Section A Directions: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said. The question will be read only once, after you hear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
[听力原文] W: Hello, Eric, what can I do for you? M: I was wondering if you had the results. W: Oh, yes, the results. We've got them. M: Great. W: Here we go. Urea (尿素) 2.6, Sodium (钠) 136, and Potassium (钾) 3.9. M: 3.5. W: No, that's 3.9. Q: What is the man's sodium level?
[听力原文] M: Hello, this is Don North from Pediatrics. I'd like a word with Doctor Wilson if it's possible. W: I'm sorry, but he left for Michigan to attend a conference this morning. He was in fact looking for you just before he left. Q: What is true about Doctor Wilson?
[听力原文] W: Most people feel culture shock when traveling to a foreign culture. M: That's for sure. But they should do as Romans do. Q: According to the man, what are people supposed to do when traveling to a foreign culture?
[解析] 固定短语的理解。题意：根据男士所言，出国旅游人们应该做什么?do as Romans do的含义是“入乡随俗”，因而答案为C。
5.
A.She married because of loneliness.
B.She married a millionaire.
C.She married for money.
D.She married for love.
A B C D
C
[听力原文] W: Cindy just got divorced. M: So soon! She got married only last summer. W: Well, she found out that her husband was not the millionaire she thought he was. Q: What does the woman imply about Cindy?
[听力原文] W: Where are you heading now? You seem to be in a bit of hurry. M: I'm on my way to the biology building. I have an exam in about twenty minutes. Q: What is the man going to do?
[解析] 对话中男士说：“I have an exam in about twenty minutes. ”可知男士大约20分钟后有个考试。因此D选项是正确的。
7.
A.In a hotel.
B.In the hospital.
C.In the prison.
D.At the airport.
A B C D
B
[听力原文] M: Hello, I was wondering if Taylor Smith has checked out yet. W: Just a moment. I'll check once the cashier's desk. M: Thank you. W: Well, Mr. Smith is still here. But he will be released tomorrow. Q: Where is Mr. Smith now?
[解析] 关键句“But he will be released tomorrow. ”意为“但是他明天会出院”。由此可推断Mr. Smith现在应该是在医院。
8.
A.He got an ulcer in his stomach.
B.He got hurt in the soccer game.
C.He will be discharged soon.
D.He got his tumor removed.
A B C D
B
[听力原文] W: You know, Tom's been in the hospital for a couple of days. M: And I'm the one to put him there with my soccer games. Q: Which of the following is true about Tom?
[解析] 此题关键是对“I'm the one to put him there with my soccer games. ”的理解。正确的解释应该是“是我在足球比赛时让他受伤住进医院的。”
9.
A.She told a lie so as not to hurt Jimmy.
B.She left because she had a headache.
C.She hurt Jimmy by telling him a lie.
D.She slept off her headache.
A B C D
A
[听力原文] M: You left Jimmy's birthday party last night. Did you have a headache? W: Well, I told Jimmy a white lie when I said I had to leave early because I had a headache. Q: What does the woman mean?
[解析] 关键词“white lie”意为“善意的谎言”。
10.
A.His new car is not fast enough.
B.His new car moves very fast.
C.His new car is a real bargain.
D.His new car is somewhat of a financial burden.
A B C D
D
[听力原文] W: Your new car is fabulous. M: Not so fast. I won't finish paying for it until 2010. Q: What does the man mean?
[解析] “I won't finish paying for it until 2010. ”意为“我直到2010年才能付完车款。”因此男士的意思应该是经济上有压力。
[听力原文] M: When are you going to have your eyes checked? W: I had to cancel my appointment. I couldn't fit it in. Q: What does the woman mean?
[解析] 女士太忙了，没时间去检查。
12.
A.Discuss a magazine article with the woman.
B.Help the woman find a new doctor.
C.Go to the store for some medicine.
D.Buy the woman some magazines.
A B C D
D
[听力原文] W: I've had it with being sick in bed. I read most of these magazines twice. M: Well, if it will help, I'll run to the store to get you some new ones. Q: What will the man probably do?
[解析] 男士说如果需要，他可以去商店给女士买几本新的杂志。
13.
A.The doctor can see the man this week.
B.Appointments must be made two weeks in advance.
C.The man should call back on Friday.
D.The doctor canceled his appointments on Friday.
A B C D
A
[听力原文] M: I have an appointment with Dr. Stevens at 3 o'clock tomorrow. But something's come up I'd like to reschedule. Uh, any chance I can get in by the end of this week? W: Well, we just had a cancellation for Friday. After that, the doctor will be out of the office for 2 weeks. Q: What does the woman mean?
