Passage One Should doctors ever lie to benefit their patient—to speed recovery or to conceal the approach of death? In medicine as in law, government, and other lines of work, the requirements of honesty often seem dwarfed by greater needs: the need to shelter from brutal news or to uphold a promise of secrecy; to expose corruption or to promote the public interest. What should doctors say, for example, to a 46-year-old man coming in for a routine physical checkup just before going on vacation with his family who, though he feels in perfect health, is found to have a form of cancer that will cause him to die within six months? Is it best to tell him the truth? If he asks, should the doctors deny that he is ill, or minimize the gravity of the illness? Should they at least conceal the truth until after the family vacation? Doctors confront such choices often and urgently. At times, they see important reasons to lie for the patient's own sake; in their eyes, such lies differ sharply from self-serving ones. Studies show that most doctors sincerely believe that the seriously ill patients do not want to know the truth about their condition, and that informing them risks destroying their hope, so that they may recover more slowly, or deteriorate faster, perhaps even commit suicide. As one physician wrote: "Ours is a profession which traditionally has been guided by a precept that transcends the virtue of uttering the truth for truth's sake, and that is 'as far as possible do no harm." But the illusory nature of the benefits is now coming to be documented. Studies show that, contrary to the belief of many physicians, an overwhelming majority of patients do want to be told the truth, even about grave illness, and feel betrayed when they learn that they have been misled. We are also learning that truthful information, humanely conveyed, helps patients cope with illness: help them tolerate pain better, need less medicine, and even recover faster after surgery. There is urgent need to debate this issue openly. Not only in medicine, but in other professions as well, practitioners may find themselves repeatedly in difficulty where serious consequences seem avoidable only through deception. Yet the public has every reason to be wary of professional deception, for such practices are peculiarly likely to become deeply rooted, to spread, and to erode trust. Neither in medicine, nor in law, government, or the social sciences can there be comfort in the old saying, "What you don't know can't hurt you."
1. According to the author's opinion, lies ______.
A.can benefit the patients.
B.can help the patients to recovery
C.can do nothing to the patients' illness
D.can not benefit the patients
A B C D
D
[解析] 态度题。作者在文章的第五段,通过使用but, contrary to, majority of patients do want to be told the truth, truthful information helps patients cope with illness等文字清楚地表明了自己的观点“欺骗对病人没有好处”,相反,真实的信息有助于病人更好地抵抗病魔。由此可见D是正确答案。
2. Which of the following statements is not true?
A.Most of the doctors believe that the seriously ill patients do not want to know the truth about their condition.
B.The truthful information helps patients to deal with their illness.
C.There is a need to discuss whether to lie or not to the patients.
D.It is true that "What you don't know can't hurt."
A B C D
D
[解析] 细节题。源于文章的最后一句话:“Neither in medicine, nor in law, government, or the social sciences can there be comfort in the old saying, 'what you don't know can't hurt you.' ”(不管是在医学界,还是在法律界、政府或是社会科学领域,“无知者无畏”)意义与原句正相反,因而是错误的。
3. What is the main idea of the last paragraph?
A.There is urgent need to debate this issue openly.
B.Neither in medicine, nor in law, government, or the social sciences can there be comfort in the old saying. "What you don't know can't hurt you."
C.The public has every reason to be wary of professional deception.
D.We need to discuss this issue in medicine, but not in other professions.
5. The reasons that the doctors lie to the patients are ______.
A.seriously ill patients do not want to be told the truth
B.informing them risks destroying their hope
C.telling truth may make them deteriorate faster
D.all the above
A B C D
D
[解析] 细节题。参看文章第四段第一句,列举了医生向病人隐瞒真情的原因,包括A,B,C选项。
Passage Two This issue of Science contains announcements for more than 100 different Gorgon Research Conferences, on topics that range from atomic physics to developmental biology. The brainchild(某人的主意) of Nell Gordon of Johns Hopkins University, these week-long meetings are designed to promote intimate, informal discussions of frontier science. Often confined to fewer than 125 attendees, they have traditionally been held in remote places with minimal distractions. Beginning in the early 1960s, I attended the summer Nucleic Acids Gordon Conference in rural New Hampshire, sharing austere (简朴的) dorm facilities in a private boy's school with randomly assigned roommates. As a beginning scientist, I found the question period after each talk especially fascinating, providing valuable insights into the personalities and ways of thinking of many senior scientists whom I had not encountered previously. Back then, there were no cell-phones and no Internet, and all of the speakers seemed to stay for the entire week. During the long, session-free afternoons, graduate students mingled freely with professors. Many lifelong friendships were begun, and—as Gordon intended—new scientific collaborations began. Leap forward to today, and every scientist can gain immediate access to a vast store of scientific thought and to millions of other scientists via the Internet. Why, nevertheless, de in-person scientific meetings remain so valuable for a life in science? Part of the answer is that science works best when there is a deep mutual trust and understanding between the collaborators, which is hard to develop from a distance. But most important is the critical role that face-to-face scientific meetings play in stimulating a random collision of ideas and approaches. The best science occurs when someone combines the knowledge gained by other scientists in non-obvious ways to create a new understanding of how the world works. A successful scientist needs to deeply believe, whatever the problem being tackled, that there is always a better way to approach that problem than the path currently being taken. The scientist is then constantly on the alert for new paths to take in his or her work, which is essential for making breakthroughs. Thus, as much as possible, scientific meetings should be designed to expose the attendees to ways of thinking and techniques that are different from the ones that they already know.
