Part Ⅰ Vocabulary Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
1. When workers are organized in trade unions, employers find it hard to lay them ______.
Part Ⅱ Cloze Directions: Read the following passage. For each numbered blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 1 the trial of Rosemary West. In a significant 2 of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a 3 bill that will propose making payments to witnesses 4 and will strictly control the amount of 5 that can be given to a case 6 a trial begins In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media select committee. Lord Irvine said he 7 with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not 8 sufficient control. 9 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 10 of media protest when he said the 11 of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges 12 to Parliament. The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which 13 the European Convention on Human Rights legally 14 in Britain, laid down that everybody was 15 to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families.
[解析] A项authorized意为“被授权的,公认的,检定过的,经委托的”;B项be credited to sth.意为“归因于,归咎于”;C项entitled意为“对有资格/有权利的”;D项 qualified意为“有资格的,有能力的,适合的,称职的”。
Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension Directions: Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
Passage 1 Community cancer clusters are viewed quite differently by citizen activists than by epidemiologists. Environmentalists and concerned local residents, for instance, might immediately suspect environmental radiation as the culprit when a high incidence of cancer cases occurs near a nuclear facility. Epidemiologists, in contrast, would be more likely to say that the incidences were "inconclusive" or the result of pure chance. And when a breast cancer survivor, Lorraine Pace, mapped 20 breast cancer cases occurring in her West Islip, Long Island, community, her rudimentary research efforts were guided more by hope--that a specific environmental agent could be correlated with the cancers than by scientific method. When epidemiologists study clusters of cancer cases and other noncontagious conditions such as birth defects or miscarriage, they take several variables into account, such as background rate (the number of people affected in the general population), cluster size, and specificity (any notable characteristics of the individual affected in each case). If a cluster is both large and specific, it is easier for epidemiologists to assign blame. Not only must each variable he considered on its own, but it must also be combined with others. Lung cancer is very common in the general population. Yet when a huge number of cases turned up among World War Ⅱ shipbuilders who had all worked with asbestos, the size of the duster and the fact that the men had had similar occupational asbestos exposures enabled epidemiologists to assign blame to the fibrous mineral. Although several known carcinogens have been discovered through these kinds of occupational or medical clusters, only one community cancer cluster has ever been traced to an environmental cause. Health officials often discount a community’s suspicion of a common environmental cause because citizens tend to include cases that were diagnosed before the afflicted individuals moved into the neighborhood. Add to this the problem of cancer's latency. Unlike an infectious disease such as cholera, which is caused by a recent exposure to food or water contaminated with the cholera bacterium, cancer may have its roots in an exposure that occurred 10 to 20 years earlier. Do all these caveats mean that the hard work of Lorraine Pace and other community activists is for nothing? Not necessarily. Together with many other reports of breast cancer clusters on Long Island, the West Islip situation highlighted by Pace has helped epidemiologists lay the groundwork for a well designed scientific study.
1. The "hope" mentioned in Paragraph 1 refers specifically to Pace's desire to ______.
A.help reduce the incidence of breast cancer in future generations
B.improve her chances of surviving breast cancer
C.determine the cause responsible for her own breast cancer case
D.identify a particular cause for the breast cancer cases in West Islip
3. The passage suggests that the fact that "only one community cancer cluster has ever been traced to an environmental cause" (in the third paragraph) is most likely due to the ______.