[解析] 女士提醒，医生周五以后会离开两个星期，因此男士想看医生要在这周。
14.
A.The job's short hours make it impossible for her to refuse.
B.She's looking forward to meeting her new colleagues.
C.She refused the position because of the low salary.
D.The job is turning into an excellent opportunity for her.
A B C D
C
[听力原文] W: Did you hear that Mitchell turned down that job? M: Yeah. The hours were convenient, but she wouldn't have been able to make ends meet. Q: What does the man say about Mitchell?
[解析] 从“but she wouldn't have been able to make ends meet. ”可知应选择C。
15.
A.The man should see an optometrist.
B.She'd like to postpone working on the proposal.
C.She wants to know why the proposal was late.
D.It won't take long to write the proposal.
A B C D
B
[听力原文] M: We've been working on this proposal for so long that my eyes are starting to blur. W: Why don't we get out of here? We can wrap it up later. Q: What does the woman mean?
[解析] “We can wrap it up later. ”意为“过一会儿再完成”。
Section B Directions: In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
[听力原文] W: Hello doctor Smith, welcome to our program "Health Journey". Could you tell us something about swine flu. M: Well, it's a common respiratory ailment in pigs that doesn't usually spread to people. W: But why are so many people infected? M: Unlike most cases, this flu virus appears to be a sub-type not seen before in humans or pigs. It has genetic material from pigs, birds and humans, according to WHO. W: Then why is it called swine flu? Why pigs are the carriers of this virus? M: Um. It's closer to say that pigs were the mixing balls for this virus. W: What does it mean? M: I mean birds cannot pass bird flu to people. But pigs are susceptible to getting flu viruses that infected birds. The virus inside the infected pig might mutate to a form that could also infect other mammals. W: Wow, so complicated. By the way, can we catch swine flu from eating pork? M: Actually, ill pigs are not allowed to enter the market. Cooking also kills the virus. Only people who work with pigs can catch the virus. W: How do they feel if infected? M: The most common symptoms are fever, fatigue, lack of appetite and coughing, although some people also develop runny nose, sore throat, vomiting or diarrhea. W: What should we do if we have these symptoms? M: Stay home from work or school. Don't get on a place. Call your doctors to ask about the best treatment. Don't simply show up at the clinic or hospital that is unprepared for your arrival. W: Say, the antiviral study. How is it going? M: This strain of swine flu does appear sensitive to the antiviral drugs Relenza and Tamiflu, but not to Amantadine and Remantadine. W: We've learned a lot tonight. Thanks for your coming, doctor Smith. M: It's my pleasure.
What do we know about swine flu?
[解析] 细节题。题意：有关猪流感我们知道什么?根据对话可知，专家说到猪流感就是一种常见的respiratory ailment in pigs，因而答案为B。
2.
A.Eating pork.
B.Raising pigs.
C.Eating chicken.
D.Breeding birds.
A B C D
B
[听力原文] What may cause people to have swine flu?
[解析] 细节题。题意：什么情况下人会患猪流感?题目是人感染猪流感的原因。根据对话可知，病猪不允许进入市场，烹饪也可杀死病毒。只有养猪的人可能感染病毒。(ill pigs are not allowed to enter the market. Cooking also kills the virus. Only people who work with pigs can catch the virus. )因而答案为B。
3.
A.Running nose.
B.Inappetence.
C.Pains all over.
D.Diarrhea.
A B C D
B
[听力原文] According to the dialogue, which is among the most common symptoms of swine flu?
[解析] 细节题。题意：根据对话，下列哪一个是猪流感最常见的症状?根据对话可知，常见的症状有发热、疲劳、食欲不振和咳嗽。(The most common symptoms are fever, fatigue, lack of appetite and coughing. )因而答案为B。
4.
A.To stay from crowds.
B.To see the doctor immediately.
C.To avoid medications.
D.To go to the nearby clinic.
A B C D
A
[听力原文] What does the speaker advice the suspects of swine flu to do?
[解析] 细节题。题意：说话人建议猪流感疑似患者做什么?根据对话可知，如果出现上述症状应该在家隔离，打电话给医生，但不要去医院就诊。(Stay home from work and school. To call your doctors to ask about the best treatment. Don't simply show up at the clinic or hospital that is unprepared for your arrival. )因而答案为A。
5.
A.It is a debate.
B.It is a TV program.
C.It is a consultation.
D.It is a workshop.
A B C D
B
[听力原文] What can be said of the dialogue?
