1. Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Raising Dogs in the City. You should write at least 150 words following the outlines given below in Chinese: 1.现在养狗的人越来越多; 2.不文明养狗给社会造成了危害; 3.我的看法。
[范文]
Raising Dogs in the City
Recently more and more people begin to raise dogs in the city. You may find dogs here and there in public places or even on buses. It has more or less become one of the latest fashions. Yet the negative effects of raising dogs in the city are obvious. To begin with, it may pollute the environment. We can often see dogs dropping their waste around the city when they are walked outdoors. Few of their owners would pick it up after the dogs. In the second place, with too many dogs in public places, cases of dogs attacking people are not rare now. Finally, the barking of dogs may also disturb the quiet neighborhood. In my view, raising dogs in the city must be put under strict control. Those who raise dogs in the city must observe respective regulations and rules, which may keep the dogs from polluting the environment and threatening the safety of the people. And if someone wants to keep a dog in the city, he or she is required to get approval from the neighbors. Only in this way can we co-exist happily and safely with the dogs in the city.
Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Section A Directions:In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once. According to a paper to be published in Psychological Science this has an interesting psychological effect. A group of researchers, led by Eugene Caruso of the University of Chicago, found that people judge the distance of events 1 , depending on whether they are in the past or future. The paper calls this the "Temporal Doppler Effect". In physics, the Doppler effect describes the way that waves change frequency depending on whether their 2 is traveling towards or away from you. Mr. Caruso argues that something similar happens with people's perception of time. Because future events are associated with diminishing distance, while those in the past are thought of as 3 , something happening in one month feels psychologically 4 than something that happened a month ago. This idea was tested in a series of experiments. In one, researchers asked 323 5 and divided them into two groups. A week before Valentine's day, members of the first were asked how they planned to celebrate it. A week after February 14th the second group reported how they had celebrated it. Both groups also had to describe how near the day felt on a 6 of one to seven. Those describing forthcoming plans were more likely to report it as feeling "a short time from now", while those who had already 7 it tended to cluster at the "a long time from now" end of the scale. To account for the risk that recalling actual events requires different cognitive functions than imagining ones that have not yet happened, they also asked participants to 8 the distance of hypothetical events a month in the past or future. The asymmetry (不对称) remained. Mr. Caruso speculates that his research has 9 for psychological well-being. He suspects that people who do not show this bias—those who feel the past as being closer—might be more 10 to rumination (沉思) or depression, because they are more likely to dwell on past events. A. advancing B. apparently C. available D. closer E. differently F. evaluate G. experienced H. implications I. prospect J. rate K. receding L. scale M. source N. subject O. volunteers
[解析] 空格在介词as之后,推测应填入动词-ing形式或名词。空格所在句为原因状语从句,并有连接词while表示两种情况的对比,主句的大意是“一个月后要发生的事情在心理上感觉比一个月前发生过的事情距离更近”。空格处单词描述的是those in past,因此应与“距离远”的意思相关。因此K项的receding“(距离上)逐渐远离”为答案。备选-ing形式动词中,advancing意为“前进”,与文意不符,故排除。
Section B Directions:In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
How Marketers Target Kids
A. Kids represent an important demographic to marketers because they have their own purchasing power, they influence their parents buying decisions and they are the adult consumers of the future. Industry spending on advertising to children has exploded in the past decade, increasing from a mere $100 million in 1990 to more than $2 billion in 2000. B. Parents today are willing to buy more for their kids because trends such as smaller family size, dual incomes and postponing children until later in life mean that families have more disposable income. As well, guilt can play a role in spending decisions as time-stressed parents substitute material goods for time spent with their kids. Here are some of the strategies marketers employ to target kids: Pester (纠缠) Power C. Today's kids have more autonomy and decision-making power within the family than in previous generations, so it follows that kids are vocal about what they want their parents to buy. "Pester power" refers to children's ability to nag their parents into purchasing items they may not otherwise buy. Marketing to children is all about creating pester power, because advertisers know what a powerful force it can be. D. According to the 2001 marketing industry book Kidfluence, pestering or nagging can be divided into two categories—"persistence" and "importance". Persistence nagging (a plea, that is repeated over and over again) is not as effective as the more sophisticated "importance nagging". This latter method appeals to parents' desire to provide the best for their children, and plays on any guilt they may