二、阅读理解 Directions: Read the following three texts. Answer the questions after each text by Choosing A, B, C or D. Prior to the 20th century, many languages with small numbers of speakers survived for centuries. The increasingly interconnected modern world makes it much more difficult for small language communities to live in relative isolation, a key factor in language maintenance and preservation. It remains to be seen whether the world can maintain its linguistic and cultural diversity in the centuries ahead. Many powerful forces appear to work against it: population growth, which pushes migrant populations into the world's last isolated locations; mass tourism; global telecommunications and mass media; and the spread of gigantic global corporations. All of these forces appear to signify a future in which the language of advertising, popular culture, and consumer products become similar. Already English and a few other major tongues have emerged as global languages of commerce and communication. For many of the world's peoples, learning one of these languages is viewed as the key to education, economic opportunity, and a better way of life. Only about 3,000 languages now in use are expected to survive the coming century. Are most of the rest doomed in the century after that? Whether most of these languages survive will probably depend on how strongly cultural groups wish to keep their identity alive through a native language. To do so will require an emphasis on bilingualism (mastery of two languages). Bilingual speakers could use their own language in smaller spheres—at home, among friends, in community settings—and a global language at work, in dealings with government, and in commercial spheres. In this way, many small languages could sustain their cultural and linguistic integrity alongside global languages, rather than yield to the homogenizing forces of globalization. Ironically, the trend of technological innovation that has threatened minority languages could also help save them. For example, some experts predict that computer software translation tools will one day permit minority languages speakers to browse the Internet using their native tongues. Linguists are currently using computer-aided learning tools to teach a variety of threatened languages. For many endangered languages, the line between revival and death is extremely thin. Language is remarkably resilient, however, It is not just a tool for communicating, but also a powerful way of separating different groups, or of demonstrating group identity. Many indigenous communities have shown that it is possible to live in the modern world while reclaiming their unique identities through language.
1. Minority languages can be best preserved in ______.
A.an increasingly interconnected world
B.maintaining small numbers of speakers
C.relatively isolated language communities
D.following the tradition of the 20th century
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节题。信号词：Minority languages，best preserved。小语种能被最佳保存于：A项相互联系日益密切的世界，B项保持很少数量的使用者，C项相对孤立的语言社区，D项秉承20世纪的传统。根据题目关键词“Minority languages”定位于第一段最后一句话“The increasingly interconnected modern world makes it much more difficult for small language communities to live in relative isolation, a key factor in language maintenance and preservation.”，C项是原文重现。
2. According to Paragraph 2, that the world can maintain its linguistic diversity in the future is ______.
A.uncertain
B.unrealistic
C.foreseeable
D.definite
A B C D
A
[解析] 细节推理题。信号词：Paragraph 2, maintain, linguistic diversity。根据第二段，将来世界能够维系语言多样性是：A项不确定的，B项不现实的，C项不可预见的，D项确定的。此题是推断题，根据第二段第一句话It remains to be seen whether...可知选A项uncertain，不确定的。
3. According to the author, bilingualism can help ______.
A.small languages become acceptable in work places
B.homogenize the world's languages and cultures
C.global languages reach home and community settings
D.speakers maintain their linguistic and cultural identity
A B C D
D
[解析] 细节题。信号词：according to the author, bilingualism。根据作者所说，双语能够帮助：A项小语种在工作场合被接受，B项同化世界语言和文化，C项通用语言进入家庭和社区，D项讲话者维系他们语言和文化的特征。根据关键词“bilingualism”定位于第四段，D项是第四段“In this way, many small languages could sustain their cultural and linguistic integrity alongside global languages”的原文重现。
4. Computer technology is helpful for preserving minority languages in that it ______.
A.makes learning a global language unnecessary
B.facilitates the learning and using of those languages
C.raises public awareness of saving those languages
D.makes it easier for linguists to study those languages
A B C D
B
[解析] 推理题。信号词：Computer technology, helpful, in that。电脑技术有助于维系小语种因为它：A项使学习通用语言不必要，B项使学习和使用这些语言更容易，C项提高公众挽救这些语言的意识，D项使语言学家学习这些语言更容易。B项和D项含义相近，根据第五段所举的例子“Linguists are currently using computer-aided learning tools to teach a variety of threatened languages.”可证明电脑技术使学习和使用这些语言更容易。