A.methodological difficulties in analyzing community cancer clusters
B.reluctance of epidemiologists to investigate environmental factors in cancer
C.lack of credibility of citizen activists in claiming to have identified cancer agents
D.effectiveness of regulations restricting the use of carcinogens in residential areas
Passage 2 My parents' house had an attic, the darkest and strangest part of the building, reach- able only by placing a stepladder beneath the trapdoor, and filled with unidentifiable articles too important to be thrown out with the trash but no longer suitable to have at hand. This mysterious space was the memory of the place. After many years all the things deposited in it became, one by one, lost to consciousness. But they were still there, we knew, safely and comfortably stored in the tissues of the house. These days most of us live in smaller, more modern houses or in apartments, and at- tics have vanished. Even the deep closets in which we used to pile things up for temporary forgetting are rarely designed into new homes. Everything now is out in the open, openly acknowledged and displayed, and whenever we grow tired of a memory, an old chair, a trunkful of old letters, they are cast into the dump for burning. This has seemed a healthier way to live, except maybe for the smoke everything out to be looked at, nothing strange hidden under the roof, nothing forgotten because of no place left in impenetrable darkness to forget. Openness is the new lifestyle, no undisclosed belongings, no private secrets. Candor is the rule in architecture. The house is a machine for living, and what kind of machine would hide away its worn-out, deserted parts? But it is in our nature as human beings to clutter, and we long for places set aside, reserved for storage. We tend to accumulate and outgrow possessions at the same time, and it is an endlessly discomforting mental task to keep sorting out the, ones to get rid of. We might, we think, remember them later and find a use for then, and if they are gone for good, off to the dump, this is a source of nervousness. I think it may be one of the reasons we drum our fingers so much these days. We might take a lesson here from what has been learned about our brains in this century. We thought we discovered, first off, the attic, although its existence has been mentioned from time to time by all the people we used to call great writers. What we really found was the trapdoor and a stepladder, and off we clambered, shining flashlights into the corners, vacuuming the dust out of bureau drawers, puzzling over the names of objects, tossing them down to the floor below, and finally paying around fifty dollars an hour to have them cast away for burning.
1. Which of the following might be the best title for the passage?
3. The word "candor" in the third sentence of the third paragraph probably means ______.
A.simplicity
B.sophistication
C.openness
D.immensity
A B C D
C
[解析] 该词与上一句中的openness同义。
4. According to the author, it is human nature to ______.
A.keep accumulating and classifying new things
B.search for new uses for old things
C.set aside old things and reserve them
D.disclose private secrets
A B C D
C
[解析] 参阅第42题解析。
5. The author implies in the last paragraph that ______.
A.it is not necessary to spend so much money studying the brain
B.we have uncovered all the secrets about our brains
C.we are too eager to search every corner of our life
D.modern buildings can still be constructed with the desired attics
A B C D
C
[解析] 参阅第42题解析。
Passage 3 Doctors at Stanford University are studying a medication they hope will alleviate the suffering of millions of American women. But their target isn't breast cancer, osteoporosis, or a similarly well-known affliction. Despite its alarming impact on its victims, the malady in question has received comparatively little medical scrutiny. It's a "hidden epidemic," according to the Stanford researchers: compulsive shopping disorder. That's right. What was once merely a punchline in television sitcoms is now being taken seriously by many clinicians. According to the Stanford study's leader, Dr. Lorrin Koran, compulsive shopping is "motivated by 'irresistible' impulses, characterized by spending that is excessive and inappropriate, has harmful consequences for the individual, and tends to be chronic and stereotyped." Compulsive shoppers "binge buy" --most often clothes, shoes, makeup, and jewelry--and then suffer intense guilt. That, in turn, helps trigger another frenzied trip to the mall, and the cycle continues. Could compulsive shopping be a health hazard associated with America's unparalleled economic prosperity? "It seems to be a disease of affluence," says Dr. Jerrold Pollak, a clinical psychologist who's treated several shopaholics. "Advertisers... would like us to think that shopping is a reason to live," agrees Dr. Cheryl Carmin, another clinical psychologist. "If you do not have the time or inclination to go to the mall or grocery store, there are catalogs, delivery services, home shopping networks on TV, and endless items to buy via the Internet." Indeed, this year, US advertisers will spend $ 233 billion--an amount equal to six federal education budgets to persuade Americans to buy, buy, buy. Yet the possibility that US advertisers may be driving certain women in our society t9 psychosis is only part of the story. It seems that the pharmaceutical companies' quest