难做出决定。”该报告估算出租金所占千禧一代的薪水比例不超过30%的公寓数量，理财顾问认为30%应当是人们租金开支的极限。 然而，在有些地区，人们能负担得起的住房与可获得的工作机会之间可以达到更好的平衡。例如在西雅图，有24%的招聘岗位是针对大学应届毕业生的，其在就业机会方面排名第三。 巴德罗说到，在圣安东尼奥、奥斯汀和盐湖城等地区，科技中心越来越多，但是生活成本比旧金山湾区的典型科技园区低。相比较来看，旧金山的生活成本比全国平均值高出64%，而纽约更是高出76%。然而，年轻人在这些生活成本较高的城市中更容易找到工作。 你并非一定要放弃在纽约或旧金山生活的目标，尤其是当你已经找到一份工作来帮助你开启职业生涯的时候。
[解析] A．goes走，去；达到 B．gets得到 C．reaches到达；伸出 D．comes来自；来到，到达 考查固定搭配。when it comes to“当谈论到；当提到；当说到”。在不影响译文：意思表达的情况下，此短语可省译。原文指出，“研究者对大城市中大学毕业生在就业前景和住房成本方面所面临的问题而统计的数据进行了处理”。故选D项。 A项“走，去；达到”、B项“得到”、C项“到达；伸出”均无此固定搭配，故排除。
Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.
Text 1 The cost of supporting new windfarms and nuclear power stations to meet the UK's carbon targets will add nearly ￡100 to the average household energy bill by the end of the next decade, according to a government adviser. But the Committee on Climate Change said it expected the increase to be more than offset by savings as people switched to more efficient fridge freezers, LED bulbs and better boilers. The committee, a body of experts set up under the Climate Change Act to advise the government, found that a rise of ￡105, or 9%, to the average ￡1,160 dual fuel bill in 2016 was down to green policies. These included subsidies for windfarms and solar power through schemes such as the Renewables Obligation. A report by the committee predicts that meeting the UK's carbon targets would see the cost of the subsidies rise to ￡200 of an average bill of ￡1,350 by 2030. However, other factors were involved in the net increase. The committee also calculated that rising wholesale energy costs and other issues will add more than ￡200 a year to bills, while an ongoing switch to more energy-efficient appliances and gadgets is expected to save ￡150. Matthew Bell, chief executive of the committee, told The Guardian that he thought it was worth spending the money on climate policies. "The reason we're acting to reduce our emissions is climate change poses real risks, real risks to the UK as well as around the world." The cost was relatively modest, he said, adding: "What our analysis says quite clearly is that as a proportion of total energy costs, climate costs are a small minority portion. The vast majority of your energy bill is accounted by other things, like wholesale costs and transmission costs." Some of the energy companies, such as German-owned E.ON, laid the blame for the rises partly on the cost of supporting green policies. But the Committee on Climate Change said that such policies had in fact saved ￡290 a year off the average household energy bill between 2008 and 2016, because they had encouraged a shift to A-rated fridge freezers, condensing boilers and a swing away from old time lightbulbs to energy-saving ones. Bell said that future progress on more energy-efficient appliances was slowing slightly, but there was still potential for huge savings. "We're still seeing only 1% of lighting being LEDs. And what we've not factored in at all is what IT will do for how we manage energy in our homes."
1. What can be inferred from the first two paragraphs? ______
A.The Climate Change Committee advised the government to increase the bill.
B.More efficient devices demanded more energy.
C.The sustainable approaches are paid partly by the British.
D.New windfarms are built to meet the UK's carbon targets.
