Passage One The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings. "Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal," writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a Statistics Board of Reviewing Editors (SBoRE). Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal's internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts. Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said. "The creation of the 'statistics board' was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science's overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish." Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group. He says he expects the board to "play primarily an advisory role." He agreed to join because he "found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science." John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is "a most welcome step forward" and "long overdue." "Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review," he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review. Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, "engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process." Vaux says that Science's idea to pass some papers to statisticians "has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify 'the papers that need scrutiny' in the first place."
1. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that ______.
A.Science intends to simplify their peer-review process
B.journals are strengthening their statistical checks
C.few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis
D.lack of data analysis is common in research projects
A B C D
B
[解析] 此题细节信息定位到第一段第一句话：“The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process...”西方人的思维和写作习惯是将重要的放在前面，所以，“journals are strengthening their statistical checks”的表述符合题意，因此选择B。
2. The phrase "flagged up" (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning to ______.
A.found
B.marked
C.revised
D.stored
A B C D
B
[解析] 根据第二段第三句话上下文进行推断。第三句话说到“Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal's internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers.”，即表达了手稿要被如何处理的意思。各选项中，“be marked for”意为“被标记为，要……样”，放在句中，符合上下文意思；而“found”意为“被找到”，“revised”意为“被修正”，“stored”意为“被储存”，放在此处都不合适，因此选择B。
3. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may ______.
A.pose a threat to all its peers
B.meet with strong opposition
C.increase Science's circulation
D.set an example for other journals
A B C D
D
[解析] 此题细节信息定位到第四段：He says he expects the board to "play primarily an advisory role."..."...This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”即出版单位想要树立自己的模范形象，所以，“set an example for other journals”为其他杂志树立模范的表述切合文意，因此选择D。
4. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now ______.
A.adds to researchers' workload
B.diminishes the role of reviewers
C.has room for further improvement
D.is to fail in the foreseeable future
A B C D
C
[解析] 此题细节信息定位到最后一段最后一句话：“...but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify 'the papers that need scrutiny' in the first place.”即他认为《科学》杂志的做法有好处也有缺点，也就是说有改进的空间，因此选择C。
5. Which of the following is the best title of the text?
A.Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers
B.Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect
C.Data Analysis Finds Its Way Onto Editors' Desks
D.Statisticians Are Coming Back With Science
A B C D
A
[解析] 这里要在通读全文并掌握主题大意后进行选择。由于文中说到了《科学》杂志增加了统计数据的审查环节，所以直接判断A项“Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers”的表述能够概括全文的主旨，B、C、D的说法都不全是文章主要表达的，因此选择A。
Passage Two It's very interesting to note where the debate about diversity (多样化) is taking place. It is taking place primarily in political circles. Here at the College Fund, we have a lot of contact with top corporate (公司的) leaders; none of them is talking about getting rid of those instruments that produce diversity. In fact, they say that if their companies are to compete in the global village and in the global market place, diversity is an imperative. They also say that the need for talented, skilled Americans means we have to expand the pool of potential employees. And in looking at where birth rates are growing and at where the population is shifting, corporate America understands that expanding the pool means promoting policies that help provide skills to more minorities, more women and more immigrants. Corporate leaders know that if that doesn't occur in our society, they will not have the engineers, the scientists, the lawyers, or the business managers they will need. Likewise, I don't hear people in the academy saying "Let's go backward. Let's go back to the good old days, when we had a meritocracy (不拘一格选人才)" (which was never true—we never had a meritocracy, although we've come closer to it in the last 30 years). I recently visited a great little college in New York where the campus has doubled its minority population in the last six years. I talked with an African American who has been a professor there for a long time, and she remembers that when she first joined the community, there were fewer than a handful of minorities on campus. Now, all of us feel the university is better because of the diversity. So where we hear this debate is primarily in political circles and in the media—not in corporate board rooms or on college campuses.
1. The word "imperative" (Para. 1) most probably refers to something ______.
Passage Three "Before, we were too black to be white. Now, we're too white to be black." Hadija, one of South Africa's 3.5m Coloured (mixed race) people, sells lace curtains at a street market in a bleak township outside Cape Town. In 1966 she and her family were driven out of District Six, in central Cape Town, by an apartheid government that wanted the area for whites. Most of the old houses and shops were bulldozed but a Methodist church, escaping demolition, has been turned into a little museum, with an old street plan stretched across the floor. On it, families have identified their old houses, writing names and memories in bright felt-tip pen. "We can forgive, but not forget," says one. Up to a point. In the old days, trampled on by whites, they were made to accept a second-class life of scant privileges as a grim reward for being lighter-skinned than the third-class blacks. Today, they feel trampled on by the black majority. The white-led National Party, which still governs the Western Cape, the province where some 80% of Coloureds live, plays on this fear to good electoral effect. With no apparent irony, the party also appeals to the Coloured sense of common culture with fellow Afrikaans-speaking whites, a link the Nats have spent decades denying. This curious courtship is again in full swing. A municipal election is to be held in the province on May 29th and the Nats need the Coloured vote if they are to win many local councils. By most measures, Coloureds are still better-off than blacks. Their jobless rate is high, 21% according to the most recent figures available. But the black rate is 38%. Their average yearly income is still more than twice that of blacks. But politics turns on fears and aspirations. Most Coloureds fret that affirmative action, the promotion of non-whites into government-related jobs, is leaving them behind. Affirmative action is supposed to help Coloureds (and Indians) too. It often does not. They may get left off a shortlist because, for instance, a job requires the applicant to speak a black African language, such as Xhosa. Some Coloureds think that the only way they will improve their lot is to launch their own, ethnically based, political parties. Last year a group formed the Kleurling Weerstandsbeweging, or Coloured Resistance Movement. But in-fighting caused this to crumble. some members wanted it to promote Coloured interests and culture; others to press for an exclusive "homeland". In fact, the Coloureds' sense of collective identity is undefined, largely imposed by apartheid's twisted logic. They are descended from a mix of races, including the Khoi and San (two indigenous African peoples), Malay slaves imported by the Dutch, and white European settlers. And though they do indeed share much with Afrikaners—many belong to the Dutch Reformed Church and many speak Afrikaans—others speak English or are Muslim or worship spirits. Under apartheid, being Coloured became something to try to escape from. Many tried to pass as white; some succeeded in getting "reclassified". Aspiring to whiteness and fearful of blackness, their identity is hesitant, even defensive. Many Coloureds feel most sure about what they are not: they vigorously resist any attempt to use the term "black" to embrace all nonwhite people. "My people are terrible racists, but not by choice," says Joe Marks, a Coloured member of the Western Cape parliament. "The blacks today have the political power, the whites have economic power. We just have anger."
