Section Ⅰ Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. The question of parenting has become of increasing interest to economists. At the American Economic Association's annual meeting in Denver this year, for example, there was a 1 on the effect of mothers' employment on their children, as well as household 2 and child development. Economists are 3 increasingly on studies from epigenetics, which demonstrate the way parenting and other 4 factors transform genes. But 5 most debates regarding nature 6 nurture tend to look at what happens to people during childhood, Janet Currie, an economist at Columbia University, has looked at the effects that 7 might have on children even before they are born. In a paper 8 as the Richard T. Ely lecture at the A. E. A. meeting, she reviewed studies looking at 9 better maternal education and government food 10 can help raise birth weights among babies, an indicator that can 11 future health. Stopping smoking or taking drugs, not 12 , also improves birth weights. In examining the effects of pollution on birth weight, she 13 that one of the reasons poor, minority mothers tend to live 14 to polluted areas is that such neighborhoods tend to be viewed as blighted by more 15 and white residents, and that 16 home prices or rents are more 17 for those living on low incomes. She also posited the 18 that "some groups are less able to process and act on information about hazards." Ms. Currie 19 that because changes made by mothers or families while a baby is in the womb can affect birth weight, and in 20 , future health, "we cannot assume that differences that are present at birth reflect unchangeable, genetic factors."
[解析] 上下文语义题。前半句说“在验证污染对出生重量的影响时”，空格后为that引导的宾语从句that one of the reasons... is that...“……的一个原因是……”，其内容为Janet Currie的观点，B选项意为“提出，建议”，是单纯表达观点，最符合语境，故为正确答案。A选项意为“预料，期望”；C选项意为“打算，准备”；D选项意为“推荐”，均不符合文意，故排除。
[解析] 词汇辨析题。这里的more ______ and white residents与poor，minority mothers相对，因此空格处所填词应当是poor的反义词。A选项意为“丰富的，充裕的；盛产的”，指物质方面供应充足，其反义词是scarce，不能修饰人，故排除。B选项意为“富裕的，有钱的”，是poor的反义词，符合上下文语义，故为正确答案。C选项意为“舒服的；无忧无虑的”，也有“寓足的”之意，但用此意时，只作表语，不作定语，故排除。D选项意为“大量的，丰富的”，也指物质方面，同abundant是近义词，故排除。
16.
A.whereas
B.nevertheless
C.therefore
D.moreover
A B C D
C
[解析] 逻辑衔接题。空格处的句子较复杂，宾语从句的骨干是one of the reasons...is that...and that...，据此看出，两个that均引导表语从句，第一个表语从句提到，这样的社区通常被更为富裕的白人居民视为贫民区，第二个表语从句提到，房价或者租金对于靠低收入生活的人就更______，显然，从第一个表语从句的表述能够推出第二个表语从句的结论，两者为因果关系，C选项“因此，结果”正确。A、B项表转折，意为“然而；尽管如此”，D项意为“进而”，表递进，均不符合原文逻辑。
17.
A.affordable
B.prohibitive
C.luxurious
D.expensive
A B C D
A
[解析] 词汇辨析和上下文语义题。home prices or rents指的是polluted areas(blighted neighborhoods)的房价和租金，这种地方的房价或者租金对于靠低收入生活的人显然更能“负担得起”，故A选项“负担得起的”为正确答案。
Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.
