1. You should write an essay entitled The Power of Unity by commenting on the remark "A snowflake is one of God's most fragile creations, but look what they can do when they stick together!" You can cite examples to illustrate your point. 写作导航 1.诠释名言来表示团结的力量; 2.进一步阐述团结在人们生活中的重要性,并以中国共产党来举例说明; 3.得出结论,呼吁大家培养团结意识。
The Power of Unity
"A snowflake is one of God's most fragile creations, but look what they can do when they stick together!" Yes, snowflakes show us a miracle—they are light, tiny and easy to melt, but they can create a snow-wrapped world with amazing scene when assembling together. Thus the remark vividly tells us the significance of unity: it transforms snowflakes' vulnerability into strength. Unity is essential in our life because it enables us to achieve the objectives that an individual person will never do. In such a fiercely competitive world, it is not personal strength that the achievement of any course depends on; it condenses the energies of a group. Take Chinese Communist Party as a case in point: how could she achieve the victory of Anti-Japanese War if she failed to unite Chinese people of all ethnic groups? Therefore, we should foster the consciousness of unity and always bear in mind that unity can create miracles no matter what obstacles we meet. "Many hands make light work." John Heywood once said.
Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Section A Want a longer life? Volunteer to do good and you might benefit at least as much. Visiting the sick, feeding the hungry and 1 that committee no one else wants to touch are morally admirable—but being 2 can also be good for both body and soul. A new review of the health effects of volunteering found that helping others on a 3 basis—like serving food in a soup kitchen or reading to the blind—can reduce early 4 rates by 22%, compared to those in people who don't participate in such activities. The review, which included 40 studies and was published in BMC Public Health, also revealed that volunteers benefit from reduced rates of 5 and an increased sense of life satisfaction and well being—doing good, it seems, made them feel good. "Our systematic review shows that volunteering is associated with improvements in health," lead author, Dr. Suzanne Richards of the University of Exeter Medical School in England, said in a statement. But don't expect to 6 the benefits of longevity after tossing a few coins in the next charity collection you encounter. It takes regular 7 of time and effort to engage the sense of reward that comes from volunteering—in the research, participants volunteered at least an hour of work, once a month and often, pitched in more 8 . Helping others probably benefits health by increasing social contact and reducing 9 , which another review found to be as dangerous as smoking in contributing to high blood pressure, heart attacks, strokes and dementia. In contrast, 10 with friends and family— which volunteer work promotes—lowers dementia risk. A. mortality I. selfless B. socializing J. elegant C. chairing K. sacrifice D. collect L. oppression E. regular M. depression F. stimulate N. conservation G. reap O. loneliness H. frequently
Apple's Stance Highlights a More Confrontational Tech Industry
A. The battle between Apple and law enforcement officials over unlocking a terrorist's smartphone is the culmination of a slow turning of the tables between the technology industry and the United States government. B. After revelations by the former National Security Agency contractor Edward J. Snowden in 2013 that the government both cozied up to (讨好) certain tech companies and hacked into others to gain access to private data on an enormous scale, tech giants began to recognize the United States government as a hostile actor. But if the confrontation has crystallized in this latest battle, it may already be heading toward a predictable conclusion: In the long run, the tech companies are destined to emerge victorious. C. It may not seem that way at the moment. On the one side, you have the United States government's mighty legal and security apparatus fighting for data of the most sympathetic sort: the secrets buried in a dead mass murderer's phone. The action stems from a federal court order issued on Tuesday requiring Apple to help the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to unlock an iPhone used by one of the two attackers who killed 14 people in San Bernardino, California, in December. D. In the other comer is the world's most valuable company, whose chief executive, Timothy Cook, has said he will appeal the court's order. Apple argues that it is fighting to preserve a principle that most of us who are addicted to our smartphones can defend: Weaken a single iPhone so that its contents can be viewed by the American government and you risk weakening all iPhones for any government intruder, anywhere. E. There will probably be months of legal confrontation, and it is not at all clear which side will prevail in court, nor in the battle for public opinion and legislative favor. Yet underlying