A B C D
C
[解析] 本文节选自The Guardian(《卫报》)，原文标题为UK Climate Targets Will Raise Household Energy Bills by￡100 in a Decade(十年内，英国的气候目标将使家庭能源账单增加100英镑)。本文主要介绍了绿色政策成本与家庭能源账单之间的关系。第一段由一位政府顾问的说法引出下文要讲的问题。第二至七段主要讲气候变化委员会针对气候成本与家庭平均能源费用的关系进行的分析。 定位词：first two paragraphs 推理判断题。根据定位词可定位到文章的前两段，第一段提到，为了让新风力电场和核电站满足英国的碳排放目标，平均家庭能源费用会增加……。由此可知，可持续发展的措施是由英国人来买单的。新风力电场和核电站都属于可持续发展的措施，而第二段紧接着提到，由于人们开始使用高效能设施，增加的费用就大大地抵消了，正因为费用大大地抵消了，所以英国家庭只需要支付部分而已。故选C项。 A项，文章第二段中气候变化委员会提到增加的能源账单费用可以用节约下来的费用抵消，并未提到气候变化委员会建议政府增加费用，A项属于无中生有，故排除；B项，原文是说可持续发展措施等装置是高效节能的，B项与此内容相反，属于正反混淆，故排除；D项是文章细节，不是可以从文章内容中推出的，故排除。 [参考译文] 根据一位政府顾问的说法，到21世纪20年代末，为了让新风力电场和核电站满足英国的碳排放目标，平均每户家庭的能源费用会增加大约100英镑。 但是气候变化委员会说到，由于人们会转向使用更加高效的冰箱、LED灯泡和更好的锅炉，因此增加的费用会被大大地抵消。 该委员会是依据《气候变化法案》而建立的专家团体，旨在向政府提供咨询服务。他们发现，在2016年，绿色环保政策使原有的平均1160英镑的双燃料费用增加了9%，即增长了105英镑。这其中包含了诸如《可再生能源义务法》所提供的风力电场和太阳能发电的补助。该委员会的一份报告预测，到2030年，为了满足英国的碳排放目标，每1350英镑账单的补助成本将会上涨至200英镑。然而，增加的净值中也包含了其他因素。该委员会还计算出，上涨的能源批发成本以及其他因素每年会额外增加200多英镑的费用，而转向使用更高效能的设施有望节约150英镑。 该委员会的行政长官马修·贝尔向《卫报》说到，他认为在气候政策上的花费是值得的。“我们之所以正在努力减少排放，是因为气候变化给英国乃至全世界带来了真正的风险。” 他补充说：“该成本比较适中，我们的分析清楚地表明，气候成本占总能源成本的比例还是相当小的，诸如批发成本和传输成本等其他成本占据了能源成本的大部分比例。” 有些像E.ON(德资工司)这样的能源公司认为，成本上涨的部分原因在于支持绿色环保政策。但是，气候变化委员会表示，在2008年到2016年间，这些政策实际上帮助每户家庭平均节约了290英镑的能源费用，因为这些政策鼓励人们使用A级冰箱、冷凝锅炉，并鼓励人们摈弃旧式的灯泡转而使用节能灯泡。 贝尔表示，更高效能设施的未来发展有些缓慢，但是它仍然有潜力带来巨大的能源节约。“现在的LED灯泡使用率仅为1%。并且，应用信息技术来管理家庭能源的好处，我们尚未考虑进去。”
2. The Climate Change Committee believed that the increase of British household dual energy bill would ______
A.reach more than what it had been imagined.
B.be balanced by utilizing more energy-saving devices.
C.eliminate the use of efficient home appliances.
D.force people to switch to other apparatus.
A B C D
B
[解析] 定位词：dual energy bill 事实细节题。根据定位词可定位到第三段，本段末句指出，“该委员会还计算出，上涨的能源批发成本以及其他因素每年会额外增加200多英镑的费用，而转向使用更高效能的设施有望节约150英镑”。故选B项。 A项、C项和D项均属于无中生有，故均排除。
3. The phrase "laid the blame for" (Para. 6) is closest in meaning to ______
A.criticized.
B.evade the duty for.
C.held it accountable.
D.became victim for.
A B C D
C
[解析] 定位词：laid the blame for, Para. 6 词汇理解题。根据定位词可定位到第六段，该段最后一句提到，“但是，气候变化委员会表示，在2008年到2016年间，这些政策实际上帮助每户家庭平均节约了290英镑的能源费用”。由此可以反推出前一句大意为让绿色政策承担涨价责任。故选C项。 A项、B项和D项代入文章后逻辑不通顺，故均排除。
4. According to Paragraph 6, green policies can reduce cost in that they had ______
A.oriented energy consumers to use energy more efficiently.
B.prohibited the use of lightbulbs.
C.pushed household to consume less energy.
D.accused some energy companies of their misconduct.
5. What can be inferred from Bell's remarks in the last paragraph? ______
A.LED lighting should be avoided.
B.IT devices will consume much energy.
C.Both LED lighting and IT are energy-saving approaches.
D.Energy-saving progress is no way to go.
A B C D
C
[解析] 定位词：the last paragraph 推理判断题。根据定位词定位到最后一段，该段末句提到“现在的LED灯泡使用率仅为1%。并且，应用信息技术来管理家庭能源的好处，我们尚未考虑进去”。这表明二者都是能够节能的，故选C项。 A项、B项和D项均与原文最后一段内容不符，故均排除。
Text 2 You would think that the young and digitally intellectual—the generation that grew up with computers at their fingertips—would be the least likely age group to fall victim of online fraud. But the opposite is true. "We've bought into stereotypes about fraud victims—they're usually seen as vulnerable and elderly, or gullible and poorly educated," says Emma Fletcher, product manager at the BBB Institute. "These stereotypes are strongly held—and they are wrong. We are all at risk, but younger and more educated individuals are actually the most likely to be deceived." Similarly, a 2016 report by Norton, the antivirus company, found that 44 per cent of millennials had been the victim of an online crime in the past year, compared with just 16 per cent of baby boomers. Research by Barclays this year backs this up. The Barclays Digital Safety Index highlights that almost two thirds of 18-24 year-olds had fallen prey to hackers or viruses. Yet when asked about actions taken to prevent future attacks, millennials were less likely than their older counterparts to take positive action, such as installing an anti-virus software following a computer system collapse. One reason is what is known as "optimism bias"—the idea that other people might be more vulnerable than you and that you know better. Younger people are usually more knowledgeable about IT than those in the generations above them. But this makes them less likely to heed advice about staying safe, whereas, perhaps surprisingly, older people are more inclined to listen. But this is not the only reason. Younger people spend far more time online. They shop more there (meaning their card details are entered more often and stored in many more databases) and they share much more personal information online. According to Ofcom's 2016 Media Use and Attitudes Report, more than 90 per cent of those aged 16-34 have social-media accounts. For those aged between 55 and 64, this figure drops to 51 per cent. For those 65 and over, it's 30 per cent. Interestingly, though, according to the Office of National Statistics, older people are more likely to be victims of repeat fraud. This may be because they tend to be more trusting. The research at the University of California suggests that this isn't just because they grew up in more innocent times. Rather, age-related changes in the brain mean that as people get older, they tend to trust more and question less.