have about not having enough time for their kids. The Marriage of Psychology and Marketing E. To effectively market to children, advertisers need to know what makes kids tick. With the help of well-paid researchers and psychologists, advertisers now have access to in-depth knowledge about children's developmental, emotional and social needs at different ages. Using research that analyzes children's behaviour, fantasy lives, art work, even their dreams, companies are able to craft sophisticated marketing strategies to reach young people. F. The issue of using child psychologists to help marketers target kids gained widespread public attention in 1999, when a group of U. S. mental health professionals issued a public letter to the American Psychological Association (APA) urging them to declare the practice unethical. The APA is currently studying the issue. Building Brand Name Loyalty G. Canadian author Naomi Klein tracks the birth of "brand" marketing in her 2000 book No Logo. According to Klein, the mid-1980s saw the birth of a new kind of corporation-Nike, Calvin Klein, Tommy Hilfiger, to name a few—which changed their primary corporate focus from producing products to creating an image for their brand name. By moving their manufacturing operations to countries with cheap labour, they freed up money to create their powerful marketing messages. It has been a tremendously profitable formula, and has led to the creation of some of the most wealthy and powerful multi-national corporations the world has seen. H. Marketers plant the seeds of brand recognition in very young children, in the hopes that the seeds will grow into lifetime relationships. According to the Center for a New American Dream, babies as young as six months of age can form mental images of corporate logos and mascots. Brand loyalties can be established as early as age two, and by the time children head off to school most can recognize hundreds of brand logos. While fast food, toy and clothing companies have been cultivating brand recognition in children for years, adult-oriented businesses such as banks and automakers are now getting in on the act. Buzz or Street Marketing I. The challenge for marketers is to cut through the intense advertising clutter (杂乱) in young people's lives. Many companies are using "buzz marketing"—a new twist on the tried-and-true "word of mouth" method. The idea is to find the coolest kids in a community and have them use or wear your product in order to create a buzz around it. Buzz, or "street marketing", as it's also called, can help a company to successfully connect with the elusive (难找的) teen market by using trendsetters to give them products "cool" status. J. Buzz marketing is particularly well-suited to the Internet, where young "Net promoters" use chat rooms and blogs to spread the word about music, clothes and other products among unsuspecting users. Commercialization in Education K. School used to be a place where children were protected from the advertising and consumer messages that permeated their world—but not anymore. Budget shortfalls (亏空, 差额) are forcing school boards to allow corporations access to students in exchange for badly needed cash, computers and educational materials. L. Corporations realize the power of the school environment for promoting their name and products. A school setting delivers a captive youth audience and implies the endorsement of teachers and the educational system. Marketers are eagerly exploiting this medium in a number of ways, including: 1. sponsored educational materials; 2. supplying schools with technology in exchange for high company visibility; 3. advertising posted in classrooms, school buses, on computers in exchange for funds; 4. contests and incentive programs: for example, the Pizza Hut reading incentives program in which children receive certificates for free pizza if they achieve a monthly reading goal; 5. sponsoring school events. The Internet M. The Internet is an extremely desirable medium for marketers wanting to target children. It's part of youth culture. This generation of young people is growing up with the Internet as a daily and routine part of their lives. Kids are often online alone, without parental supervision. Unlike broadcasting media, which have codes regarding advertising to kids, the Internet is unregulated. Sophisticated technologies make it easy to collect information from young people for marketing research, and to target individual children with personalized advertising. Marketing Adult Entertainment to Kids N. Children are often aware of and want to see entertainment meant for older audiences because it is actively marketed to them. In a report released in 2000, the U. S. Federal Trade Commission (FrC) revealed how the movie, music and video games industries routinely market violent entertainment to young children. O. The FTC studied 44 films rated "Restricted", and discovered that 80 percent were targeted to children under 17. Marketing plans included TV commercials run during hours when young viewers were most likely to be watching. The FTC report also highlighted the fact that toys based on characters from mature entertainment are often marketed to young children. Mature rated video games are advertised in youth magazines; and toys based on "Restricted" movies and M-rated video games are marketed to children as young as four.