5. In the author's view, many endangered languages are ______.
A.remarkably well-kept in this modern world
B.exceptionally powerful tools of communication
C.quite possible to be revived instead of dying out
D.an unique way of bringing different groups together
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节题。信号词：author's view, endangered languages。根据作者的观点，许多即将消失的语言：A项被完好地保存于现代世界，B项是非常强大的交际工具，C项很有可能复活而不是消亡，D项是将不同的群体集合到一起的独特方法。根据关键词“endangered languages”定位于最后一段的“Language is remarkably resilient. 语言是很有活力的”，以及结尾“have shown that it is possible to live in the modem world while reclaiming their unique identities through language在现代社会通过语言保存他们独特的文化是完全有可能的”。C项揭示了作者的态度。
Everyone, it seems, has a health problem. After pouring billions into the National Health Service, British people moan about dirty hospitals, long waits and wasted money. In Germany the new chancellor, Angela Merkel, is under fire for suggesting changing the financing of its health system. Canada's new Conservative Prime Minister, Stephen Harper, made a big fuss during the election about reducing the country's lengthy medical queues. Across the rich world, affluence, ageing and advancing technology are driving up health spending faster than income. But nowhere has a bigger health problem than America. Soaring medical bills are squeezing wages, swelling the ranks of the uninsured and pushing huge firms and perhaps even the government towards bankruptcy. Ford's announcement this week that it would cut up to 30,000 jobs by 2012 was as much a sign of its "legacy" health-care costs as of the ills of the ear industry. Pushed by polls that show health care is one of his main domestic problems and by forecasts showing that the retiring baby-boomer will crush the government's finances, George Bush is expected to unveil a reform plan in next week's state-of-the-union address. America's health system is unlike any other. The United States spends 16%of its GDP on health, around twice the rich-country average, equivalent to $6,280 for every American each year. Yet it is the only rich country that does not guarantee universal health coverage. Thanks to an accident of history, most Americans receive health insurance through their employer, with the government picking up the bill for the poor and the elderly. This curious hybrid certainly has its strengths. Americans have mote choices than anybody else, and their health-care system is much more innovative. Europeans' bills could be much higher if American medicine were not doing much of their research and development (R&D) for them. But there are also huge weaknesses. The one most often cited—especially by foreigners—is the army of uninsured. Some 46 million Americans do not have cover. In many cases that is out of choice and, if they fall seriously ill, hospitals have to treat them. But it is still deeply unequal. And there are also shocking inefficiencies: by some measures, 30% of American health spending is wasted. Then there is the question of state support. Many Americans disapprove of the "socialized medicine" of Canada and Europe. In fact, even if much of the administration is done privately, around 60% of America's health-care bill ends up being met by the government. Proportionately, the American state already spends as much on health as the OECD (Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development) average, and that share is set to grow as the baby-boomers run up their medicare bills and ever more employers avoid providing health-care coverage. America is, in effect, heading towards a version of socialized medicine by default.
6. Health problems mentioned in the passage include all the following EXCEPT ______.
A.poor hospital conditions in U.K.
B.Angela Merkel under attack
C.health financing in Germany
D.long waiting lines in Canada
A B C D
B
[解析] 推理题。信号词：mentioned, include all, EXCEPT。文中提到的医疗问题不包括下面哪一项：A项英国糟糕的医院条件，B项Angela Merkel受到指责，C项德国医疗经费的筹措，D项加拿大排长队。A、C、D项在第一段均有提及，B项是政治人物的问题，不符合题目要求。
7. Ford's announcement of cutting up to 30,000 jobs by 2012 indicates that Ford ______.
A.has the biggest health problem of the car industry
B.has made profits from its health-care legacy
C.has accumulated too heavy a health-care burden
D.owes a great deal of debt to its employees
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节题。信号词：Ford, 30,000 jobs, 2012。福特宣布到2012年前减少30,000个职位表明福特：A项在汽车行业中医疗问题最严重，B项从其遗留的医疗问题中获益，C项累积了太沉重的医疗负担，D项欠雇员很多债。根据题目中的关键词“30,000”“2012”定位于第二段的“Ford's announcement this week that it would cut up t0 30,000 jobs by 2012 was as much a sign of it's 'legacy' health-care costs as of the ills of the car industry”，C项与其含义相同。