1. The word "stereotypes" (Para. 2) is closest in meaning to ______
A.obsolete.
B.clichés.
C.stupidities.
D.odds.
A B C D
B
[解析] 本文节选自The Times(《泰晤士报》)，原文标题为Why We All Need to Put Safety First(为什么安全是第一位的)。文章主要介绍了年轻人与老年人受到网络诈骗的情况。第一段主要讲述了文章将要讨论的问题：年轻人更容易成为网络诈骗的受害者。第二段主要用BBB研究院人员的话语证明这一观点的可信度。第三段继续用研究数据证明年轻人更易成为网络诈骗的受害者。第四、五段主要描述了造成这一现象的原因。第六段提出年老者更有可能成为重复诈骗的受害者，并说明原因。 定位词：stereotypes, Para. 2 词汇理解题。根据题干信息定位到第二段第一句，破折号后面的内容是对stereotypes的解释，而单词usually表示“通常，经常”，这说明stereotypes与“通常，经常”有所联系，而B项clichés“陈词滥调”表示老套的思想，经常被人提及，由此可推测出B项为正确答案。 A项、C项和D项不符合句中词义，故均排除。 [参考译文] 你可能认为，那些年轻且拥有足够数码知识的一代人，由于他们从小就接触电脑，所以是最不可能成为网络诈骗受害者的群体。但是事实恰好相反。 BBB研究院的产品经理艾玛·佛雷切说道：“我们总是用传统的眼光来看待诈骗的受害者，认为他们通常是脆弱的、年老的、易受骗的，或者是没受过什么教育的人。人们强烈支持这种看法，但是他们错了。我们每个人都面临风险，事实上，年轻人和受教育程度更高的人最容易被骗。” 同样地，杀毒软件公司诺顿在2叭6年发布的一份报告显示，在过去的一年中，44%的千禧一代成为网络犯罪的受害者，而婴儿潮一代仅占16%。巴克莱银行今年所做的研究也支持了这一结果。巴克莱数码安全指数强调，几乎三分之二的18～24岁的年轻人成了黑客或病毒的攻击对象。但是，当问及千禧一代会采取什么行动来防止未来的攻击时，他们却不像年老者那样，选择在电脑系统崩溃之后安装防病毒软件。 一个原因是“乐观偏见”，该思想认为别人总是比自己更脆弱，而自己总是知道得更多。年轻人通常比前几代人拥有更多的信息技术知识。但是，这也使得他们不太可能接受安全方面的建议，或许令人惊讶的是，年老者更易于接受。 不过，这并不是唯一的原因。年轻人花在网上的时间非常多。他们在网上购物的次数更多，这就意味着他们会更加频繁地输入银行卡信息，这些信息自然就会被更多地存储在数据库中。另外，他们也在网络上分享了太多的个人信息。根据《英国通信管理局2016年媒体使用及态度报告》，16到34岁的人当中有超过90%的人拥有社交媒体账号。那些55到64岁的人当中，拥有社交媒体账号的人仅占51%。而65岁及以上年龄的人中，该比例降到了30%。 然而有趣的是，根据国家统计办公室的说法，年老者更有可能成为重复诈骗的受害者。这可能是由于他们更容易相信别人。加州大学的研究显示，这并不是因为他们成长在更纯真的年代，而是大脑随年龄的改变会使人们越年老就越容易不加怀疑地相信别人。
2. According to Paragraph 3, the millennials tend to ______
A.neglect taking measures to protect themselves.
B.misuse anti-virus software on their computer.
C.take positive actions to prevent computer viruses.