1. Assembled at Gordon Research Conference are those who ______.
Passage Three On September 7, 2001, a 68-year-old woman in Strasbourg, France, had her gall bladder (胆囊) removed by-surgeons operating, via computer from New York. It was the first complete telesurgery procedure performed by surgeons nearly 4000 miles away from their patient. In New York, Marescaux teamed up with surgeon Michel Gagner to perform the historic long-distance operation. A high-speed fiber-optic service provided by France Telecom made the connection between New York and Strasbourg. The two surgeons controlled the instruments using an advanced robotic surgical system, designed by Computer Motion Inc. that enabled the procedure to be minimally invasive. The patient was released from the hospital after about 48 hours and regained normal activity the following week. The high-speed fiber-optic connection between New York and France made it possible to overcome a key obstacle to telesurgery time delay. It was crucial that a continuous time delay of less than 200 milliseconds be maintained throughout the operation, between the surgeon's movements in New York and the return video (from Strasbourg) on his screen. The delay problem includes video coding decoding and signal transmission time. France Telecom's engineers achieved an average time delay of ]50 milliseconds. "I felt as comfortable operating on my patient as if I had been in the room," says Marescaux. The successful collaboration(合作) among medicine, advanced technology, and telecomm unications is likely to have enormous implications for patient care and doctor training. Highly skilled surgeons may soon regularly perform especially difficult operations through long-distance procedures. The computer systems used to control surgical movement can also lead to a breakthrough in teaching surgical techniques to a new generation of physicians. More surgeons-in-training will have the opportunity to observe their teachers in action in telesurgery operating rooms around the world. Marescaux describes the success of the remotely performed surgical procedure as the beginning of a "third revolution" in surgery within the last decade. The first was the arrival of minimally invasive surgery, enabling procedures to be performed with guidance by a camera, meaning that the abdomen (腹部) and thorax (胸腔) do not have to be opened. The second was the introduction of computer-assisted surgery, where complicated software algorithms (计算法) enhance the safety of the surgeon's movements during a procedure, making them more accurate, while introducing the concept of distance between the surgeon and the patient. It was thus natural to imagine that this distance-currently several meters in the operating room could potentially be up to several thousand kilometers.
1. The title that best expresses the main idea is ______.
3. How long did it take the patient to resume her normal activity after the operation? ______
A.24 hours.
B.48 hours.
C.About a week.
D.Almost a month.
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节题。题目问的是手术后病人需要多久的时间恢复。定位到第二段的“The patient was released from the hospital after about 48 hours and regained normal activity the following week”意为“病人大约48小时后可以出院,第二个星期就能正常活动”,故选C。
4. What is the major barrier to telesurgery? ______
A.Distance.
B.Advanced technology.
C.Delay.
D.Medical facilities.
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节题。题目问的是远程手术的障碍是什么?定位到第三段的“The high-speed fiber-optic connection between New York and France made it possible to overcome a key obstacle to telesurgery time delay”意为“纽约和法国之间的高速光纤使得克服远程手术中的时间延迟变得可能”,故选C。