8. In the author's opinion, America's health system is ______.
A.inefficient
B.feasible
C.unpopular
D.successful
A B C D
A
[解析] 推理题。信号词：author's opinion。根据作者的观点，美国的医疗体系：A项效率低，B项灵活，C项不受欢迎，D项成功。根据题目关键词“America's health system”定位于第三、第四段，第四段最后一句话“And there are also shocking inefficiencies: by some measures, 30% of American health spending is wasted”可知美国医疗体系效率很低，A项与其含义相同。
9. It is implied in the passage that ______.
A.America's health system has its strengths and weaknesses
B.the U.S. government pays medical bills for the poor and the elderly
C.some 46 million Americans do not have medical insurance
D.Europeans benefit a lot from America's medical research
A B C D
D
[解析] 推理题。信号词：implied。文中暗示：A项美国的医疗体系存在优点和缺点，B项美国政府为穷人和老人支付医疗费，C项大约四千六百万的美国人没有医疗保险，D项欧洲人从美国的医疗研究中获益匪浅。根据各个选项的关键词迅速在原文中定位，A、B、C三项都是文中明确说明的，D项需要通过“Europeans' bills could be much higher if American medicine were not doing much of their Research and Development (R&D) for them”推出。
10. From the last paragraph we may learn that the "socialized medicine" is ______.
A.a practice of Canada and Europe
B.a policy adopted by the U.S. government
C.intended for the retiring baby-boomers
D.administered by private enterprises
A B C D
A
[解析] 词语理解题。信号词：last paragraph, socialized medicine。从最后一段我们了解到“社会化医疗”是：A项加拿大和欧洲的举措，B项被美国采纳的一项政策，C项为生育高峰期出生的人们退休之用，D项由私营企业执行的。根据题目关键词“socialized medicine”定位于“Many American disapprove of the 'socialized medicine' of Canada and Europe.”，根据前后句可推知句意，借助句意知道“socialized medicine”的含义是加拿大和欧洲的举措。
When Thomas Keller, one of America's foremost chefs, announced that on Sept. 1 he would abolish the practice of tipping at Per Se, his luxury restaurant in New York City, and replace it with a European-style service charge, I knew three groups would be opposed: customers, servers and restaurant owners. These three groups are all committed to tipping—as they quickly made clear on Web sites. To oppose tipping, it seems, is to be anti-capitalist, and maybe even a little French. But Mr. Keller is right to move away from tipping—and it's worth exploring why just about everyone else in the restaurant world is wrong to stick with the practice. Customers believe in tipping because they think it makes economic sense. "Waiters know that they won't get paid if they don't do a good job" is how most advocates of the system would put it. To be sure, this is a tempting, apparently rational statement about economic theory, but it appears to have little applicability to the real world of restaurants. Michael Lynn, an associate professor of consumer behavior and marketing at Cornell's School of Hotel Administration, has conducted dozens of studies of tipping and has concluded that consumers' assessments of the quality of service correlate weakly to the amount they tip. Rather, customers are likely to tip more in response to servers touching them lightly and leaning forward next to the table to make conversation than to how often their water glass is refilled—in other words, customers tip more when they like the server, not when the service is good. Mr. Lynn's studies also indicate that male customers increase their tips for female servers while female customers increase their tips for male servers. What's more, consumers seem to forget that the tip increases as the bill increases. Thus, the tipping system is an open invitation to what restaurant professionals call "upwelling": every bottle of imported water, every espresso and every cocktail is extra money in the server's pocket. Aggressive upwelling for tips is often rewarded while low-key, quality service often goes unrecognized. In addition, the practice of tip pooling, which is the norm in line-dining restaurants and is becoming more common in every kind of restaurant above the level of a greasy spoon, has ruined whatever effect voting with your tip might have had on an individual waiter. In an unreasonable outcome, you are punishing the good waiters in the restaurant by not tipping the bad one. Indeed, there appears to be little connection between tipping and good service.