Text 3 In the past several years, as the nascent medium of virtual reality has come into its own, scientists and creators have begun to explore its potential effects on the human mind. Some are undoubtedly positive—as, for instance, when the technology is used to help war veterans overcome posttraumatic stress disorder, or as a means to expand a person's capacity for compassion. But the immediacy of virtual reality has a dark side, too. Several months ago, Michael Madary and Thomas K. Metzinger, researchers from the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, in Germany, published a series of recommendations on the ethical design and implementation of virtual reality. Their appraisal of the medium's psychological force is both studious and foreboding. "The power of virtual reality to induce particular kinds of emotions could be used deliberately to cause suffering," they write. "Conceivably, the suffering could be so extreme as to be considered torture." In filmmaking, the director must perform a kind of seduction of dread, leading viewers through an escalating series of psychological states. In the immersive world of virtual reality, no such dance is required. Part of the power of virtual reality-based horror comes from the fact that the director knows exactly where the viewer is looking. "With that knowledge, we can play mind tricks or trigger events based on the gaze," Jon Hibbins, the director of Psytec Games, a London-based virtual reality studio, said. For instance, he said, in Psytec's most recent fantasy-horror title, Crystal Rift, "a monster can appear in a vent only when the player looks at the vent." Hibbins claims that, as viewers' brains are tricked into believing that they are physically present in a reality, the memories they form are much stronger than those made when watching so-called flat-screen media. To soften these memories, Hibbins and his team have introduced a slider into their game that allows players to control the intensity of the horror. "'Normal' will be an average scare experience," he said. "You'll hear voices in the distance, ghosts in the corridors, sound from the voids, and snakes in the corridors. ' Extreme' introduces jump scares, such as ghost figures that run through your body. It really does offer everyone an option." Stephan said, "Long-term, perhaps it's a case of building literacy in players and viewers so they understand when the scares are coming. For now, I think that means taking it slow."
1. Virtual reality was originally designed as ______
A.a treatment of veterans' injury after wars.
B.an exploration of the myth in human mind.
C.a way to raise sympathy for others.
D.a remedy for mental disorder caused by stress.
A B C D
D
[解析] 本文节选自The New Yorker(《纽约客》)，原文标题是The Coming Horror of Virtual Reality(虚拟现实带来的恐惧感)。本文是关于虚拟现实应用的讨论。第一段提出虚拟现实的即时性也会有黑暗的一面。第二段指出虚拟现实可能会带来强烈的痛苦，甚至可称之为折磨。第三段指出在游戏中，虚拟现实带来的恐惧感太强烈，因此要加入滑块调节。第四段表达专家对人们的恐惧感的处理。 定位词：Virtual reality, designed 事实细节题。第一段第二句提到，虚拟现实被用来“克服创伤后的应激障碍”，题干中出现的was designed as对应本句中的is used to，故D项是正确选项。 虚拟现实是对精神障碍的治疗，而A项是对实际创伤的治疗；B项不是虚拟现实的主要目的；C项是通过虚拟现实进行治疗的后果。故A、B、C项均可排除。 [参考译文] 在过去的几年中，随着虚拟现实的新兴媒介的独立，科学家和创造者已经开始探索其对人类心灵的潜在影响。有些影响无疑是积极的，例如，该技术被用来帮助战后退伍军人克服创伤后的应激障碍，或作为一种扩大一个人同情心能力的手段。但是，虚拟现实的即时性也有其黑暗的一面。 几个月前，来自德国美因茨约翰内斯古腾堡大学的研究人员迈克尔·毛道里和托马斯·K·梅青格尔，发表了对伦理设计和实施虚拟现实的一系列建议。他们对这种媒介的心理力量的评价既仔细，又有预见性。“诱导特定情绪的虚拟现实的力量可被故意用来造成痛苦，”他们写道，“可以想象的是，这些痛苦太过极端，好像被折磨一样。”在电影制作中，导演必须诱发恐惧，带领观众感受一系列不断升级的心理状态。在虚拟现实的仿真环境中，这一步是不需要的。 基于虚拟现实的恐怖力量一部分来自事实，即导演确切地知道观众在看哪里。“有了这些知识，我们可以玩心术或基于凝视来触发剧情”，Psytec游戏(一个伦敦的虚拟现实工作室)的导演乔恩·西宾斯说。例如，在Psytec游戏最近的虚幻恐怖标题——水晶裂痕中，他说：“只有当玩家看向通风口时，一个怪物才会出现在通风口处。”西宾斯声称，当观众的大脑被欺骗从而让他们相信自己实际上是在现实世界中时，他们形成的回忆比看所谓的平面媒体形成的回忆就要强烈得多。为了弱化这些记忆，西宾斯和他的团队已经在他们的游戏中推出了一个滑块，玩家可以根据滑块来控制恐惧的强度。“‘正常’将是一个普通的恐慌经历，”他说，“你会听到远处的声音，如走廊里的幽灵，空隙里的声音，以及走廊里的蛇。‘极端’是一种能让你跳起来的恐怖氛围，比如鬼影穿过你的身体。它确实为大家提供了一种选择。” 斯蒂芬说：“从长远来看，可能要建立一种玩家和观众都知道的共识，以便让他们明白恐惧感何时会来临。现在，我想这意味着放慢速度。”
2. The word "immersive" (Para. 2) is closest in meaning to ______