Text 1 This is an approach to quality improvement based on the statistical work of Joseph Juran, one of two American pioneers of quality management in Japan. Sigma is a Greek letter used in mathematics to denote standard deviation, a statistical measure of the extent to which a series of numbers or readings deviates from its mean. One Sigma indicates a wide scattering of the readings. If the mean is the required quality standard of a particular process or product, then One Sigma quality is not very good. The higher the number, the closer the readings come to total perfection. At the Six Sigma level, there are only 3.4 defects per million. This may sound complicated, but in practice it has proved a popular way for managers to put quality management into effect. One of its great advantages is that it avoids the idea of aiming for "zero defects", or total perfection-a frighteningly inaccessible goal for most. It presents a system for improving quality gradually. Companies or operational groups move step-by-step up the Sigma ladder, the ultimate goal being to reach the Six Sigma state-still just short of perfection. Reasonably unsophisticated computer programs do the necessary calculations when fed with data on the goals (the specifications of the perfect product or process) and the organization's actual achievements. Six Sigma sounds like some sort of secret coven. Its advocates insist that it is no such thing. But it has certain attributes of the exclusive society. Anyone in an organization who goes on a basic training course for a Six Sigma program is called a Green Belt. Anyone who is given the full-time job of leading a team that is embarking on a Six Sigma exercise is given further training and is called a Black Belt. Beyond this there are a special few who are trained even more, and they are called Master Black Belts. Their role is to champion the exercise throughout the organization and to watch over the Black Belts and ensure that they are consistently improving the quality of their team's output. Pioneered in the United States by Motorola in the 1980s, Six Sigma became hugely popular in the 1990s after Jack Welch adopted it at General Electric. To achieve Six Sigma quality at GE, a process must produce no more than 3.4 defects per million "opportunities". An opportunity is defined as "a chance for non-conformance, or not meeting the required specifications". The company says: "Six Sigma has changed the DNA of GE. It is now the way we work-in everything we do and in every product we design".
1. It can be inferred from Paragraph 1 that ______
A.Joseph Juran came up with Six Sigma based on his statistical work.
B.Six Sigma is an approach to improving quality to total perfection.
C.mathematicians and statistical experts master Six Sigma best.
D.Six Sigma quality is relatively better than Four Sigma quality.
4. The underlined word "they" in Paragraph 3 refers to ______
A.the Green Belts.
B.the Black Belts.
C.the Master Black Belts.
D.the team leaders.
A B C D
B
[解析] 事实细节题。they所在的句子“to watch over the Black Belts and ensure that they…”中and连接两个并列结构，故可知they指代的应也是watch over的对象，即黑带(the Black Belts)，故选B。D项中的team leaders(组织领导者)过于宽泛，不是所有的组织领导者都是黑带。
5. By saying "Six Sigma has changed the DNA of GE", the company most probably means Six Sigma ______
A.has earned huge popularity for GE.
B.has enabled GE to improve its quality.
C.has transformed the operation mode of GE.
D.has reformed the structure and organization of GE.
Text 2 America's workers have seen better days. Over the past decade private-sector wages have grown at an average yearly rate of just 0.3 % after accounting for inflation. One response, embraced by Barack Obama this week, is to oblige firms to grant 5m more workers "overtime pay"—1.5 times their normal wage—for any period they work in excess of 40 hours a week. Hillary Clinton, the probable Democratic candidate for president, called it "a win for our economy and workers". The economic evidence behind the policy, though, does not justify her enthusiasm. The Fair Labour Standards Act (FLSA) of 1938 fixes a threshold salary above which workers are not entitled to overtime. The intention is to strip out managers and supervisors who, the argument goes, are harder to coerce into working unreasonable hours and are well compensated for their trouble anyway. But the exemption has not kept pace with inflation. It is now $ 23, 660 a year, below the poverty line for a family of four ($ 24, 250). The proportion of full-time salaried workers eligible for overtime pay has fallen from 62% in 1975 to 8% today. Mr Obama plans to increase the threshold to $ 50, 440 a year by executive order, and to tie it to the 40th percentile of earnings, so that it gradually rises along with wages. If businesses reacted passively to the new policy and followed it to the letter, it would make middleclass workers roughly $10 billion richer. Things will not work out so simply, however. Accidentally or deliberately, employers often fail to pay overtime. The Economic Policy Institute, a left-leaning think-tank, estimates that after accounting for other types of "wage theft" low-wage workers miss out on $ 50 billion each year. The Department of Labour has cooked up a down-on-his-luck cartoon character, Jason, to increase awareness of the rules. It wants people to tell it what "getting paid overtime (would) mean to you". Even if the new policy can be enforced, opponents say it risks altering hiring policies. If bosses know how many hours each week they intend to employ someone (including overtime), they may reduce the base wage they pay new recruits so that the total amount they end up forking out is just the same. Cutting the nominal salaries of already-employed workers is tough, so some companies may simply stop them from working overtime to avoid the extra costs. Such firms may well stock up on new employees to fill the resulting gaps. But if the only effect of Mr Obama's plan is to create lots more low-paid jobs, he will presumably consider it a failure.