11. It may be inferred that a European-style service ______.
A.is tipping-free
B.charges little tip
C.is the author's initiative
D.is offered at Per Se
A B C D
A
[解析] 细节推理题。信号词：inferred, European-style。可以推断欧洲式的服务：A项不付小费的，B项几乎不收小费，C项是作者发起的，D项由Per Se提供。A项和B项含义相近，根据“he would abolish the practice of tipping at Per Se, his luxury restaurant in New York City, and replace it with European-style service charge”，replace表明与付小费制度相反。
12. Which of the following is NOT true according to the author? ______
A.Tipping is a common practice in the restaurant world
B.Waiters don't care about tipping
C.Customers generally believe in tipping
D.Tipping has little connection with the quality of service
A B C D
B
[解析] 推理题。信号词：NOT true, according to the author。根据作者的观点，下面哪个不真实：A项在餐饮业付小费是普遍的做法，B项侍者不在乎小费，C项顾客通常笃信付小费，D项付小费与服务的质量关系甚微。根据各个选项的关键词迅速在原文中定位，A、C、D三项都是文中明确说明的。
13. According to Michael Lynn's studies, waiters will likely get more tips if they ______.
A.have performed good service
B.frequently refill customers' water glass
C.win customers' favor
D.serve customers of the same sex
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节题。信号词：Michael Lynn, more tips。根据Michael Lynn的研究，侍者可能得到更多的小费如果他们：A项提供优质服务，B项经常斟满顾客的水杯，C项讨顾客喜欢，D项为同性顾客服务。根据关键词“more tips”定位于“customers tip the more when they like the server, not when the service is good”，C项和原文含义相同，是正确答案。
14. We may infer from the context that "upwelling" (Para. 6) probably means ______.
A.selling something up
B.selling something fancy
C.selling something unnecessary
D.selling something more expensive
A B C D
D
[解析] 词语理解题。信号词：upwelling, Para.6。我们可以从上下文推断“upwelling”的意思可能是：A项卖完，B项出售奇特的东西，C项出售多余的东西，D项以更昂贵的价格出售某物。根据前句“What's more, consumers seem to forget that the tip increases as the bill increases”和冒号后面对“upselling”的解释“every bottle of imported water, every espresso and every cocktail is extra money in the server's pocket”可推得正确答案。
Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subtitle from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph (1～5). There are two extra subtitles which you do not need to use. A. Analyzing your own taste B. Being cautious when experimenting C. Finding a model to follow D. Getting the final look absolutely right E. Learning to be realistic F. Making regular conscious choices G. How to judge people When we meet people for the first time, we often make decisions about them based entirely on how they look. And, of course it's something that works both ways, for we too are being judged on our appearance. When we look good, we feel good, which in turn leads to a more confident and self-assured manner. People then pick up on this confidence and respond positively towards us. Undoubtedly, it's what's inside that's important, but sometimes we can send out the wrong signals simply by wearing inappropriate clothing or not spending enough time thinking about how others see us. 16 For example, people often make the mistake of trying to look like someone else they've seen in a magazine, but this is usually a disaster as we all have our own characteristics. Stand in front of a full-length mirror and be honest with yourself about what you see. There is no need to dwell on your faults—we all have good points and bad points—but think instead about the best way to emphasize the good ones. 17 When selecting your clothes each day, think about who you're likely to meet, when you're going to be spending most of your time and what tasks you are likely to perform. Clearly, some outfits will be more appropriate to different sorts of activity and this will dictate your choice to an extent. However, there's no need to abandon your individual taste completely. After all, if you dress to please somebody else's idea of what looks good, you may end up feeling uncomfortable and not quite yourself. 18 But to know your own mind, you have to get to know yourself. What do you truly feel good in? There are probably a few favorite items that you wear a lot—most people wear 20 per cent of their wardrobe 80 per cent of the time. Look at these clothes and ask yourself what they have in common. Are they neat and tidy, loose and flowing? Then look at the things hanging in your wardrobe that you don't wear and ask yourself why. Go through a few magazines and catalogues and mark the things that catch your eye. Is there a common theme? 19 Some colors bring your natural coloring to life and others can give us a washed-out appearance. Try out new colors by all means, but remember that dressing in bright color when you really like subtle neutral tones, or vice versa, will make you feel self-conscious and uncomfortable. You know deep down where your own taste boundaries lie. And although it's good to challenge those sometimes with new combinations or shades, take care not to go too far all at once. 20 So, you've chosen an outfit that matches your style, your personality, your shape and your coloring. But does it fit? If something is too tight or too loose, you won't achieve the desired effect, and no matter what other qualities it has, it won't improve your appearance or your confidence. Sometimes, we buy things without thinking. Some people who dislike shopping grab the first thing they see, or prefer to use mail-order or the Internet—all cases, if it doesn't fit perfectly, don't buy it, because the finer details are just as important as the overall style. Reappraising your image isn't selfish because everyone who comes into contact with you will benefit. You'll look better and you'll feel a better person all round. And If in doubt, you only need to read Professor Albert Mehrabian's book Silent Messages to remind yourself how important outward appearances are. His research showed that the impact we make on each other depend 55 per cent on how we look and behave, 38 percent on how we speak and only 7 per cent on what we actually say. So, whatever stage you are at in your life, whatever role you play, isn't it time you made the most of yourself?