Text 4 Death comes to all, but some are more sure of its timing, and can make plans. Kate Granger, a 32-year-old doctor suffering from an incurable form of sarcoma, has "very strong ambitions" for her last hours. She plans to avoid hospital emergency departments and die at her parents' house—music playing, candles glowing, family by her side. Surveys show that over two-thirds of Britons would like to die at home. Like Dr. Granger, they want to be with family and free of pain. Yet hospital remains the most common place of death. For some this is unavoidable—not every disease has as clear a turning point as cancer—but for others a lack of planning is to blame. The government, motivated by both compassion and thrift, wants to help. To steer patients away from hospitals, general practitioners have been encouraged to find their 1%—those patients likely to die in the next year—and start talking about end-of-life care. This can be difficult for doctors. "As a profession we view death as failure," says Dr. Granger. Yet when there is no cure to be had, planning for death can be therapeutic for patients. Those who do plan ahead are much more likely to have their wishes met. A growing number of patients have electronic "palliative-care co-ordination systems", which allow doctors to register personal preferences so that other care providers can follow them. A paramedic called to a patient's home would know of a do-not-resuscitate order, for example. One study showed that such systems increase the number of people dying in their homes. But savings for the government may mean costs for charities and ordinary folk. At the end of life it is not always clear who should pay for what. Although Britons can get ordinary health care without paying out of pocket, social care is means-tested. People must often shell out for carers or care homes—or look after the terminally ill themselves. Disputes crop up over trivial things, like responsibility for the cost of a patient's bath. A bill now would cap the cost of an individual's social care by Parliament. Still, some want it to be free for those on end-of-life registries. That would cut into the government's savings—but allow more people to die as they want.
1. According to the first two paragraphs, patients like Dr. Granger would rather ______
A.stay at hospital to avoid sickness and pain.
B.bear strong ambitions to fight against disease.
C.die at home accompanied by their parents.
D.receive support from the government and charity.
A B C D
[解析] 本文节选自The Economist(《经济学人》)，原文标题是British Government Wants Britons to Have a Comfortable(and Cheap) Death[英国政府希望英国人能够舒服(又经济)地离世]。文章主要讨论的是英国政府希望让病人能按自己的意愿去世的同时又节约开支的美好愿景，以及对其采取的方法和遇到的问题。第一、二段引用32岁的格兰杰医生的例子，引出人们想要规划自己的死亡而不是在医院离世的这个问题，第二段最后一句提出政府想要采取措施。第三段提出特别临终护理的方法。第四段说到在临终护理的前提下出现的电子“缓和护理协调系统”。第五、六段都在说潜在的问题：政府在节约的同时又产生了其他的开销和矛盾。 定位词：the first two paragraphs, Dr. Granger 事实细节题。第一段最后一句说“她不希望死在医院的急诊室，而是在她父母的房子里——音乐相伴，烛光摇曳，亲人在侧”。第二段第二句也说到“就像格兰杰医生一样，他们想在亲人身边，免受病痛折磨”，故选C项。 A项，第一段最后一句给出信息说“她不希望死在医院的急诊室里”，所以该项错误。B项，第一段第二句说她有“最好的安排”，但不是为了和疾病做斗争，而是为了按照她的意愿来安排剩下的时间，所以该项错误。D项，第二段最后一句说到政府想要伸出援助之手，是因为很多英国人想在家中死去，但是事实是他们常常死在医院。因为很多疾病是没有明显的转折点的，所以政府应该给予他们帮助，并不是说像格兰杰医生这样的病人宁愿得到政府的帮助，D项属于句意杂糅，因此错误。 [参考译文] 人固有一死，但是有些人更加清楚自己何时会死，且可以提前做好计划。32岁的凯特·格兰杰医生身患无法治愈的恶性肿瘤，她对自己剩下的时间有“最好的安排”。她不希望死在医院的急诊室，而是在她父母的房子里——音乐相伴，烛光摇曳，亲人在侧。 调查显示，三分之二的英国人都意欲在家面对死亡。就像格兰杰医生一样，他们想在亲人身边，免受病痛折磨。然而医院仍旧是死神降临最常见的地方。这对于某些疾病患者来说是不可避免的——不是每种疾病都像癌症一样有一个明显的转折点——但是对其他疾病患者来说，缺乏规划则应负主要责任。在同情心和节俭理念的共同驱使下，政府想要伸出援助之手。 为引导病人出院，普通医师被劝服找到那些有1%的可能会在下一年离世的病人，并且开始与他们谈论临终护理。对医生来说这很困难。格兰杰说：“作为医生，我们将死亡看作失败。”即使没有什么治疗方法．为死亡做好充分的计划对患者来说也是有益的。 提前计划的人更有机会实现愿望。越来越多的病人有了电子“缓和护理协调系统”，医生可以把患者的个人偏好输入该系统以便其他疗养提供者可以按医嘱执行。比如说被叫到病人家里的护理人员，会了解到他们不愿再接受治疗的愿望。一项调查显示，“缓和护理协调系统”的使用增加了选择在家离世的人数。 但政府方面开支的节约可能意味着慈善机构和普通人花费得更多。生命走到尽头，谁应该为什么付钱并不明了。虽然英国人可以不用掏腰包就能获得普通的医疗保健，但是是否能获得社会护理，则需根据经济状况来判定。人们必须经常为护理人员或护理院付钱，或者亲自照顾晚期病患。人们经常在小事上出现纠纷，比如病患洗澡的费用该由谁承担。 一项议会通过的议案可以降低个人社会护理的费用。但仍有一些人希望那些生命即将走到尽头的人可以获得免费的社会护理。虽然这将会直接减少政府储蓄，但也会让更多人以自己想要的方式告别人世。
2. Which of the following would Dr. Granger most probably agree on? ______
A.A planned death is equal to suicide.