5. The writer implies that ______.
A.difficult operation can be successfully performed all over the world now
B.compared to the "third revolution" in surgery, the first two are less important
C.all patients can be cured by a gall bladder-removal operation
D.a new breakthrough has been made in surgery
A B C D
D
[解析] 推断题。题目问的是哪一项是作者暗示的?定位到第五段的“The computer systems used to control surgical movement can also lead to a breakthrough in teaching surgical techniques to a new generation of physicians”意为“用来控制手术的电脑系统也能使得在教授新一代医生手术方法上有所突破”,故选D。
Passage Four Auctions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer. He asked the crowd to gather in the auction room to bid for various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures and finally names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. This is called "knocking down" the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a raised platform. The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction and the English word comes from the Latin "autic", meaning "increase". The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken in war, these sales were called "sub hasta", meaning "under the spear", a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather. In England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries goods were often sold "by the candle"; a short candle was lit by the auctioneer and bids could be made while it was burning. Practically all goods can be sold by auction. Among these are coffee, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, fruit, vegetables and wines. Auction sales are also usual for land and property, antique furniture, pictures, rare books, old china and works of art. The auction rooms at Chritie's and Sotheby's in London and New York are world famous. An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and where and when they can be viewed by the buyers. If the advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods to be sold together, called a "lot", is usually given a number. The auctioneer need not begin with lot one and continue the numerical order; he may wait until he notices the fact that certain buyers are in the room and then produce the lots they are likely to be interested in. The auctioneer's services are paid for in the form of a percentage of the price the goods are sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct interest in pushing up the bidding.
1. Auctioned goods are sold ______.
A.for the highest price offered
B.at fixed prices
C.at prices lower than their true value
D.at prices offered by the auctioneer
A B C D
A
[解析] 推断题。这道题的答案在第一段的第三句话。“He encourages buyers to bid higher figures and finally names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. ”拍卖师鼓励竞拍者出高价并最终把出最高价的竞拍者指定为买家。选项A意思是:以最高的价钱出售。这就是答案。B、C、D三个选项都是错误的表述。
2. The end of bidding is called "knocking down" because ______.
A.the auctioneer knocks on the table
B.the auctioneers names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods
C.the goods are knocked down onto the table
D.the auctioneer bangs the table with a hammer
A B C D
D
[解析] 推断题。注意第一段最后的一句话中由“for”引导的原因状语从句,“for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a raised platform. ”意思是:因为竞拍结束时,拍卖师在高台上用锤子敲一下。从中就可以得到答案D。选项D的意思就是这个句子的翻译。
3. In the sentence "The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken in war," the word "spoils" most probably means ______.
A.useless goods
B.spears
C.various kinds of food
D.property taken from the enemy
A B C D
D
[解析] 推断题。这句话的意思是:罗马人经常以这种方式出卖在战争中获得的战利品。“taken in war”的东西而且能出卖的,当然不会是A.useless goods;也不会单单只是“spears”或“food”,而该是D“战利品”。
4. In England a candle used to burn at auction sales ______.
A.because the auction sales took place at night
B.as a signal for the crowd to gather
C.to keep the auction room warm
D.to limit the time when offers of prices could be made
A B C D
D
[解析] 细节题。注意第二段的最后一句话“...and bid could be made while it was burning. ”意思是:当蜡烛点着的时候,拍卖就能够进行。这句话就是答案所在。选项D的意思是:限制出价的时间。这正是点蜡烛的目的。
5. An auction catalogue gives buyers ______.
A.the current market values of the goods
B.details of the goods to be sold
C.the order in which goods are to be sold
D.free admission to the auction sale
A B C D
B
[解析] 分析题。这道题要求掌握“particulars”词意指“详细情况”。本文第四段第二句“If the advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, ...”意思是:如果广告中没有具体的细节,目录就会被印出来。从这一句中得出正确答案为B。选项B的意思就是得到具体的信息。
Passage Five American researchers are working on three antibodies that many mark a new step on the path toward an HIV vaccine, according to a report published online Thursday, July 8, 2010, in the journal Science. One of the antibodies suppresses 91 percent of HIV strains, more than any AIDS antibody ever discovered, according to a report on the findings published in the Wall Street Journal. The antibodies were discovered in the cells of a 60-year-old African-American gay man whose body produced them naturally. One antibody in particular is substantially different from its precursors, the Science study says. The antibodies could be tried as a treatment for people already infected with HIV, the WSJ reports. At the very least, they might boost the efficacy of current antiretroviral drugs. It is welcome news for the 33 million people the United Nations estimated were living with AIDS at the end of 2008. The WSJ outlines the painstaking method the team used to find the antibody amid the cells of the African-American man, known as Donor 45. First they designed a probe that looks just like a spot on a particular molecule on the cells that HIV infects. They used the probe to attract only the antibodies that efficiently attack that spot. They screened 25 million of Donor 45's cell to find just 12 cells that produced the antibodies. Scientists have already discovered plenty of antibodies that either don't work at all or only work on a couple of HIV strains. Last year marked the first time that researchers found "broadly neutralizing antibodies," which knock out many HIV strains. But none of those antibodies neutralized more than about 40 percent of them, the WSJ says. The newest antibody, at 91 percent neutralization, is a marked improvement. Still, more work needs to be done to ensure the antibodies would activate the immune system to produce natural defenses against AIDS, the study authors say. They suggest there are test methods that blend the three new antibodies together—in raw form to prevent transmission of the virus, such as from mother to child; in a microbicide gel that women or gay men could use before sex to prevent infection; or as a treatment for HIV/AIDS, combined with antiretroviral drug. If the scientists can find the right way to stimulate production of the antibodies, they think most people could produce then, the WSJ says.