1. From the 2nd paragraph, a threshold salary is taken to prevent the overtime of ______.
Text 3 The US $3-million Fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this year's award in March. And it is far from the only one of its type. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science. What's not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature. You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels, The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of peer-reviewed research. They do not fund peer-reviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius. The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research. As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizes— both new and old—are distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include. But the Nobel Foundation's limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modem research—as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson. The Nobels were, of course, themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy. As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things seem clear. First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one. Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere, It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism—that is the culture of research, after all—but it is the prize-givers' money to do with as they please. It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.
1. The Fundamental Physics Prize is seen as ______.
3. The discovery of the Higgs boson is a typical case which involves ______.
A.controversies over the recipients' status
B.the joint effort of modem researchers
C.legitimate concerns over the new prizes
D.the demonstration of research findings
A B C D
D
[解析] 本题是事实细节题。第四段第③句指出，“诺贝尔基金会对于每个奖项的三名得主的限制——每个人都必须在世——早已由于现代研究的合作特质显得不再适用，正如在认可希格斯玻色子的发现时关于谁被忽略的不可避免的争吵所显示的那样”，由此可知，希格斯玻色子是一个研究发现，D项中的“research findings”是“the discovery of me Higgs boson”的同义替换。
4. According to Paragraph 4,which of the following is true of the Nobels? ______
Text 4 People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed, h is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive. Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions. They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from one another, and there is a great deal of debate between proponents of each theory. The controversy is often referred to as "nature/nurture". Those who support the "nature" side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological and genetic factors. That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics, and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts. Proponents of the "nurture "theory, or, as they are often called, behaviorists, claimed that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B. F. Skinner sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. The behaviorists' view of the human being is quite mechanistic; they maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior. Either of these theories cannot yet fully explain human behavior. In fact, it is quite likely that the key to our behavior lies somewhere between these two extremes. That the controversy will continue for a long time is certain.
1. Which one of the following statements would supporters of the "nature" theory agree with? ______
A.A person's instincts have little effect on his action
B.Environment is important in determining a person's behavior and personality
C.Biological reasons have a strong influence on how we act
D.The behaviorists' view correctly explains how we act
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节题 答案可从第三段首句中"... are largely determined by...factors"找出。
2. Which one of the following statements would proponents of the "nurture "theory agree with?______.
A.Person's character is greatly influenced by his environment
B.Behaviorist theory is not correct
C.Biologically based instincts are important in how we act
D.Environment has little to do with behavior
A B C D
A
[解析] 细节题 答案可从第四段首句找出，... environment is more important than our... act．选项C是对先天理论的描述。
3. B. F. Skinner______.
A.supports the nature theory
B.believes in the importance of genes in determining personality
C.thinks the environment plays an important role in determining character
4. Concerning the nature/nurture controversy, the writer of this article______.
A.supports the nature theory
B.supports the nurture theory
C.believes both are completely wrong
D.thinks that the correct explanation of human behavior will take ideas from both theories
A B C D
D
[解析] 细节题 答案可从最后一段中找出，作者提出“In fact，it is quite likely... extremes”，可见答案为D。
5. In the United States, Black people often score below White people on intelligence tests, with this in mind, which one of the following statements is NOT TRUE?______.
