第三篇 Technology Transfer in Germany
When it comes to translating basic research into industrial success, few nations can match Germany. Since the 1940s, the nation's vast industrial base has been fed with a constant stream of new ideas and expertise from science. And though German prosperity (繁荣) has faltered (衰退) over the past decade because of the huge cost of unifying east and west as well as the global economic decline, it still has an enviable (令人羡慕的) record for turning ideas into profit.
Much of the reason for that success is the Fraunhofer Society, a network of research institutes that exists solely to solve industrial problems and create sought after technologies? But today the Fraunhofer institutes have competition. Universities are taking an ever larger role in technology transfer, and technology parks are springing up all over. These efforts are being complemented by the federal programmes for pumping money into start-up companies.
Such a strategy may sound like a recipe for economic success but it is not without its crities. These people worry that favouring applied research will mean neglecting basic science, eventually starving industry of flesh ideas. If every scientist starts thinking like an entrepreneur (企业家), the argument goes, then the traditional principles of university research being curiosity-driven: free and widely available will suffer. Others claim that many of the programmes to promote technology transfer are a waste of money because half the small businesses that are promoted are bound to go bankrupt within a few years.
While this debate continues, new ideas flow at a steady rate from Germany's research networks, which bear famous names such as Helmholtz, Max Planck and Leibniz. Yet it is the fourth network, the Fraunhofer Society, that plays the greatest role in technology transfer.
Founded in 1949, the Fraunhofer Society is now Europe's largest organisation for applied technology, and has 59 institutes employing 12,000 people. It continues to grow. Last year, it swallowed up the Heinrich Hertz Institute for Communication Technology in Berlin. Today, there are even Fraunhofers in the US and Asia. 第5部分：完形填空 The Greatest Mystery of Whales
The whale is a warm-blooded, air-breathing animal, giving birth to its young alive, sucking them—and, like all mammals, originated on land. There are many 1 of this. Its front flippers (鳍状肢), used for steering and stability, are traces of feet.
Immense strength is 2 into the great body of the big whales, and in fact most of a whale's body is one gigantic muscle. The blue whale's pulling strength has been estimated 3 400 horsepower. One specimen was reported to have towed (拖) a whaling vessel for seven hours at the 4 of eight knot (节).
An angry whale will 5 . A famous example of this was the fate of Whaler Essex, 6 was sunk off the coast of South America early in the last century. More recently, steel ships have 7 their plates buckled (使弯曲) in the same way. Sperm whales (抹香鲸) were known to seize the old-time whaleboats in their jaws and crush them.
The greatest 8 of whales is their diving ability. The sperm whale dives to the bottom for his 9 food, the octopus (章鱼). In that search he is known to go as far down as 3,200 feet, where the 10 is 1,400 pounds to a square inch. Doing so he will 11 underwater as long as one hour. Two special skills are involved in this storing up enough 12 (all whales are air-breathed)and tolerating the great change in pressure. Just how he does it scientists have not 13 . It is believed that some of the oxygen is stored in a special 14 of blood vessels, rather than just held in the lungs. And it is believed that a special kind of oil in his head is some sort of a compensating mechanism that 15 adjusts the internal pressure of his body. But since you can't bring a live whale into the laboratory for study, no one knows just how these things work. 
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