1. We can learn from the beginning of the passage that ______.
A.a newly discovered antibody defeats 91% of the HIV strains
B.a new antiretroviral drug has just come on the market
C.American researchers have developed a new vaccine for HIV
D.the African-American gay man was cured of his HIV infection
3. The newest antibody found in Donor 45 reflects a dramatic advance in terms of ______.
A.pathology
B.pharmacology
C.HIV neutralization
D.HIV epidemiology
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节题。题干:在Donor 45中新发现的抗体反映了在______的巨大进步。从倒数第三段最后一句...neutralization, is a marked improvement可知,这里marked improvement与题干中dramatic advance是同义改写的关系。故本题答案为C。
4. According to the study authors, the three test methods are intended to ______.
A.advance the technology in condom production to prevent HIV infection
B.facilitate the natural immune defense against AIDS
Passage Six This week marks the 10th anniversary of the Alar apple scare, in which many American consumers were driven into a panic following the release of a report by an environmental organization claiming that apples containing the chemical Alar posed a serious health threat to preschoolers. The report was disseminated through a PR (Problem Report) campaign and bypassed any legitimate form of scientific peer review. Introduced to the American public by CBS' "60 Minutes," the unsubstantiated claims in the report led some school districts to remove apples from their school lunch programs and unduly frightened conscientious parents trying to develop good eating habits for their children. Last month, Consumers Union released a report warning consumers of the perils of consuming many fruits and vegetables that frequently contained "unsafe" levels of pesticide residues. This was especially true for children, they claimed. Like its predecessor 10 years earlier, the Consumers Union report received no legitimate scientific peer review and the public's first exposure to it was through news coverage. Not only does such reporting potentially drive children for consuming healthful fruits and vegetables, the conclusions were based on a misleading interpretation of what constitutes a "safe" level of exposure. Briefly, the authors used values known as the "chronic reference doses," set by the U. S. environmental Protection Agency, as their barometers of safety. Used appropriately, these levels represent the maximum amount of pesticide that could be consumed daily for life without concern. For a 70-year lifetime, for example, consumers would have to ingest this average amount of pesticide every day for more than 25,000 days. It is clear, as the report points out, that there are days on which kids may be exposed to more; it is also clear that there are many more days when exposure is zero. Had the authors more appropriately calculated the cumulative exposures for which the safety standards are meant to apply, there would have been no risks and no warnings. Parents should feel proud, rather than guilty, of providing fruits and vegetables for their children. It is well established that a diet rich in such foods decreases the risk of heart disease and cancer. Such benefits dramatically overwhelm the theoretical risks of tiny amounts of pesticides in food. So keep serving up the peaches, apples, spinach, squash, grapes and pears.
1. In the Alar apple scare, many Americans were frightened because ______.
A.scientists warned that apples were dangerous
B.many school children became ill after eating apples
C.it was reported that apples were harmful to health
D.apples were discovered to have too much pesticide
A B C D
C
[解析] 第一段提到原因是一家环境组织发布报道说苹果含有the chemical Alar,这对学龄前儿童的健康造成了严重的威胁。即选项C“据报道苹果有害健康”。
2. The last month report parallels that on the Alar apple scare in that ______.
A.neither really caused worry among the public
B.neither underwent a scientific peer review
C.neither provided statistical supports
D.neither aimed for the public good
A B C D
B
[解析] 第二段最后一句指出,这篇文章就像10年前的一样,the Consumers Union report并没有得到legitimate scientific peer review,可见两者都未经科学同行审议,即选项B。
3. The "chronic reference doses" (in boldface in Paragraph 3) refer to ______.