A.Nature proponents would say that Whites are genetically superior to Blacks
B.Supporters of the nature theory would say that Whites score well because they have a superior environment
C.Behaviorists would say that Black often lack the educational and environmental nadvantages that Whites enjoy
D.Nurture proponents would disagree that Blacks are biologically inferior to whites
Part B Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. 1 Conflicts: If you do get a place in the student dormitory, it is likely that you will have to share your living space with one other student. While having an American roommate will help you to learn more about American ways, there will probably be many times that discomfort or conflict will arise due to cultural differences. 2 Sex: With regard to sex in general, American behavior is quite different from the norms found in China. 3 Relationship Between Teachers & Students: On the campus, particularly where classes are small, I found a strange informality that characterized the relationship between students and their professors. 4 Gifts: In my interaction with American friends, I noticed that the concept of a gift is quite different here. Many things we give to each other in China are not called "gifts" but are considered to be a reflection of ordinary duties and mutual obligations. Accustomed as we are to using the word "gift" to refer to something valuable given on special occasions, it comes as a surprise to see how often the word is used in America. In the United States, "gifts", given on many different occasions, are only services. 5 Social Intercourse. When you do enter American homes, you will have an opportunity to observe different ways of greeting people. On the whole, Americans tend to be far more physical than we in their greetings. A. I was astonished, for example, when a friend told me that he was offering to care for his younger brother and sister so that his father could take a vacation for his birthday--this was a gift to him. For us, this would be considered duty rather than a gift. Even between friends gestures of this sort might be considered "gifts" here. B. While many students do call their professors, "Professor" so and so or "Dr. " so and so, some professors prefer to be called familiarly by their first names. And in the spirit of informality, many professors may invite students to their homes or can be seen chatting with students over a meal or a cup of coffee in the school cafeteria. A good number of instructors even request that students fill out class evaluation forms which assess the content and presentation of the course. C. My roommate was very sociable and had many boyfriends who came to visit often very late. One night, after midnight, I had to stay in the bathroom for an extra 40 minutes because I had heard a man's voice in my room. My roommate did not realize how awkward I would feel meeting a man while I was in my nightgown. You see, American students tend to be much more casual about these matters. D. On many occasions, for instance, close friends or sometimes even casual acquaintances embrace or kiss each other on the cheeks in greeting or bidding farewell. It may even happen that where couples are close friends, the two husbands will kiss the other man's wife! E. In the United States, for example, if a student wants to invite his teacher to a dinner party, the invitation should be sent a week or so before the party date. If the invitation is extended only three or four days before the party date, the teacher will feel he is not highly regarded. F. For example, many American students seem to like to listen to popular and sometimes loud music while studying in their rooms. Sometimes they will even leave the music on when they leave the room. For some reason, many will tell you, music helps them to relax and concentrate, an idea which other foreign students and I found very strange and disturbing. We'd like to study quietly without any disturbance.
[解析] 本题小标题为Social Intercourse(社交)。下面谈到美国人欢迎人的方式与中国差异很大。总的来说，美国人的欢迎方式比起我们来，往住有较多的身体上的接触(far more physical)。接着举例说明。选项[D]举例具体说明这种身体上的接触：在许多场合，亲密的朋友或者有时甚至是一般的相识在相遇或告别时互相拥抱或者吻对方的脸。解此题的关键是理解信息信号词far more physical的内涵。
Part C Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. One answer to the question, "What ate dinosaurs?" is, obviously, "Other dinosaurs." Theropod predators like Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus loom large in the imagination of every lover of prehistoric monsters, and their animatronic fights with the likes of Diplodocus and Stegosaurus are the stuff of cliche. 1 Science tries to look beyond the obvious, and at this year's meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Palaeontology, held in Las Vegas, some of the speakers asked whether the top predators of the Mesozoic era really were all dinosaurs. Their conclusion was "no". Another group of reptiles, until recently neglected, were also important carnivores. And it is a group that is still around today: the crocodiles. That the past role of crocodiles (or, strictly, crocodilians, since they came in many sizes and shapes. not all of which resemble the modem animals) has been underestimated was suggested a few years ago by Paul Sereno. 2 Dr. Sereno, a paleontologist at the University of Chicago, uncovered a crocodile-dominated ecosystem from about 100m years ago in what is now North Africa. Besides, water-dwelling giants are similar to (though much bigger than) today's animals, he found a range of forms including vegetarians and species that ran on elongated legs—more like dogs than crocodiles. That discovery has prompted other fossil hunters to look elsewhere. 3 As a result, even the well-studied rocks of North America are revealing that dinosaurs did not have it all their own way in the ecosystems of the Mesozoic. The Cretaceous equivalent of zebra and antelopes—the victim species in every wildlife documentary about the dramas of the African savannah—were herbivorous dinosaurs called ornithopods. Frequently, these were taken by theropods, but not always. 4 When Ms. Drumheller and Mr. Boyd examined the bones 0f juvenile upper-Cretaceous ornithopods dug up in Utah they saw marks on one skeleton that looked suspiciously like those modem crocodiles inflict when biting and tearing at their prey. On examining these marks more closely, they found a crocodilian tooth stuck in one of them. It was not a large tooth. Its size suggests the animal which made it was no more than a meter and a half (about 5 feet) long. Such a predator would have been unable to take on an adult ornithopod. Nevertheless, this tooth is the first unarguable proof that crocodilians did indeed snack on dinosaurs. 5 Moreover, it helps to confirm suspicions that the other crocodile-bite-like marks that Ms. Drumheller and Mr. Boyd have discovered really are what they look like. By combining that with an analysis of the whole site, the two researchers argue that what they have; discovered is a dinosaur nesting ground that was being raided by crocodilians.