1. Guilt can affect parents' spending decisions because they don't have enough time for their kids.
B。
[解析] 题干大意为,内疚感会影响父母做出消费决定,因为他们没有足够的时间陪孩子。注意抓住题干中的关键词guilt和parents' spending decisions。文章段落中,论及内疚感和影响父母购买决定的内容在B段出现,该段第二句提到,内疚感能够影响父母做出消费决定,忙碌的父母希望用购买的东西来弥补自己没有足够的时间陪孩子。由此可知,题干对原文进行了同义改写,故答案为B。题干中的affect与原文中的play a role in对应。
2. The Center for a New American Dream pointed out that brand loyalties could be formed as early as age two.
H。
[解析] 题干大意为,新美国梦中心指出,孩子早在两岁的时候就可以形成品牌忠诚度。注意抓住题干中的关键词the Center for a New American Dream,brand loyalties和age two。文章段落中,提到新美国梦中心的内容在H段出现,该段第三句提到,根据新美国梦中心所说,早在两岁的时候就可以建立品牌忠诚度,而到了去学校的年纪,大多数孩子都可以认识几百个品牌标识。由此可知,题干是对原文的同义转述,故答案为H。
3. School boards allow corporations to access to students because they need money and educational materials badly.
4. The FTC report highlighted the fact that toys based on characters from mature entertainment are often marketed to young children.
O。
[解析] 题干意为,联邦贸易委员会的报告强调了一个事实,即以成人娱乐中各个角色为原型的玩具经常被推销给年幼的孩子。注意抓住题干中的关键词FTC report和highlighted the fact。文章段落中,提到联邦贸易委员会(FTC)有N和O两段,但结合题干中的highlighted the fact可知相关内容在O段,该段第三句提到,联邦贸易委员会的报告还强调了一个事实,即基于成人娱乐中角色的玩具经常被推销给年幼的孩子,题千与原文意思一致,故答案为O。
5. For this generation of young people, the Internet is a daily and routine part of their lives.
M。
[解析] 题干大意为,对于这一代年轻人来说,互联网是他们日常生活的一部分。注意抓住题干中的关键词this generation of young people和Internet。文章段落中,提到这一代年轻人和互联网关系的内容在M段,该段第三句提到,互联网伴随着这一代年轻人长大,互联网是他们日常生活的一部分。由此可知,题干是对原文内容的同义转述,故答案为M。
6. According to Kidfluence, "persistence nagging" is less effective than the more sophisticated "importance nagging".
D。
[解析] 题干意为,根据《儿童影响力》这本书所说,“坚持纠缠”不如更圆滑的“重要性纠缠”有效。注意抓住题干中的关键词persistence nagging,effective和importance nagging。文章段落中,提到《儿童影响力》这本书是在D段,该段第二句提到,“坚持纠缠”就是一再地恳求,不如更圆滑的“重要性纠缠”有效。由此可知,题干是对原文的同义转述,故答案为D。题干中的less effective than与原文中的not as effective as对应。
7. According to a report released by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission, the movie, music and video games industries usually market violent entertainment to young children.