all of this is a simple dynamic: Apple, Google, Facebook and other companies hold most of the cards in this confrontation. They have our data, and their businesses depend on the global public's collective belief that they will do everything they can to protect that data. F. Any crack in that front could be fatal for tech companies that must operate worldwide. If Apple is forced to open up an iPhone for an American law enforcement investigation, what is to prevent it from doing so for a request from the Russians or the Iranians? If Apple is forced to write code that lets the FBI get into the Phone 5c used by Syed Rizwan Farook, the male attacker in the San Bernardino attack, who would be responsible if some hacker got hold of that code and broke into its other devices? G. Apple's stance on these issues emerged post-Snowden, when the company started putting in place a series of technologies that, by default, make use of encryption (加密) to limit access to people's data. More than that, Apple—and, in different ways, other tech companies, including Google, Facebook, Twitter and Microsoft—have made their opposition to the government's claims a point of corporate pride. H. Apple's emerging global brand is privacy; it has staked its corporate reputation, not to mention the investment of considerable technical and financial resources, on limiting the sort of mass surveillance that was uncovered by Mr. Snowden. So now, for many cases involving governmental intrusions into data, once-lonely privacy advocates find themselves fighting alongside the most powerful company in the world. I. "A comparison point is in the 1990s battles over encryption," said Kurt Opsahl, general counsel of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, a privacy watchdog group. "Then you had a few companies involved, but not one of the largest companies in the world coming out with a lengthy and impassioned post, like we saw yesterday from Timothy Cook. Its profile has really been raised." J. Apple and other tech companies hold another ace: the technical means to keep making their devices more and more inaccessible. Note that Apple's public opposition to the government's request is itself a hindrance to mass government intrusion. And to get at the contents of a single iPhone, the government says it needs a court order and Apple's help to write new code; in earlier versions of the iPhone, ones that were created before Apple found religion on (热衷于) privacy, the FBI might have been able to break into the device by itself. K. You can expect that noose (束缚) to continue to tighten. Experts said that whether or not Apple loses this specific case, measures that it could put into place in the future will almost certainly be able to further limit the government's reach. L. That is not to say that the outcome of the San Bernardino case is insignificant. As Apple and several security experts have argued, an order compelling Apple to write software that gives the FBI access to the iPhone in question would establish an unsettling precedent. The order essentially asks Apple to hack its own devices, and once it is in place, the precedent could be used to justify law enforcement efforts to get around encryption technologies in other investigations far removed from national security threats. M. Once armed with a method for gaining access to iPhones, the government could ask to use it proactively (先发制人地), before a suspected terrorist attack—leaving Apple in a bind as to whether to comply or risk an attack and suffer a public-relations nightmare. "This is a brandnew move in the war against encryption," Mr. Opsahl said. "We have had plenty of debates in Congress and the media over whether the government should have a backdoor, and this is an end run (迂回战术) around that—here they come with an order to create that backdoor." N. Yet it is worth noting that even if Apple ultimately loses this case, it has plenty of technical means to close a backdoor over time. "If they are anywhere near worth their salt as engineers, I bet they are rethinking their threat model as we speak," said Jonathan Zdziarski, a digital expert who studies the iPhone and its vulnerabilities. O. One relatively simple fix, Mr. Zdziarski said, would be for Apple to modify future versions of the iPhone to require a user to enter a passcode before the phone will accept the sort of modified operating system that the FBI wants Apple to create. That way, Apple could not unilaterally introduce a code that weakens the iPhone—a user would have to consent to it. P. "Nothing is 100 percent hacker-proof," Mr. Zdziarski said, but he pointed out that the judge's order in this case required Apple to provide "reasonable security assistance" to unlock Mr. Farook's phone. If Apple alters the security model of future iPhones so that even its own engineers' "reasonable assistance" will not be able to crack a given device when compelled by the government, a precedent set in this case might lose its lasting force. In other words, even if the FBI wins this case, in the long run, it loses.