to cure the effects of excessive marketing may itself be little more than a cleverly-disguised marketing scheme. The Stanford study, like many of its kind, is being funded by a pharmaceutical company. The undisclosed drug is an FDA-approved antidepressant, specifically an SSRI--a selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor. (The researchers are also studying behavioral therapies for compulsive shoppers.) The researchers running the Stanford study refused to reveal their sponsor. However, only five SSRIs are currently on the US market. Pfizer (makers of Zolofi), Eli Billy (Prozac) and SmithKline Beecham (Paxil) all reported that they are neither conducting nor planning any studies of their drugs for compulsive shopping. Solvay (Luvox)also seems an unlikely candidate. In 1997, researchers at the University of Iowa tried using Luvox to treat compulsive shoppers and found no measurable differences between the effects of the drug and those of a placebo. Perhaps the manufacturers of Luvox want to give their product another shot. More likely, however, the mysterious benefactor of the Stanford Study is Forest Pharmaceuticals (Celexa). Their PR department neither confirmed nor denied any involvement in Koran's study. Why would a pharmaceutical company anonymously spend money to license one of its top-selling drugs for a marginal disorder like compulsive shopping? A big part of the answer is profit. The mystery company presumably hopes to carve a unique slice out of the mental disorder pie in order to market it together with a ready-made treatment. This is not at all a new strategy for the world's mammoth pharmaceutical firms, as David Healy, a professor at the University of Wales College of Medicine, explains in his book "The Anti- Depressant Em." Healy's book describes a process by which companies Seek to "educate" both patients and clinicians about a new disorder, to sell the disorder in preparation for selling its cure. Funding clinical trials is a crucial part of that process.
1. We learn at the beginning of the passage that ______.
A.doctors at Stanford University are testing a new drug
B.the consequences of compulsive shopping are minimal
C.compulsive shopping disorder has not received enough attention from the medical community
D.unlike breast cancer or osteoporosis, compulsive shopping disorder defies treatment
Passage 4 The fear of Americanization of the planet is more ideological paranoia (多疑) than reality. There is no doubt that, with globalization, English has become the general language of our time, as was Latin in the Middle Ages. And it will continue its ascent, since it is an indispensable instrument for international transactions and communication. But does this mean that English necessarily develops at the expense of the other great languages? Absolutely not. In fact, the opposite is true. The vanishing of borders and an increasingly inter-dependent world have created incentives for new generations to learn and assimilate other cultures, not merely as a hobby, but also out of necessity, because the ability to speak several languages and navigate comfortably in different cultures has become crucial for professional success. Consider the case of Spanish. Half a century ago, Spanish speakers were an inward- looking community; we projected ourselves in only very limited ways beyond our traditional linguistic confines. Today, Spanish is dynamic and thriving, gaining beachheads or even vast landholdings on all five continents. That there are between 25 and 30 million Spanish speakers in the United States today explains why the two recent US presidential candidates-the Texas governor George W. Bush and the vice-president A1 Gore--campaigned not only in English, but also in Spanish. How many millions of young men and women around the globe have responded to the challenges of globalization by learning Japanese, German, Mandarin, Cantonese, Russian or French? Fortunately, this tendency will only increase in the coming years. That is why the best defence of our own cultures and languages is to promote them vigorously throughout this new world, not to persist in the naive pretense of vaccinating them against the menace of English. Those who propose such remedies speak much about culture, but they tend to be ignorant people who mask their true vocation: nationalism. And if there is anything at odds with the universalist propensities of culture, it is the exclusionary vision that nationalist perspectives try to impose on cultural life. The most admirable lesson that cultures teach us is that they need not be protected by bureaucrats or commissars, or com fined behind iron bars, or isolated by customs services, in order to remain alive and exuberant; to the contrary, such efforts would only wither or even trivialize culture. Cultures must live freely, constantly jousting with different cultures. This renovates and renews them, allowing them to evolve and adapt to the continuous flow of life. In antiquity, Latin did not kill Greek; to the contrary, the artistic originality and intellectual depth of Hellenic culture permeated Roman civilization and, through it, the poems of Homer and the philosophies of Plato and Aristotle reached the entire world. Globalization will not make lo- cal cultures disappear; in a framework of worldwide openness, all that is valuable and worthy of survival in local cultures will find fertile ground in which to bloom.