N。
[解析] 题干大意为,依据美国联邦贸易委员会的一份报告,电影、音乐和电子游戏业经常向年幼的儿童推销暴力娱乐。注意抓住题干中的关键词a report released by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission和movie,music and video games industries。文章段落中,提到美国联邦贸易委员会的报告和电影等行业的内容在N段,该段第二句中提到,美国联邦贸易委员会2000年发表的一份报告中披露了电影、音乐和电子游戏业是如何习惯性地向年幼的儿童推销暴力娱乐的,由此可知,题干对原文内容进行了同义改写,故答案为N。
8. Buzz marketing is well-suited to the Interact because the interactive environment can spread messages effectively.
J。
[解析] 题干意为,话题营销很适合互联网,因为其互动的环境可以让信息有效传播。注意抓住题干中的关键词buzz marketing和well-suited to the Internet。文章段落中,论及话题营销和互联网关系的内容在J段出现,该段提到,话题营销很适合互联网,网上的年轻“网络推手”利用聊天室和博客在毫无戒备心的用户中传播有关音乐、服饰和其他产品的信息。由此可知,题干对原文进行了同义转述,故答案为J。
9. A group of U. S. mental health professionals think that it is unethical to use child psychologists to help marketers target kids.
F。
[解析] 题干大意为,一个美国心理健康专家小组认为,利用儿童心理专家来帮助市场营销人员定位儿童需求是不道德的。注意抓住题干中的关键词U.S. mental health professionals,unethical和psychologists。文章段落中,提到美国心理健康专家小组的内容在F段出现.该段第一句提到,一个美国心理健康专家小组发表了一封给美国心理学会(APA)的公开信,要求他们宣布那种让儿童心理学家帮助市场营销人员定位儿童需求的做法是不道德的。题干与原文相符,故答案为F。
10. According to the Pizza Hut reading incentives program, children will receive certificates for free pizza if they achieve a monthly reading goal.
Section C Directions:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One Amid all the job losses, there's one category of worker that the economic disruption has been good for: nonhumans. From self-service checkout lines at the supermarket to industrial robots armed with saws and taught to carve up animal bodies in slaughter-houses, these ever-more-intelligent machines are now not just assisting workers but actually kicking them out of their jobs. Automation isn't just affecting factory workers, either. Some law firms now use artificial intelligence software to scan and read mountains of legald ocuments, work that previously was performed by highly-paid human lawyers. "Robots continue to have an impact on blue-collar jobs, and white-collar jobs are under attack by microprocessors, " says economics professor Edward Learner. The recession permanently wiped out 2.5 million jobs. US gross domestic product has climbed back to pre-recession levels, meaning we're producing as much as before, only with 6% fewer workers. To be sure, robotics are not the only job killers out there, with outsourcing (外包) stealing far more jobs than automation. Jeff Burnstein, president of the Robotics Industry Association, argues that robots actually save US jobs. His logic: companies that embrace automation might use fewer workers, but that's still better than firing everyone and moving the work overseas. It's not that robots are cheaper than humans, though often they are. It's that they're better. "In some cases the quality requirements are so exacting that even if you wanted to have a human do the job, you couldn't, " Burnstein says. Same goes for surgeons, who're using robotic systems to perform an ever-growing list of operations—not because the machines save money but because, thanks to the greater precision of robots, the patients recover in less time and have fewer complications, says Dr. Myriam Curet. Surgeons may survive the robot invasion, but others at the hospital might not be so lucky, as iRobot, maker of the Roomba, a robot vacuum cleaner, has been showing off Ava, which could be used as a messenger in a hospital. And once you're home, recovering, Ava could let you talk to your doctor, so there's no need to send someone to your house. That "mobile telepresence" could be useful at the office. If you're away on a trip, you can still attend a meeting. Just connect via videoconferencing software, so your face appears on Ava's screen. Is any job safe? I was hoping to say "journalist", but researchers are already developing software that can gather facts and write a news story. Which means that a few years from now, a robot could be writing this column. And who will read it? Well, there might be a lot of us hanging around with lots of free time on our hands.
1. What do we learn from the first few paragraphs? ______
A.The over-use of robots has done damage to American economy.
B.It is hard for robots to replace humans in highly professional work.
C.Artificial intelligence is key to future technological innovations.