B.Death is a failure for doctors.
C.Planning for death is beneficial for patients.
D.End-of-life care is a fundamental task for doctors.
3. The "palliative-care co-ordination systems" may suggest ______
A.doctors require patients to receive treatment at home.
B.patients can get different advice from different doctors.
C.incurable patients could choose to stay at home.
D.part of the patients are unwilling to waste money in hospital.
A B C D
C
[解析] 定位词：palliative-care co-ordination systems 事实细节题。根据定位词定位在第二段和第四段。第二段第一句提到“三分之二的英国人都意欲在家面对死亡”。第四段第一句表明“提前计划的人更有机会实现愿望”。随后提到通过这个系统，其他疗养提供者可以按医嘱执行。最后一句说到“一项调查显示，‘缓和护理协调系统’的使用增加了选择在家离世的人数”，故选C项。 A项，第四段第二句提到，这个系统使得医生可以把患者的个人偏好输入系统，因而其他疗养提供者可以按这些偏好为患者提供服务。第三句说到“被叫到病人家里的护理人员，会了解到他们自己不愿再接受治疗的愿望”，所以A项不正确。B项，根据第四段给出的信息，医生在电子“缓和护理协调系统”出现之后更多的是遵照患者自己的意愿，所以也不正确。D项，根据原文的信息，有了这个电子系统，病人可以提前安排自己死亡前要做的事情并决定以什么样的方式死去，强调的是个人喜好，而非省钱。
4. It can be inferred from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that Britons want the government to ______
A.pay for the fee to care end-of-life patients.
B.offer more shelter homes for patients.
C.provide necessary medical care.
D.give more pocket money to patients.
A B C D
A
[解析] 定位词：Paragraphs 5 and 6, Britons, the government 推理判断题。根据定位词找到第五段和第六段。第五段说到政府不用花钱来处理那些选择在家里死亡的人，意味着这部分费用需要普通人或慈善机构支付，从而容易引起很多纠纷。而第六段倒数第二句说到希望那些生命即将走到尽头的人可以获得免费的社会护理，而这种社会护理的费用就是政府支出的，这样可以让更多人以自己想要的方式告别人世，故选A项。 B项，文中没有提到shelter homes的问题；C项，文中并没提到医疗护理不足，有问题的是费用；D项，第五段第三句说的pay out of pocket(自己掏腰包，自己付钱)与pocket money(零花钱)表达意义不一致。故均排除。
5. Which of the following would be the best title of the text? ______
A.British Government Wants Britons to Have a Comfortable (and Cheap) Death
B.The Last Care for the End-of-Life Patients
C.A Better Social Care for Incurable Patients
D.Patients Prefer to Stay at Home in Their Last Hours
A B C D
A
[解析] 主旨大意题。本文第二段最后一句就提出了topic sentence(主题句)，即The government, motivated by both compassion and thrift, wants to help. (在同情心和节俭理念的共同驱使下，政府想要伸出援助之手。)，一直到文章最后作者还在讨论政府应该支付费用的问题。所以文章讨论的重点就是英国政府希望英国人舒服又经济地离世的问题。最佳答案为A项。 B项，临终护理只是医院为引导病人出院所采取的一种措施，不足以证明全文的思想，故排除；C项，社会护理并不是文章讨论的重点，所以也不正确；D项，有一部分病人喜欢这样做，但不是所有的病人都希望这样，并且这不是全文主要讨论的问题，故排除。
Part B Directions: The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs A and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. A. The study, conducted by the university's Arnold School of Public Health and published in The International Journal of Applied and Basic Nutritional Sciences, compared the amount of weight lost by those on vegan diets to those on a mostly plant-based diet, and those eating an omnivorous diet with a mix of animal products and plant-based foods. At the end of six months, individuals on the vegan diet lost more weight than the other two groups by an average of 4.3%, or 16.5 pounds. B. Participants followed their assigned dietary restrictions for six months, with all groups except the omnivorous participating in weekly group meetings. Those who stuck to the vegan diet showed the greatest weight loss at the two and six month marks. C. The month of November often brings about a sense of dread at the thought of food filled holiday parties and gatherings, but those who consume a plant-based diet have little need for concern. A new study by the University of South Carolina confirms one big draw of saying no to all animal products: the ability to shed weight faster than those who consume a diet that contains meat and dairy. Celebrating World Vegan Month may be the answer for those looking to shed a few pounds and gain other health benefits. D. The study followed participants who were randomly assigned to one of five diets on the dietary spectrum: vegan which excludes all animal products, semi-vegetarian with occasional meat intake; pesco-vegetarian which excludes all meat except seafood; vegetarian which excludes all meat and seafood but includes animal products, and omnivorous, which excludes no foods. E. The lead author on this study, Gabrielle Turner-McGrievy notes that the diet consumed by vegan participants was high in carbohydrates that rate low on the glycemic index. "We've gotten somewhat carb-phobic