1. It is a popular belief that tech companies are committed to protecting their customers' private data.
E
[解析] 注意抓住题干中的关键信息a popular belief和are committed to protecting their customers' private data。文章段落中论及人们对于技术公司如何保护客户私人数据的内容出现在E段。该段最后一句指出,它们拥有数据,而且它们的业务有赖于全球公众的共同信念,即它们会竭尽全力保护这些数据。可见,题干是对原文的同义转述。题干中的popular belief对应原文中的collective belief。
2. The US government believes that its access to people's iPhones could be used to prevent terrorist attacks.
M
[解析] 注意抓住题干中的关键信息The US government和prevent terrorist attacks。文章段落中论及美国政府想要通过访问苹果手机阻止发生恐怖袭击事件的内容出现在M段。该段首句指出,一旦掌握了访问苹果手机的方法,政府就可以要求在潜在恐怖袭击爆发前率先使用它,这会使苹果公司陷入一种困境:是遵从政府的命令,还是冒恐怖袭击发生并遭遇公关危机的风险?可见,题干是对原文的同义转述。题干中的its access to people's iPhones对应原文中的gaining access to iPhones;题干中的terrorist attacks属于原词重现。
3. A federal court asked Apple to help the FBI access data in a terrorist's iPhone.
C
[解析] 注意抓住题干中的关键信息A federal court asked Apple to help the FBI access data。文章段落中论及美国联邦法庭要求苹果公司帮助联邦调查局获取一部苹果手机数据的内容出现在C段。该段最后一句指出,此次对抗源于联邦法庭周二下达的一份命令,该命令要求苹果公司帮助美国联邦调查局(FBI)解锁一部被两名袭击者中的一人使用过的手机,这两名袭击者于12月在加利福尼亚州圣贝纳迪诺杀死了14个人。可见,题干是对原文的同义转述。题干中的access data in a terrorist's iPhone对应原文中的unlock an iPhone used by one of the two attackers;题干中的A federal court属于原词重现。
4. Privacy advocates now have Apple fighting alongside them against government access to personal data.
H
[解析] 注意抓住题干中的关键信息Privacy advocates和have Apple fighting alongside them。文章段落中论及苹果公司和隐私倡导者并肩作战,反对政府侵入个人数据的内容出现在H段。该段最后一句指出,就许许多多涉及政府侵入数据的案子而言,曾经孤独的隐私倡导者现在发现,世界上最强大的公司在与他们一起并肩作战。可见,题干是对原文的同义转述。Privacy advocates和fighting alongside属于原词重现;题干中的Apple对应原文中的the most powerful company in the world。
5. Snowden revealed that the American government had tried hard to access private data on a massive scale.
B
[解析] 注意抓住题干中的关键信息Snowden revealed和access private data on a massive scale。文章段落中论及斯诺登披露美国政府努力获取大量私人数据的内容出现在B段。该段首句指出,美国国家安全局前承包商雇员爱德华·J.斯诺登在2013年时披露说,美国政府一边讨好一些特定的技术公司,一边侵入其他公司盗取大量私人数据,自此之后,技术行业巨头们就开始将美国政府视为一个敌对方。可见,题干是对原文的同义转述。题干中的revealed对应原文中的revelations;题干中的access private data on a massive scale对应原文中的gain access to private data on an enormous scale。
6. The FBI might have been able to access private data in earlier iPhones without Apple's help.
J
[解析] 注意抓住题干中的关键信息access private data in earlier iPhones without Apple's help。文章段落中论及美国联邦调查局不用苹果公司的帮助就能获取早期苹果手机中数据的内容出现在J段。该段最后一句指出,美国政府宣称,为了获取一部苹果手机里的内容,政府需要得到法庭指令,还要苹果公司帮忙编写新代码;对于早期版本的苹果手机,也就是苹果公司在致力于捍卫隐私之前生产的手机,联邦调查局或许自己就可以侵入这些设备。可见,题干是对原文的总结概括。题干中的access private data对应原文中的break into the device;题干中的earlier iPhones对应原文中的earlier versions of the iPhone。
7. After the Snowden incident, Apple made clear its position to counter government intrusion into personal data by means of encryption.