1. The apartheid government ______.
A.made all the families leave District Six so that a new Methodist church would be built there
B.drove out all the residents in District Six so that a museum would be built there
C.forced all the families to leave District Six so that the buildings there would be largely pulled down
D.requested that all the residents leave District Six so that a street plan could be put forward
A.the votes of the Coloured will play a decisive role in the coming local government election
B.the Coloured are inferior to blacks financially
C.the Coloured used to be treated respectfully by the blacks
D.the Coloured enjoyed exactly the same social position as the blacks
A B C D
A
[解析] 本题的四个选项中，只有A项为正确答案。这可从文中第二、三段的内容推知。B项错误，因为文章最后一句话说“The blacks today have the political power, the whites have economic power”；C项错误，因为文章只说了原来有色人种的地位高于黑人，但不等于受到黑人的尊敬；D项错误，两者地位不同。
4. The reason that the Coloured Resistance Movement didn't succeed is that ______.
A.it was trampled on by the black majority
B.many Coloured succeeded in getting reclassified
C.the Coloured couldn't speak Xhosa, a black African language
D.the Coloured had conflicts about the aim of their movement
A B C D
D
[解析] 本题的四个选项中，只有D项为正确答案。这可从文中第五段的最后一句话“But in-fighting caused this to crumble: some members wanted it to promote Coloured interests and culture; others to press for an exclusive 'homeland'.”推知， 即“in-fighting”是导致运动失败的原因。
5. The passage mainly discloses ______.
A.the terrible racial-discriminative policy in South Africa
B.the positive outlook for blacks to take over the power in South Africa
C.the Affirmative action is only beneficial for blacks
D.the Coloured are in a very difficult complicated situation in the political upheaval in South Africa
A B C D
D
[解析] 本题的四个选项中，只有D项为正确答案。这可从文中的内容推知。
Passage Four Publication of this survey had originally been intended to coincide with the annual meetings of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, scheduled for September 29th—30th in Washington, D. C. Those meetings, and the big anti-globalization protests that had been planned to accompany them, were among the least significant casualties of the terrorist atrocities of September 11th. You might have thought that the anti-capitalist protesters, after contemplating those horrors and their aftermath, would be regretting more than just the loss of a venue for their marches. Many are, no doubt. But judging by the response of some of their leaders and many of the activists (if Internet chat rooms are any guide), grief is not always the prevailing mood. Some anti-globalists have found a kind of consolation even a cause of satisfaction, in these terrible events—that of having been as they see it, proved right. To its fiercest critics, globalization, the march of international capitalism, is a force for oppression, exploitation and injustice. The rage that drove the terrorists to commit their obscene crime was in part, it is argued, a response to that. At the very least, it is suggested, terrorism thrives on poverty and international capitalism, the protesters say, thrives on poverty too. These may be extreme positions, but the minority that holds them is not tiny, by any means. Far more important, the anti-globalists have lately drawn tacit support if nothing else, reluctance to condemn—from a broad range of public opinion. As a result, they have been, and are likely to remain, politically influential. At a time such as this, sorting through issues of political economy may seem very far removed from what matters. In one sense, it is. But when many in the West are contemplating their future with new foreboding, it is important to understand why the skeptics are wrong; why economic integration is a force for good; and why globalization, far from being the greatest cause of poverty, is its only feasible cure. Undeniably, popular support for that view is lacking. In the developed economies, support for further trade liberalization is uncertain; in some countries, voters are downright hostile to it. Starting a new round of global trade talks this year will be struggle, and seeing it through to a useful conclusion will be. The institutions that in most people's eyes represent the global economy—the IMF, the World Bank and the World Trade Organization are reviled far more widely than they are admired; the best they can expect from opinion at large is grudging acceptance. Governments, meanwhile, are accused of bowing down to business: globalization leaves them no choice. Private capital moves across the planet unchecked. Wherever it goes, it bleeds democracy of content and puts "profits before people".
1. In your opinion, what may be the main topic of this passage?
3. After September 11th, what may NOT be the response of the anti-capitalist protesters?
A.Some of them may see the attack as something right.
B.Some anti-globalists have found a kind of consolation, even a cause of satisfaction, in these terrible events.
C.Grief will be the mood of some of them.
D.All the anti-capitalist protesters, after contemplating those horrors and their aftermath, would be regretting more than just the loss of venue for their marches.
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