here in the U.S. when it comes to weight loss. This study might help alleviate the fears of people who enjoy pasta, rice, and other grains but want to lose weight," she said. F. Weight loss was not the only positive outcome for participants in the strictly vegan group. They also showed the greatest amount of decrease in their fat and saturated fat levels at the two and six month checks. They had lower BMIs, and improved macro nutrients more than other diets. Avoiding all animal products appears to be key for these positive results. "I personally was surprised that the pesco-vegetarian group didn't fare better with weight loss. In the end, their loss was no different than the semi-vegetarian or omnivorous groups," McGrievy said. Turner-McGrievy is an assistant professor at the University of South Carolina in the Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior. Some of her research focuses on plant-based dietary approaches for chronic disease prevention and treatment among adults. G. Vegan diet best for weight loss even with carbohydrate consumption, study finds people shed more weight on an entirely plant-based diet, even if carbohydrates are also included, a study has concluded. Other benefits of eating a vegan diet include decreased levels of saturated and unsaturated fat, lower BMIs, and improved macro nutrients. G→ 1 →A→ 2 → 3 → 4 → 5
1.
C。
[解析] 本文选自Science Daily(《每日科学》)，原文标题是Vegan Diet Best for Weight Loss(素食是减肥的最佳饮食方式)，是一篇关于植物性饮食对减肥的影响的研究报道。整篇文章采用总分的方式，先给出研究结论：素食最适合减肥。再解释研究背景、研究机构和研究方法、步骤，最后给出详细的研究成果。文章的首段是关于研究结论的概括：素食最适合减肥。文章在首段之后，应该开始叙述关于研究背景的问题。B项和D项均提到participants(参与者)参加实验的过程，可排除。C项开头提到The month of November brings about a sense of dread at the thought of food..0(在11月时，人们常常会想到充满食物……我们觉得有些害怕)，进而引出南卡罗来纳大学的一项新的研究，证实素食可以较快减重，故C项为正确选项。 [参考译文] 有研究得出结论：即使摄入碳水化合物，素食也最适合减肥，研究发现，人们在一个完全以植物为基础的饮食中能减去更多体重，即使碳水化合物也包括在内。吃素食的其他好处包括降低饱和与不饱和脂肪、降低体重指数(BMI)、改善宏观营养。 在11月时，人们常常会想到充满食物的节日派对和聚会，这让我们觉得有些害怕。但那些以吃植物性食物为主的人就没有必要担心了。南卡罗来纳大学的一项新的研究证实：人们应该对所有动物产品说不，相较吃肉喝奶的人，素食者可以更快地减轻体重。庆祝世界素食月也许能让那些想减肥的人摆脱几磅肥肉，并获得其他健康益处。 这项由阿诺德公共卫生学院进行的研究，发表在了《国际应用和基础营养科学》上，这项研究对比了纯素食主义者和以植物性食物为主的素食者以及兼食动植物的杂食性人群的减肥情况。六个月后，纯素食饮食的个体比其他两组个体平均多减了4.3%，约16.5磅的体重。 该研究将参与者按照饮食方式的不同随机分成五组：不摄入任何动物制品的素食组；偶尔摄入肉类的半素食组；除了海鲜，不摄入任何肉类的海鲜素食组；不摄入所有的肉类和海鲜但是吃动物制品的素食组和什么食物都吃的杂食组。 六个月内，各位参与者遵照各自组别的饮食限制，除杂食组外的各组每周参加会议。坚持纯素食的人在两个月和六个月时都显示了最明显的减肥效果。 这项研究的主要作者加布里埃尔·特纳·麦格里维注意到，素食参与者所消耗的食物富含血糖指数低的碳水化合物。“当谈到减肥时，我们美国人有一定程度的碳水化合物恐惧症。这项研究可能有助于缓解那些喜欢面食、大米和其他谷物但想减肥的人的恐惧，”她说道。 对于严格的素食主义者来说，减肥不是唯一的积极成果。在进行为期两个月和六个月检查时，研究人员还发现他们的脂肪和饱和脂肪水平得到了最大程度的降低，他们具有较低的体重指数，并且整个营养水平都比其他饮食组得到了更多的改善。避免所有动物制品似乎是这些积极结果的关键。“我个人感到惊讶的是海鲜素食组没有非常好的减肥效果。最终，他们的效果和半素食或杂食性群体没有什么不同，”麦格里维说。特纳·麦格里维是南卡罗来纳州大学健康促进、教育和行为系的助理教授。她有一些研究关注的是成年人植物性饮食方法对慢性疾病的预防和治疗。
[解析] 本题在B项之后。E项和F项均是关于该实验的研究成果，其中E项开头是The lead author on this study, Gabrielle Turner-McGrievy notes...(这项研究的主要作者加布里埃尔·特纳·麦格里维注意到……)，而F段开头是Weight loss was not the only positive outcome for participants(减肥不是参与者唯一的积极成果)。相比之下可知E项讲述的是减肥的直接成果，而F项讲述的是另一成果，是对E项的引申，因此E项应该在F项之前，故E项为正确选项。
Part C Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. A team of researchers had traveled through a region, stopping here and there to collect artifacts and administer various psychological tests on local people. What my audience did not know, and what I had considered too obvious to tell them, was that in the USA everyone speaks English, even shopkeepers. 1 However, the fieldwork techniques of Malinowski were clearly designed for smaller communities, ones where it was possible for the anthropologist to get to know a fair proportion of the inhabitants. As we go about our daily lives, we are not aware of all the things we learned as children, the taken-for-granted ways of behaving, the general understandings of the way things are. In this sense, "culture" is invisible. 