G
[解析] 注意抓住题干中的关键信息After the Snowden incident和counter government intrusion into personal data by means of encryption。又章段落中论及在斯诺登事件之后,苹果公司采取加密的办法来防止政府侵入个人数据的内容出现在G段,该段首句指出,苹果公司在这些问题上的立场是在斯诺登事件发生之后形成的,该事件之后苹果公司开始采用一系列的技术,这些技术在默认情况下会对使用者的数据进行加密,以限制他人访问。可见,题干是对原文的同义转述。题干中的After the Snowden incident对应原文中的post-Snowden;题干中的counter对应原文中的limit。
8. According to one digital expert, no iPhone can be entirely free from hacking.
P
[解析] 注意抓住题干中的关键信息no iPhone can be entirely free from hacking。文章段落中论及没有任何一部苹果手机能够完全免受黑客攻击的内容出现在P段。该段首句引用数字取证专家乔纳森·兹齐阿尔斯基的话指出,“没有什么能百分之百地免受黑客的攻击”。可见,题干是对原文的同义转述。题干中的one digital expert对应原文中的Jonathan Zdziarski, a digital expert;题干中的be entirely free from hacking对应原文中的is 100 percent hacker-proof。proof在此处用作形容词,意为“能抵挡的”。
9. Timothy Cook's long web post has helped enhance Apple's image.
I
[解析] 注意抓住题干中的关键信息Timothy Cook's long web post。文章段落中论及蒂莫西·库克发布长文的内容出现在I段。该段最后一句指出,“那时候有几家公司参与其中,但是没有任何一家全球最大的公司站出来,像我们昨天看到的蒂莫西·库克所做的那样,用一篇充满激情的长文来表态。现在的确是高调得多了。”可见,对于蒂莫西·库克发布长文这一行为,人们是持赞许态度的,因而题干是对原文的同义转述。题干中的Timothy Cook属于原词重现;题干中的long对应原文中的lengthy。
10. Apple's CEO has decided to appeal the federal court's order to unlock a user's iPhone.
D
[解析] 注意抓住题干中的关键信息Apple's CEO和appeal the federal court's order。文章段落中论及苹果公司首席执行官决定起诉联邦法院下达的命令的内容出现在D段。该段首句指出,另一方是世界上市值最高的公司,其首席执行官蒂莫西·库克表示,他将会就法院的这一命令提出上诉。可见,题干是对原文的同义转述。题干中的Apple对应原文中的the world's most valuable company。
Section C
Passage One The government programs of the 1970s were a great success in saving people's lives. Unfortunately for many survivors, no comparable programs provide medical and societal support after the initial medical crisis. Not only is acute care in the hospital setting extremely expensive, but, in scores of thousands of cases, head-injury survivors need major care beyond hospitalization. A single survivor of severe head injury may require 5 to 10 years of intensive treatment with an estimated lifetime cost of more than $4 million. In the last decade, a variety of facilities have sprung up to deal with the multiple physical, psychological, and social needs of this new patient population. They include nursing homes, specialized rehabilitation (康复) wings of hospitals, and free-standing rehabilitation program to support such institutions. Funding for the high-tech, personnel-intensive, and sometimes long-term treatment they provide remains seriously inadequate. During the long and costly process of post-trauma (外伤) treatment and rehabilitation, the family of the brain-injury patient will find their lives turned upside down. In an instant, a family member has been changed dramatically and often permanently not just physically, but mentally and emotionally as well. One of the most frequent comments family members make in this situation is that the patient is "not the same person" as before the accident. The family must undergo a process that often has been compared to the adjustment following the death of shock, numbness, denial, grief, and anger—to some kind of acceptance of the survivor's new status. Studies show that a family's process of grieving after a head injury—a process that receives much less societal support than grieving after a death—takes a more circuitous (迂回曲折的) course. Different with death, frustration and difficulty in coping are likely to increase, rather than diminish, over time. Families of brain-injured survivors go through many painful experiences. They see their hopes for the future shattered and have enormous care-giving and financial demands placed upon themselves because their child is not getting better. Siblings may suffer both from the psychological trauma of seeing a brother or sister permanently disabled and from the parents' concentration on his or her plight. Spouses, especially, suffer with physical, financial, sexual, and psychological stress. Many—90% in one survey—feel trapped in a situation injured spouse going, sometimes with little psychological reward for their efforts. Little wonder so many such families become dysfunctional (机能不良). The divorce rate under such circumstances also is high.