[解析] 细节题。题意：这段对话是什么?根据对话可知，这是一档健康生活的节目(Welcome to our program "Health Journey". )，因而答案为B。
[听力原文] W: So how are you feeling? M: Much better now that I began taking an antibiotic. Student health gave me one, and it's really help. You know what amazes me is that the human races survive before antibiotics. W: I agree. When my father was a young boy in the 1940's, he got blood poisoning and would have died. But his doctor had heard of this new drug, called penicillin. M: Wow, he was really lucky. And now we have lots of antibiotics that kill bacteria. W: Well, penicillin kills bacteria, but not all antibiotics do. Some are just slowing the bacteria down until our normal immune defenses can finish the job. Tetracycline works that way. M: Wow, you are a fund of drug trivia. How do you know all these? W: My mother used to look up all our medicines, prescription and non-prescription. There are lots of books around. It's interesting. What antibiotic are you taking? M: I don't remember. It's on the bottle. I think I'll take a new look at the label and drop by the library to see if they have reference books on medicines. See you in lab tomorrow.
What are the speakers mainly discussing?
[解析] 男士生病了，在吃抗生素，女士询问他的病情，随后两人便聊起了抗生素。
2.
A.Blood poisoning.
B.A penicillin.
C.A heart attack.
D.An car accident.
A B C D
A
[听力原文] What caused her father almost to die in the 1940's?
[解析] blood poisoning意为“败血病”。
3.
A.To give an example of a bad reaction to penicillin.
B.To show how penicillin has changed over the years.
C.To emphasize the importance of antibiotics.
D.To explain why penicillin requires a prescription.
A B C D
C
[听力原文] Why does the woman tell the story about her father?
[解析] 女士讲她父亲得败血病的故事是为了说明抗生素的重要性。
4.
A.In a pharmacology course.
B.From her mother.
C.At the student health center.
D.From her doctor.
A B C D
B
[听力原文] Where did the woman learn about antibiotics?
[解析] 从“My mother used to look up all our medicines, prescription and non-prescription. ”可知。
5.
A.Look up some information about his medicine.
B.Take an extra dose of his medicine.
C.Ask his doctor to change his prescription.
D.Begin to do research for his lab project.
A B C D
A
[听力原文] What will the man probably do next?
[解析] 男士说要drop by the library to see if they have reference books on medicines，可知他要到图书馆看医学方面的参考书。
[听力原文] P: Here is my result, doctor. D: Have a seat, and let's have a look. Well, your ECG is perfectly normal, and there is no problem with your X-ray, either. But your white blood cell count is rather high, which is what I expected, and it shows your body is fighting the virus. P: Is there anything here I can do so that I can feel better, doctor? I am really busy at work this week. And I have a lot of stuff to do, but I don't feel opt to it. Also my daughter is studying bad and... D: Don't worry. It's just against the feel. But I will give you some medicine for it to make you feel better. Three times a day take the white tablets as directed on the label after meals. And for the (...) tablets, take one or two depending on how suitable your bowels are. P: Is there anything else I can do, Doctor Hunt? D: I know you are busy, but you really shouldn't go to work. However, that's up to you. Rest as much as possible, drink plenty of liquid, and eat plenty of vegetables and fruits. Remember, an apple a day keeps the doctor away. If there is no improvement after three days, come back and see me again. P: Thank you, doctor.
According to the women's test results, which of the following item is abnormal?
[解析] 根据医生的判断，病人的ECG十分正常(perfectly normal)，X光片也没有问题，但是白血球数量很高(white blood cell count is rather high)。因此本题答案为A。
2.
A.Too much work to do.
B.A heavy load of studying.
C.Her daughter's sickness.
D.Her insufficient income.
A B C D
D
[听力原文] Which of the following is not the reason for the woman's anxiety?
Section A Directions: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
1. Although he had looked through all the reference material on the subject, he still found it hard to understand this point and her explanation only ______ to his confusion.
Section B Directions: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.