1. Science tries to look beyond the obvious, and at this year's meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Palaeontology, held in Las Vegas, some of the speakers asked whether the top predators of the Mesozoic era really were all dinosaurs.
2. Dr. Sereno, a paleontologist at the University of Chicago, uncovered a crocodile-dominated ecosystem from about 100m years ago in what is now North Africa.
芝加哥大学古生物学家赛伦诺博士在今天的北非发现了一个一亿年前由鳄鱼占主导地位的生态系统。
3. As a result, even the well-studied rocks of North America are revealing that dinosaurs did not have it all their own way in the ecosystems of the Mesozoic.
4. When Ms. Drumheller and Mr. Boyd examined the bones 0f juvenile upper-Cretaceous ornithopods dug up in Utah they saw marks on one skeleton that looked suspiciously like those modem crocodiles inflict when biting and tearing at their prey.
5. Moreover, it helps to confirm suspicions that the other crocodile-bite-like marks that Ms. Drumheller and Mr. Boyd have discovered really are what they look like.
此外，这也有助于消除对庄姆海勒女士与博依德先生已经发现的其他看似鳄鱼咬痕的怀疑。
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
1. Directions: Recently your best friend Linda has been offered a full scholarship from Stanford University. Write a letter to Linda to congratulate her on her excellent performance in winning this scholarship. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.
Dear Linda, I am writing to you to express my warm congratulations on[1] your winning a full scholarship from Stanford University for a further study. Actually, I am not surprised at all to hear your good news because I know what and how you have done to make your dream come true.[2] Being an ambitious person, you have always been eager for a further study as a postgraduate in a prestigious university. In order to realize your dream, you have shown both diligence and persistence in your study in the past four years of school life, which has finally been rewarded[3] in this way. It makes me firmly believe in the proverb—no pains, no gains.[4] After all, your excellent performance indeed deserves that. I am pleased to say that what is right ahead of you is a promising future.[5] Congratulations again. I wish you all the best in your future life and study.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
[解析] [1]名词短语congratulations on意思是“祝贺；恭喜”，也可用缩略形式congrats on，这是表达祝贺的常用表达方法。 [2]第二段首句为本段主题句，统领全段内容。后面内容对其进一步阐释吗，结构清晰。其中ambitious、diligence和persistence三个词的使用，展现出了Linda所具备的成功者的品质和付出的努力。句中的原因状语从句中又包含一个宾语从句what and how you have done...，不仅起到承上启下的作用，而且增加了句式的灵活性。 [3] 采用了which引导的非限制性定语从句，表明Linda的勤奋努力终于得到了回报。 [4] 破折号后的谚语no pains, no gains意为“一分耕耘，一分收获”，与前文的内容相呼应，句子之间衔接紧凑，自然流。 [5] a promising future意为“有前途的未来”，这里的promising可以替换为rosy、favorable、bright等形容词。
Part B
1. Directions: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should 1) describe the drawing briefly, 2) interpret its intended meaning, and 3) give your comments. You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
The drawing depicts a man, standing on his little boat on the sea and looking into the distance through his telescope. However, he fails to detect the approaching big shark that may pose immediate threat to his life. It is revealed by the drawing that we should pay appropriate attention to our surroundings, where opportunities may coexist with threats. Neither short-sightedness nor long- sightedness does us good. We had better have sharp eyes and keen ears-be observant and alert. Certainly, we should set a long-term goal for our future, but we also should bear in mind that the goal is approached by quite a few short-term plans. We may be confronted with a number of urgent things—unpredictable and worth prompt handling. Thus, necessary adjustments are ought to be made for the short-term plans. It would be of great important for us to manage the relationship between urgent things and important ones. In my opinion, the key to success is, to a large extent, determined by the effective management of two classes of things: urgent but not important; important but not urgent. Those are the root of most of our headaches and dilemmas.
深色：已答题 浅色：未答题