1. What can we learn from the first paragraph?
A.The government programs of the 1970s are a complete success.
B.The government programs play a very important role in the patient's initial medical care.
C.The government can provide necessary medical support for long-term treatment if required.
D.The government should be blamed for the high cost of intensive treatment.
A.are anxious to send the patient to specialized rehabilitation wings of hospitals
B.find it more difficult in dealing with the situation as time goes by
C.must take good care of the patients at home and by themselves
D.will be willing to permit the patients to choose mercy killing
A B C D
B
[解析] 第5段最后一句中提到,与死亡不同的是,随着时间的推移,挫折感和适应难度似乎一直在不断增加。也就是说,家庭成员越来越难适应。A中的anxious to在文中并未提及;C中的must...at home and by themselves与文中提到针对头部受伤者的后续治疗,大量的设施(a variety of facilities)应运而生不一致,故排除;D文中未提及。 第3~6段介绍大脑受损患者的家庭在各方面所遭受的痛苦,故将本题出处定位于此。
4. What's the reason for the high divorce rate in families with brain-injured survivors?
A.The various kinds of stresses the spouses suffers from.
Passage Two Let's face it—there are lots of reasons to hate McDonald's: calories, cholesterol and, for me at least, that sickening feeling after munching (大口咀嚼) on McNuggets. Then there's always that kid at the drive- through who forgets the ketchup (番茄酱). Well, add one more reason to spite McDonald's: as the global economy spirals downward, McDonald's is minting money. "In the worst of times for the restaurant industry, it's the best of times for McDonald's," says Burt Flickinger III, managing director of the Strategic Resources Group, a retail-consulting company. In fact, the company's sales have increased for 55 straight months. Profits grew 11%, to $1.2 billion. The pricing of McDonald's, highlighted by dollar-menu items like apple pies, side salads and yogurt, plus cheap combo meals is a key strength during the recession. In particular, consumers are fleeing casual, family chain restaurants for the convenience and savings of fast food. The economy is not the only reason people are drawn to McDonald's. The company's management also deserves credit for its success. Back seven years ago, America's obesity (肥胖) epidemic was a hot topic, and McDonald's suffered from the strong negative reaction. Stale food and tired stores also kept people away. "McDonald's was actively persuading customers from coming back," says John Glass, a Morgan Stanley analyst. Since that time, McDonald's have remodeled 11,000 stores. At a neat and clean restaurant in the Bronx one weekday evening, Brian Waters, a mailman, sat with his 9-year-old son in a booth. The bright dining area featured abstract paintings of New York City's bridges and the Statue of Liberty. "It used to be dark and dull in here," Waters says. "Now it's nice and clean. I don't mind sitting here anymore." Stores have also extended hours: 34% of the company's 14,000 U.S. restaurants are now open 24/7. The menu got an upgrade too. Obscene "super-size" choices were phased out, and healthier options like apples and salads were added. The company changed its coffee blend; coffee sales have soared 70% over the past two years. Chicken McNuggets now consist solely of white meat, which has less fat and fewer calories than the darker-meat mix of old. Like any other business in this environment, McDonald's faces some potential roadblocks. As the recession wears on, fast-food-service growth may flatten out; plus, McDonald's can expect more price competition. For example, Steak 'n Shake, the diner-style burger chain in 21 states throughout the Midwest and South, is promoting four different meal combos for less than $4. "In Los Angeles, every other billboard is a 99-cent food price," says Glass. The battle for bargain-hunting eaters is on. But given its recent winning ways, McDonald's might just add a few more billion served.