1. The water company is obliged to maintain a supply of wholesome water.
Part Ⅲ Cloze Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Are some people born clever and others born stupid? Or is intelligence developed by our environment and our experience? Strangely 1 , the answer to both these questions is yes. To some extent our intelligence is given us at birth, and no amount of special education can make a genius 2 a child born with low intelligence. On the other hand, a child who lives in a boring environment will develop his intelligence less than one who lives in rich and varied surroundings. Thus the 3 of a person's intelligence are fixed at birth, but whether or not he reaches those limits will depend on his 4 . This view, now held by most experts, can be supported in a number of ways. It is easy to show that intelligence is to some extent 5 we are born with. The closer the blood relationships between two people, the closer they are likely to be in intelligence. Thus if we take two unrelated people 6 from the population, it is likely that their degrees of intelligence will be completely different. If on the other hand we take two identical twins, they will very likely be as intelligent as each other. Relations like brothers and sisters, parents and children, usually have 7 intelligence, and this clearly suggests that intelligence depends on birth. 8 now that we take two identical twins and put them in different environments. We might send one, for example, to a university and the other to a factory where the work is boring. We would soon find differences in intelligence developing, and this indicates that environment 9 birth plays a part. This conclusion is also suggested by the 10 that people who live in close contact with each other, but who are not related at all, are likely to have similar degrees of intelligence.
Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension Directions: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.
Passage One It used to be that a corporation's capital consisted of tangible assets such as buildings, machines, and finished goods. But, in the information economy, value has shifted rapidly from tangible to intangible assets, such as management skills and customer loyalty. But how do you measure intangible assets? Karl Erik Sveiby began trying to answer that question as a magazine publisher in Sweden and went to become Scandinavia's leading authority on knowledge-based businesses. In his latest book, The New Organizational Wealth, he offers insights into valuing and managing intangible assets. Noting that Microsoft Corporation, the world's largest software firm, once traded at an average share price of $70 at a time when its book value was $7, Sveiby asks: "What is it about Microsoft that makes it worth 10 times the value of its recorded assets? What is the nature of that additional value that is perceived by the market but not recorded by the company?" Sveiby's answer is intangible assets, which he defines as employee competence, internal structures (systems, patents, etc.), and external structures (customer and supplier relationships and the organization's image). Because of these factors, it follows that owners hold a kind of intangible equity in the company, in addition to tangible assets such as cash and accounts receivable. Since knowledge is a key intangible asset, the ability to transfer knowledge from one employee to another, or from outside sources to employees, is a key business capacity, in Sveiby's view. The greater the transfer of knowledge, the more overall employee competence improves. The best method for transferring knowledge, says Sveiby, is through direct experience with a subject rather than simply listening to someone or reading about it. Experience enables learning more than overt teaching because people acquire knowledge tacitly, by observation and listening in an unstructured environment. And, he adds, people will more readily learn from an activity if they enjoy it. Once the flow of information within an organization is managed properly, the competence of the organization increases, and the relations with customers improve. But Sveiby also points out that knowledge and information are not the same thing. Information has no value until it becomes integrated knowledge and therefore useful.
1. In the information economy, it is a challenge ______.
A.to place a high value on intangible assets
B.to transfer tangible into intangible assets
C.to change the concept of assets
D.to quantify intangible assets
A B C D
D
[解析] 参考第一段第三句，题意为：信息经济时代最大的挑战在于量化无形资产。
2. Microsoft Corporation, in Sveiby's view, ______.
A.is skillful at managing intangible assets
B.creates most intangible assets in the world
C.does not hold any tangible, but much intangible assets
D.possesses much additional intangible assets recognized by the market
A B C D
D
[解析] 参考第四段。在Sveiby的调查中，微软拥有被市场认可的更多的无形资产，故选D。
3. The transfer of knowledge which is a key intangible asset, according to Sveiby, ______.
Passage Two Scientists used to believe adult brains did not grow any new neurons, but it has emerged that new neurons can sprout in the brains of adult rats, birds and even humans. Understanding the process could be important, for finding ways to treat diseases such as Alzheimer's in which neurons are destroyed. Most neurons sprouting in adulthood seem to be in the hippocampus, a structure involved in learning and memory. But they rarely survive more than a few weeks. "We thought they were possibly dying because they were deprived of some sort of input," says Elizabeth Gould, a neuroscientist at Princeton. Because of the location, Gould and her colleagues suspect that learning itself might bolster the new neurons' survival, and that only tasks involving the hippocampus would do the trick. To test this, they injected adult male rats with a substance that labeled newborn neurons so that they could be tracked. Later, they gave some of the rats standard tasks. One involved using visual and spatial cues, such as posters on a well, to learn to find a platform hidden under murky water. In another, the rats learnt to associate a noise with a tiny shock half a second later. Both these tasks use the hippocampus—if this structure is damaged, rats can't do them. Meanwhile, the researchers gave other rats similar tasks that did not require the hippocampus finding a platform that was easily visible in water, for instance. Other members of the control group simply paddled in a tub of water or listened to noises. The team reported in Nature Neuroscience that the animals given the tasks that activate the hippocampus kept twice as many of their new neurons alive as the others. "Learning opportunities increase the number of neurons," says Gould. But Fred Gage and his colleagues at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California, dispute this. In the same issue of Nature Neuroscience, they reported that similar water maze experiments on mice did not help new neurons survive. Gould thinks the difference arose because the groups labeled new neurons at different times. She gave the animals tasks two weeks after the neurons were labeled. When the new cells would normally be dying, she thinks the Salk group put their mice to work too early for new neurons to benefit. "By the time the cells were degenerating, the animals were not learning anything," she says.