2 If we suddenly become self-conscious about it, it is usually because we have crossed some kind of cultural boundary that are by no means restricted to anthropologists. Instead they are a common human experience, almost inescapable in the modern world. All that anthropologists can claim is that they knowingly seek out such cultural boundaries. That attempt can be arduous, however. It involves at a minimum acquiring the necessary language skills, and being prepared to commit a great deal of time and effort. Fieldwork situations vary so widely that adaptability and resourcefulness are required. Moreover, anthropologists are not immune to the disorientation of cultural displacement. They are as likely as anyone else to feel lonely and vulnerable. 3 Nor are they immune to cultural misleading because people everywhere communicate their emotions and intentions in the most subtle ways, ways that the newly-arrived stranger is not likely to follow. Consequently he or she is easily misled, whether maliciously or merely in fun. Most fieldworkers are only too aware of the limits of what they know. But those things that interest us most, the cultural webs in which we all hang suspended, are more elusive. 4 One of the earliest pieces of travel literature to make a major impression in Europe was Marco Polo's The Travels, which circulated in over 119 manuscripts in the late thirteenth and fourteenth centuries and brought the first detailed report of the fabulously wealthy and exotic civilizations of South and East Asia. From the sixteenth century onwards, the trickle of travel literature rapidly expands to a flood, in which many books by anthropologists described their fieldwork experiences, as opposed to their findings. 5 However, concerned with how people differ among themselves and what those differences signify, the anthropologists must then have discussed what the differences were, and what sense to make of them.
1. Directions: You arc going to recruit three volunteers to work as assistants in the library. Write an announcement of about 100 words to encourage the students to join it and tell them the details about the requirement. You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Students' Union" instead. Do not write the address.
[范文]
Welcome to the Library
Recently the library was short-handed, and we ore seeking for three assistants. We hope you can do us a favor by joining us. The job requires working every Tuesday and Thursday afternoon. The responsibilities are to put the returned books back on the shelves according to the category and to stick the bar codes to the new books. Those who apply for this job should be responsible, careful, and efficient. Notice that the job has no payment. We really appreciate your joining. You can write an email via library@163.com or call number 5734826 before October 15. We hope to see you soon.
1. Directions: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should 1) describe the drawing briefly, 2) explain its intended meaning, and 3) give your comments. You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
[范文] It can be clearly seen from the drawing that there is a cyclist riding along the road. On a closer look, a load of motor vehicles are rolling around him, with horrible exhaust gas emitting. Moreover, the bicycle rider looks pleased, whereas the motor vehicle driver exhibits nervous expression. The author may probably wish to tell us that, on the individual level, bicycle can be an alternative traffic tool promoting health and fitness. Moreover, on the community level, the shift from motor vehicle to bicycle may reduce fossil fuel consumption, thus achieving the goal of sustainable development. In fact, on the level of mankind, while technological progress has brought about massive benefits, returning to natural lifestyle implies the intrinsic pursuit of human being. Given the analyses above, it can be concluded that, with the natural environment deteriorating all the time, bicycle riding has its obvious advantages and deserves further promotion. In fact, we can expect that in the near future, motor vehicle drivers will shift to bicycle riding more frequently. Therefore, it is fairly reasonable and wise that people of every age group use bicycle as a traffic tool for short distance travel as frequently as possible.
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