1. One of the reasons why the author hates McDonald's is that ______.
A.there are always kids messing around in the restaurant
B.some salesclerk always forgets to give him the ketchup
C.children always leave the ketchup at the drive-through
D.the salesclerk always forget to clean up the drive-through
2. What is the key for McDonald's success even during the global economic downturn?
A.Its pricing policy.
B.Its managing policy.
C.Its dollar-menu items.
D.Its cheap combo meals.
A B C D
A
[解析] 通过分析,该句的主干为The pricing of McDonald's...is a key strength...选项A与此同义,故为本题答案。 B与第4段第2句提到的内容相近,但要注意的是,本题要求查找的是“关键”的因素,而根据第4段第2句,麦当劳的管理方针只是其成功的因素之一,但并不是“关键”因素,因此B不符合题意要求;C和D都从属于A的内容。
3. What happened to McDonald's seven years ago, according to John Glass?
4. In what way does Steak 'n Shake constitute the greatest challenge to McDonald's?
A.It sells fast food in diner style.
B.It has chain stores in 21 states.
C.It sells cheap meal combos for less than $4.
D.It is the second fastest growing food service.
A B C D
C
[解析] 该句开头的For example表明作者提到Steak'n Shake是为了说明前一句提到的McDonald's can expect more price competition的观点的,由此可见,Steak'n Shake在价格方面的策略对麦当劳形成最大的挑战。因此,本题应选C。 A和B都是最后一段第3句提到的内容,但这些都与“价格”关系不大,因此,它们不如C适合。D中的second fastest growing没有原文依据。
5. When the battle for bargain-hunting eaters is on, the author expects that McDonald's will most probably ______.
A.increase its management expenses
B.open more chain restaurants
C.have to cut its prices sharply
D.gain more customers
A B C D
D
[解析] 最后一句句末的过去分词served表明a few more billion是McDonald's的服务对象,即作者认为McDonald's还是能迎来更多的顾客。因此,本题应选D。 A中的increase和B中的more都是针对最后一句的add...more的词义造出来干扰项,与原文的served不能对应;作者没有表明麦当劳会大幅度降价,C没有依据。
Great Wall of China was an ancient gigantic defensive project. It's built originally to resist invasions of northern nomadic groups. The wall stretches for over ten thousand Li and spans several provinces from east to west. The Great Wall mainly comprises walls, passes and watchtowers. The Great Wall we see today mostly dates back to the Ming Dynasty. The best-preserved and most imposing section is at Badaling in Beijing. With a history of more than 2000 years, some of the sections are now in ruins or have disappeared. However, it is still one of the most appealing attractions all around the world. The Great Wall is the building project with the longest duration and greatest cost in human lives. It deserves its place among "the New Seven Wonders of the World."
Nowadays many people choose to live in a foreign country, which has aroused great concern. More and more people, especially plenty of intellectuals, migrate to some developed countries, such as America, Britain and Canada. In addition, there are still many people studying and working in foreign countries struggling for green cards. There are many reasons accounting for this phenomenon. Among all these factors, pursuing high-quality life plays a critical role. Moreover, most of them migrate to some foreign countries with a view to making their children receive good education there. Besides, some people just want to experience the foreign culture they like. All these above factors contribute to their choice to migrate to another country.
[解析] 1.第一句中,“这引起了人们极大的关注”可以使用非限制性定语从句来表达,即which has aroused great concern。 2.第四句中的“其中”指的是“在所有这些原因中”,因此可译为Among all these factors。“高质量的生活”可以译为high-quality life。 3.第五句中的“想让……”可以用短语with a view to ...来表达。 4.最后一句中,“以上这些”可译为All these above factors,“造成”可用短语contribute to来表示。