1. Not until recently did scientists find out that ______.
Passage Three Women find a masculine face—with a large jaw and a prominent brow—more attractive when they are most likely to conceive, according to a study published in the June 24 NATURE. Before, during, and just after menstruation, however, they seem to be drawn to less angular, more "feminine" male faces, the researchers report, "Others studies of female preference, mainly for odors, show changes across the menstrual cycle," says lead author Lan Penton-Voak of the University of St. Andrews in Scotland, "We thought it would be interesting to look at visual preferences and see if they changed also." The researchers showed 39 Japanese women composite male faces that emphasized masculine or feminine facial features to differing degrees. The women preferred images with more masculine features when they were in the fertile phrase of their menses but favored more feminine features during their less fertile phase. The type of face women find attractive also seems to depend on the kind of relationship they wish to pursue, according to another experiment. The cyclic preference for masculine faces was evident among 23 British women asked to choose the most attractive face for a short-term relationship. Penton-Voak says. The 26 women asked to choose an attractive face for a long-term relationship, however, preferred the more feminine features throughout their menstrual cycle. Another 22 women who were using oral contraceptives did not show monthly changes in the faces they preferred even for short-term relationships, indicating that hormones might play a role in determining attractiveness, Penton-Voak says. Men whose faces have some feminine softness are perceived as "kinder" men who may make better husbands and partners, he adds, white macho features may be associated with higher testosterone (睾丸素) levels and good genes. He cautions, however, that research hasn't yet shown a link between a woman's preferences in such tests and her actual behavior.
Passage Four Educators are seriously concerned about the high rate of dropouts among the doctor of philosophy candidates and the consequent loss of talent to a nation in need of Ph.D.s. Some have replaced the drop-outs' loss as high as 50 percent. The extent of the loss was, however, largely a matter of expert guessing. Last week a well-rounded study was published. It was based on 22000 questionnaires sent to former graduate students who were enrolled in 24 universities and it seemed to show many past fears to be groundless. The dropouts rate was found to be 31 percent, and in most cases the dropouts, while not completing the Ph.D. requirement, went on to productive work. They are not only doing well financially, but, according to the report, are not far below the income levels of those who went on to complete their doctorates. Discussing the study last week, Dr. Tucker said the project was initiated because of the concern frequently expressed by graduate faculties and administrators that some of the individuals who dropped out of Ph.D. programs were capable of completing the requirement for the degree. Attrition at the Ph.D. level is also thought to be a waste of precious faculty time and a drain on university resources already being used to capacity. Some people expressed the opinion that the shortage of highly trained specialists and college teachers could be reduced by persuading the dropouts to return to graduate schools to complete the Ph.D.. "The results of our research," Dr. Tucker concluded, "did not support these opinions." 1. Lack of motivation was the principal reason for dropping out. 2. Most dropouts went as far in their doctoral program as was consistent with their levels of ability or their specialties. 3. Most dropouts are now engaged in work consistent with their education and motivation. Nearly 75 percent of the dropouts said there was no academic reason for their decision, but those who mentioned academic reason cited failure to pass the qualifying examination, uncompleted research and failure to pass language exams. Among the single most important personal reasons identified by dropouts for non-completion of their Ph.D.'s program, lack of finances was marked by 19 percent. As an indication of how well the dropouts were doing, a chart showed 2% in humanities were receiving $20000 and more annually while none of the Ph.D.'s with that background reached this figure. The Ph.D.'s income in the $7500 to $15000 bracket with 78% at that level against 50% for the dropouts. This may also be an indication of the fact that top salaries in the academic fields, where Ph.D.s tend to rise to the highest salaries, are still lagging behind other fields. As to the possibility of getting dropouts back on campus, the outlook was glum. The main condition which would have to prevail for at least 25% of the dropouts who might consider returning to graduate school would be to guarantee that they would retain their present level of income and in some cases their present job.