D.The robotic industry has benefited from the economic recession.
Passage Two A bull grazes on dry wheat husks in Logan, Kansas, one of the regions hit by the record drought that has affected more than half of the U.S. and is expected to drive up food prices. Leading water scientists have issued one of the sternest warnings yet about global food supplies, saying that the world's population may have to switch almost completely to a vegetarian diet over the next 40 years to avoid catastrophic shortages. Adopting a vegetarian diet is one option to increase the amount of water available to grow more food in an increasingly climate-unstable world, the scientists said. Animal protein-rich food consumes 5 to 10 times more water than a vegetarian diet. One third of the world's arable (适于耕种的) land is used to grow crops to feed animals. Other options to feed people include eliminating waste and increasing trade between countries in food surplus and those in deficit. "900 million people already go hungry and 2 billion people are malnourished in spite of the fact that per capita food production continues to increase, " they said. "With 70% of all available water being in agriculture, growing more food to feed an additional 2 billion people by 2050 will place greater pressure on available water and land." The report is being released at the start of the annual world water conference in Stockholm, Sweden, where 2, 500 politicians, UN bodies, nongovernmental groups and researchers from 120 countries meet to address global water supply problems. Competition for water between food production and other uses will intensify pressure on essential resources, the scientists said, "The UN predicts that we must increase food production by 70% by mid 21th century. This will place additional pressure on our 'already stressed water resources', at a time when we also need to allocate more water to satisfy global energy demand—which is expected to rise 60% over the coming 30 years—and to generate electricity for the 1.3 billion people currently without it, " said the report. Overeating, undernourishment and waste are all on the rise and increased food production may face future constraints from water scarcity. "We will need a new recipe to feed the world in the future, " said the report's editor, Anders Jagerskog. A separate report from the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) said the best way for countries to protect millions of farmers from food insecurity in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia was to help them invest in small pumps and simple technology, rather than to develop expensive, large-scale irrigation projects. "Farmem across the developing world are increasingly relying on and benefiting from small-scale, locally-relevant water solutions. These techniques could increase yields up to 300% and add tens of billions of U. S. dollars to household revenues across sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia." said Dr. Colin Chartres, the director general.
1. What can be inferred from the water scientists' warning? ______
A.The record drought forces haft of the U.S. to go hungry.
B.The record drought drives up food prices m the U. S.
C.Severe food shortage may happen without proper measures.
D.A vegetarian diet is the only option to avoid disastrous shortages.
5. What does the IWMI say is the best solution to food insecurity in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia? ______
A.Applying small pumps and simple technology.
B.Launching large-scale irrigation projects.
C.Increase the local household revenues.
D.Investing in a new expensive irrigation project.
A B C D
A
[解析] 事实细节题。本题考查解决撒哈拉以南非洲地区及南亚缺水问题的最佳途径。倒数第二段指出,在撒哈拉以南非洲地区和南亚地区,防止农民遭受粮食危机的最好方法是帮助他们投资建造小型水泵和使用简单的技术,这远远好于开发昂贵的、大规模的灌溉工程,故答案为A。根据该段最后一句提到的rather than to develop expensive,large-scale irrigation projects,排除B“发起大规模的灌溉工程”和D“投资建立昂贵的新灌溉工程”;C“增加当地人们的收入”,这是改善水资源技术所带来的结果,故排除。
Part Ⅲ Translation Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.
In recent years China's economy grows very fast. However, its pollution and emission problems are also surprising. China is already the biggest country of carbon dioxide despite the fact that its economic scale is only about a half of the US. Coal is the chief offender of pollution that leads to the crisis. China consumes about two-fifths of the world's coal at a growth rate of about 10 percent a year. In order to tackle the problem, Chinese government starts a low-carbon action which will foster its future growth, development and energy security objectives. The government has also set an ambitious goal for using renewable energy, hoping that by 2020 about 20 percent of electricity needs will be met by wind and solar power.