1. It is assumed in the first paragraph that ______.
Part Ⅳ Translation Directions: In this section there is a passage in English. Translate the five sentences underlined into Chinese and write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. St. Petersburg. The very name brings to mind some of Russia's greatest poets, writers and composers: Pushkin, Dostoevsky, Tchaikovsky. 56. The 19th century was a golden age for St. Petersburg's (圣彼得堡) wealthy classes. It was a world of ballets and balls, of art and literature, of tea and caviar (鱼子酱). 57. The golden age ended with the advent of World War I. Working people were growing more and more discontented. In i917, Communism came, promising peace and prosperity. St. Petersburg had become Petrograd in 1914. People wanted a Russian name for their city. Ten years later, the city's name changed again, this time to Leningrad. Then in 1991, Leningraders voted to restore the city's original name. Some people opposed the name change altogether. 58. Others thought it was just too soon. Old, run-down Soviet Leningrad, they said, was not the St. Petersburg of 19th-century literature. What, then, is St. Petersburg? In the confusing post-Communist world, no one really knows. The quiet, if Soviet-style, dignity is gone. The Communist sayings are down, and gaudy advertising up. Candy bars and cigarettes are sold from boxy, tasteless kiosks. And clothing? 59. Well, anything goes. Everyone wants to be a little different. But many people do not know the true meaning of freedom. Personal crime has gone up, up, up in the past few years. Yet in spite of this, you can still find some of the city's grand past. Stand at the western tip of Vasilievsky Island. To the right is the elegant Winter Palace, former home of the Czars. Its light blue sides and white classical columns make it perhaps St. Petersburg's most graceful building. It houses one of the world's most famous art museums: the Hermitage. Inside, 20km of galleries house thousands of works of art. 60. Look over your right shoulder. The massive golden dome of St. Isaac's Cathedral (圣以撒大教堂) rises above the sky- line. You'll see, too, why St. Petersburg is called a "float city." Standing there, nearly surrounded by water, you can see four of the city's 42 islands.
1. Directions: Some people prefer to plan activities for their free time very carefully. Others choose not to make any plans at all for their free time. Compare the benefits of planning free time activities with the benefits of not making plans. Which do you prefer planning or not planning for your leisure time? Use specific reasons and examples to support your choice. You should write about 180 words and put your composition on ANSWER SHEET 2.
[参考范文] Planning for My Leisure Time When people spend their free time, they like to choose a certain way according to their own willingness. Some people like to make plans carefully, while others never do so. As far as I am concerned, I'd rather plan for my leisure time beforehand than waste time without purpose. In the first place, planning is an effective way to accomplish something one wants to do. Here is an example. As we all know, students who spend hours of attentive study will feel quite tired, so having a basketball game can relax themselves effectively. But to their disappointment, when they put down their books and come to the playground without planning, they will find it is hard to have partners to play with or sometimes too many others are playing. In the second place, planning helps to make everything that you are going to do in order. Without planning, people sometimes are so busy that they even have no time to drink a cup of water. But next time they don't have anything to do. A specific time schedule can help them to know what to do and thus to offer the feeling of self-fulfillment and com- fort. If I get through a day without anything to do, I will feel totally at a loss with lots of time. Besides, I'll feel rather depressed to end Ul6 idling all day. Although it is a personal matter to decide how to spend one's leisure time, I still prefer to make plans by which I can enjoy myself with relaxation.