1. The author states that many educators feel that ______.
A.steps should be taken to get the dropouts back to campus
B.the dropouts should return to a lower quality school to continue their study
C.the Ph.D. holder is generally a better adjusted person than the dropout
D.the high dropouts' rate is largely attributable to the lack of stimulation on the part of faculty members
A B C D
A
[解析] 本文为议论文，关注的是博士生的高比例辍学问题。有人指出博士生辍学率高是因为辍学从事生产性工作的收入并不低于博士毕业后。而Tucher博士得出结论：让辍学者返回校园的前景并不乐观。 细节题。题目问的是作者认为许多教育者们认为______。A“许多教育工作者们觉得应采取措施让辍学者回校学习。”与第三段最后一句话内容一致：“Some people expressed the opinion that the shortage of highly trained specialists and college teachers could be reduced by persuading the dropouts to return to graduate schools to complete the Ph.D.”，B“辍学者应回到低质量一点的学校去完成学业”，C“通常有博士学位的人比辍学者具有较好的适应性”，D“高辍学率主要归因于教师们缺乏刺激鼓励。”这三项在文章中均没有提到。故选A。 [参考译文] 教育工作者们非常关注博士生的高辍学率，这对需要博士生的国家来说是一个严重的人才损失。有一些国家的博士辍学率能达到50%。但是，如此高的辍学率很大程度上只是专家的推测。上周发表了一项全面的调查报告，这份报告是基于22000份分发给曾在24所大学就读的博士生的问卷调查。这份调查报告似乎证实了过去的种种担忧是没有依据的。 辍学率为31%。并且大多数情况下，辍学者尚未完成博士学位的学业，就去从事生产性工作。根据这份报告，他们不仅赚到了钱，而且收入水平并没有比那些完成博士学位的人低多少。 经过上周对这次调查研究讨论之后，Tucher博士说道，发起这项调查是因为高校的教师和管理者经常关注的一个问题是有一些未完成博士课程的辍学者有能力完成博士学位。博士水平的人员的缩减被认为是对教授宝贵时间的浪费和已经被使用到极限的大学资源的耗尽。有些人建议高级专家和大学教师的短缺可以通过劝说辍学者返回校园完成博士学位来缩减。 Tucher博士总结道：“但是此项研究结果并不支持这些观点。” 1．缺乏学习动力是退学的主要原因。 2．大多数退学者在博士课程上已经达到和他们的能力水平和专业水平相一致的水平。 3．大多数退学者现在从事的工作和他们所受的教育和动机相一致。 约75%的退学者说，他们决定退学并不是出于学术的原因。而出于学术原因的退学者提到：难以通过资格考试，难以完成研究，难以通过外语考试。19%的辍学者一致认为不能完成博士课程的最主要的个人原因是缺乏经济来源。 作为辍学者干得真不错的证明，统计图表明2%的人文学科辍学者年收入为20000多美元，没有一个有同样背景的博士生达到这个数字。7000至15000美元年收入者中，博士生为78%，辍学者仅为50%。这也可能表明这样一个事实：在博士能挣到最高工资的学术领域中，高工资仍然落后于其他领域的工资。 至于让辍学者重返校园的可能性，其前景不乐观。至少有25%的辍学者可能考虑返回学校就读，条件是保证他们保留现有的收入水平，有些还要保留他们现有的工作。
2. Research has shown that ______.
A.dropouts are substantially below Ph.D.s in financial attainment
B.the incentive factor is a minor one in regard to pursuing Ph.D. studies
C.the Ph.D. candidate is likely to change his field of specialization if he drops out
D.about one-third of those who start Ph.D. work do not complete the work to earn the degree
A B C D
D
[解析] 细节题。题目问的是研究结果表明了______。根据第二段第一句“The dropouts rate was found to be 31 percent, and in most cases the dropouts, while not completing the Ph.D. requirement, went on to productive work”可知D“约三分之一就读博士学位的人没有完成学业取得学位。”正确。根据倒数第二段得知：“作为辍学者干得真不错的证明，统计图表明2%的人文学科辍学者年收入为20000多美元，没有一个有同样背景的博士生达到这个数字。”故A“辍学者的经济收入比博士生低许多。”错误。B“在博士学习中刺激因素较小。”C“博士生如果中途退学很可能改变其专业。”这两项在文中均没有提到。故选D。
3. Meeting foreign language requirements for the Ph.D. ______.
A.is the most frequent reason for dropping out
B.is more difficult for the science candidate than for the humanities candidate
Passage Five People who live and work in areas with elevated levels of ozone and other airborne pollutants appear to run an increased risk of lung cancer, US researchers report in the December Issue of the journal Environmental Health Perspectives. The researchers, Dr. Beeson, of Texas University and colleagues studied more than 4,000 female and 2,000 male, white, nonsmoking volunteers from 1977 to 1992. At the start of the study, the volunteers filled out questionnaires about their occupations, their exercise patterns, diet and other lifestyle choices, and their family's health history. The questionnaires also asked whether the volunteers had any respiratory symptoms, how many hours they spent outdoors, and where they lived and worked. The researchers updated this information in 1987 and again in 1992. Using air quality monitoring station data, Beeson and colleagues then determined the levels of particle soot, ozone or "smog", sulfur dioxide, and other pollutants that the volunteers were exposed to, given where they lived and worked. Over the course of the 15-year study, 20 of the women and 16 of the men were diagnosed with lung cancer. Analyzing the relationship between exposure to airborne pollutants and lung cancer risk, the researchers found that both men and women regularly exposed to levels of particle that were higher than the National Ambient Air Quality Standard of 50 microgram per meter cubed ran an increased risk of lung cancer. And both men and women exposed to elevated levels of sulfur dioxide ran an increased risk of lung cancer. In addition, men regularly exposed to ozone levels of 80 parts per billion (ppb) ran more than three times the risk of lung cancer as men exposed to lower levels. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) limit on ozone is 120 ppb, Beeson and colleagues report. Women, however, did not appear to run an increased risk of lung cancer if exposed to high levels of smog. "This gender difference may be due to the males spending much more time outdoors than females," they write. "This was especially true for the summer when ozone levels are higher." The difference may also have been due to hormonal differences, they add. Some research findings also suggest that the female sex hormone estrogen may partly offset the consequences of exposure to high ozone levels. "Our findings suggest that the current EPA standard of 120 ppb for ozone may not adequately protect the large portion of the US male population who live or work in communities where the current standard for ozone is frequently exceeded," Beeson and colleagues conclude. "More research with a larger number of incident cases of lung cancer is needed to better understand the observed gender difference in regard to ozone exposure as well as to better separate the independent effects of ozone, airborne particulate matter sulfur dioxide, and other airborne pollutants."
1. Which of the following is not included in the questionnaire?
3. It was found in the research that ______ did not seem to run an increased risk of lung cancer.
A.women exposed to high levels of sulfur dioxide
B.men regularly exposed to high levels of sulfur dioxide
C.women exposed to high levels of smog
D.men regularly exposed to high levels of smog
A B C D
C
[解析] 由第五段第三句“Women, however, did not appear to run an increased risk of lung cancer if exposed to high levels of smog.”可知，选项C正确。
4. It can be inferred from the research mentioned in this passage ______.
A.males are more vulnerable to dangers in life than females
B.female is stronger sex than male
C.male sex hormone may not be able to decrease the effect of exposure to high ozone levels
D.spending much time outdoors in summer is not harmful to females
A B C D
C
[解析] 第五段第四句提到“This gender difference may be due to the males spending much more time outdoors than females.”以及下一句“This was especially true for the summer when ozone levels are higher.”根据该句可知，在夏天，spending much time outdoors，尤其是接触“high levels of ozone”对男性的伤害超过女性。根据该段的最后两句“The difference...due to hormonal differences...the female sex hormone estrogen may partly offset the consequences of exposure to high ozone levels.”可知，雄性激素可能不能抵消接触high ozone levels造成的后果。所以，选项C应为答案。
5. The proper title for this passage should be ______.
Passage Six That shabby unknown bundle of neglect and despair that was dropped off by the police six weeks ago—later to be identified by his mother, who turns up occasionally—is now a driving force on the infants' ward. Once he was bathed a few times and his rashes were treated, he turned out to be a 14-month-old boy named Vergil, still recovering from premature birth—birth weight, 21/2 pounds. It came obvious he had never received any real attention, and practically no solid food, and it was never very clear who assumed responsibility for him in his family, if anyone. Miraculously he survived, with almost no outside help. At first he just lay there, withdrawn, sucking on an empty bottle as he had been used to doing at home. After a few days it became clear he was ravenously hungry and he downed bottle after bottle of milk. Slowly he began to respond to the ward staff around him who hung over the side of his crib, tempting him back to life. He started by cautiously "chewing" on people, sniffing and tasting them warily like a little wild creature. Gradually he climbed to a standing position, pulling himself up on the bars of his crib. Then he began to discover noise—that came from himself. When he learned that it was acceptable, in this place, to scream when enraged, he filled his corner of the room with garbled speech-like sounds, and loud baby-bellows of demand. If nobody responded he would fix each passerby with a coy look that evolved into a seductive grin, revealing four widely space little teeth. Someone always stopped, grinning back at this adorable creature, then picking him up and cuddling him. We on the staff took personal pride and delight in his steady progress. During the day we moved his crib from the infants' ward to the playroom where there are people coming and going. He loved it, standing and cruising in his crib, commenting happily on the scene, crowing and babbling. One afternoon, when his crib was moved adjacent to the wall, he became unusually quiet, deep in concentration. With the stealth of a cat, using his little fingers like tiny screwdrivers, he had taken apart the wall oxygen unit. Our delight in his progress turned to real respect. Perhaps we could steer him toward the right path before it was too late. Vergil definitely had a future.
1. In the infants' ward, Vergil ______.
A.was treated as an orphan
B.was born prematurely
C.had himself renamed
D.drove the staff busy
A B C D
D
[解析] 细节题。这里的关键是in the infants' ward(在婴儿房里)找到了母亲，所以不是(孤儿)A，B(早产)不是发生在婴儿房里的事，C(更名)在文章中未提及，所以答案为D，也就是孩子在婴儿房里得到了很好的照顾和治疗。
2. The ward staff must have been marveled at Vergil's ______.
1. Directions: Please read the following article in Chinese carefully, and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that you cover all the major points of the article. 人类的健康一直取决于人类与环境的关系。人类，像其他动物一样，不断被环境中对其起作用的自然力量改变着，而人类又不断地改变着环境。与其他生命形式——从鲸鱼到微小的病毒——为伴的人类只是动态系统中的一部分。在这个动态系统中，人类不断地同周围世界交换着物质与能量。例如，人类从环境中摄取固体、液体及气体物质，并向环境中排放固体、液体及气体废物。除此之外，我们甚至发明了同样与周围环境交换物质与能量的机器。在生命过程中，生物体可以进入我们的机体，有些对我们的生理功能是有益的，而另一些则可引起疾病。另外，我仰既可以获益于，也可以受难于世界上的非生物力量。所有这些与环境的相互作用都与我们和总环境的关系相关。对于那些负责保护环境和美化环境的人来说，广义的人类环境是至关重要的。绝对不能忽视的是，分析证明人民大众的健康是保护环境最关键的原因。但是在为保护环境而保护环境的压力下，这一点常常被忽视。另一方面，公共卫生工作者本身必须尽力避免制定或采取一些狭隘的、尚欠考虑的或过时的措施、计划和行动，因为对人类健康造成危害的现在和潜在的外部因素绝不是仅与水、空气和垃圾中的某一特定功能因素相关的、固定不变的孤立现象。不能否认，过去人们面临那些大规模流行的、表面上看存在着简单的、特定的因果关系的疾病时所采取的一些方法曾取得过很大成果。不幸的是，这种观点对于多因素疾病来说是极不恰当的。因为疾病主要起因于越来越复杂的环境变化。这种做法忽视了整个人类和整个环境之间关系的极端复杂性。 正如动物一样，人类除身体和智力方面比较发达以外，并无特别之处。我们的现实环境是一个囊括物质和生命的王国，以及由我们非凡的智力所造就的文化环境的多因素体系。因此人类机体既可被看做是环境的生物物理学的组成部分，同时也是社会文化的组成部分。整个人体和整个环境之间的这些关系是动态的。任何一方均可侵犯另一方，反过来每一方又可对对方的侵犯作出反应。为满足我们的生物、文化及独一无二的技术需要，我们大胆地、不断地改变着自然形成的环境，并创造出崭新的环境。人类对环境的这种改变常常是不协调的，没有考虑全面，其最终产生的结果也多有负面效应。 注意：写作部分要求50分钟内完成。
[范文] Human health has always been dependent on our relationship with our environment. Humans, like other animals, are constantly transformed by natural forces in the environment that act on them, and they in turn continuously transform their environment. Humans are part of a dynamic system in which they continuously interchange matter and energy with the world about them. It must never be ignored that in the final analysis, concern for the public's health is the paramount reason for environmental action. On the other hand, public health workers themselves must be careful to avoid instituting or perpetuating actions or programs that are too narrow, environmentally ill-advised，or outdated. Our environment in reality is a multifaceted system that encompasses the physical and biotic realms and the cultural setting fashioned by our unusual cerebral capabilities. The interrelations between the total person and the total environment are dynamic. Each makes aggressions on the other. Each in turn responds to these aggressions. To support our biologic, cultural, and uniquely technologic needs, we boldly and continuously alter the naturally occurring environment and create ever new environments. Often this is done with inconsistency and without thought of the total or ultimate consequences.
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