1. Directions: For this part, you should write a short essay entitled Due Attention Should Be Given to the Study of Chinese. You should write at least 250 words following the outline given below in Chinese: 1．近年来在学生中出现了忽视中文学习的现象； 2．出现这种现象的原因和后果； 3．我认为……
[范文]
Due Attention Should Be Given to the Study of Chinese
Chinese teachers today often complain that English teachers seem to have higher status than them and students have paid more attention to studying English. Indeed, recent years have witnessed numerous students rushing to take after-class English courses, while Chinese courses remain in the least popular list. This imbalance reflects students' ideas about language learning. For one thing, many students take Chinese for granted. Since Chinese is their mother tongue, they believe without much attention and energy, they are still able to get a satisfying score. For another thing, it is widely believe that English will be more useful in the near future. Various books, magazines, newspapers and advertisements have been repeated telling people English is the key to success in future. And the tide of studying overseas helps strengthen this belief. Suppose this kind of belief really dominates our society, what would happen? In the first place, the ability of using Chinese would retrogress. More students inclining to use a mixture of Chinese and English can serve as an excellent example. Another possible outcome is that we Chinese people may gradually lose our tie with our noble tradition. For thousands of years, people explored into this language, inventing wonderful lyrics, poems and prose, but today this heritage is dying out because students have difficulty even in organizing a simple Chinese essay, let alone more complex works. In my perspective, if his tide were not reversed, the consequence would be serious. The government should work together with education institutions to promote Chinese study, including reading Chinese classics, teaching calligraphy and so on. As an individual, we should also raise the awareness that Chinese is as important as, or much more important than English.
[解析] FOB即“Free on Board”，其中文含义为“装运港船上交货(…指定装运港)”。使用该术语，卖方应负责办理出口清关手续，在合同规定的装运港和规定的期限内，将货物交到买方指派的船上，承担货物在装运港越过甲板之前的一切风险，并及时通知买方。该术语的变形，FOBLiner Terms(FOB班轮条件)是指装船费用按照班轮条件办理，卖方只负责将货物交到码头港口，装卸及平舱理舱费均由支付运费的一方(买方)负担。CFR：即“Cost and Freight”的英文缩写，其中文含义为“成本加运费”。使用该术语，卖方负责按通常的条件租船订舱并支付到目的港的运费，按合同规定的装运港和装运期限将货物装上船并及时通知买家。CIF：即“Cost Insurance and Freight”的英文缩写，其中文含义为“成本加保险费、运费”。使用该术语，卖方负责按通常条件租船订舱并支付到目的港的运费，在合同规定的装运港和装运期限内将货物装上船并负责办理货物运输保险，支付保险费。CIP：即“Carriage and Insurance Paid to”的英文缩写，中文含义为“运费、保险费付至指定目的地”。使用该术语，卖方应自费订立运输契约并支付将货物运至目的地的运费，负责办理保险手续并支付保险费。在办理货物出口结关手续后，在指定的装运地点将货物交由承运人照管，以履行其交货义务。
14. 以下不属于溢短装条款的是______。
A.机动幅度
B.选择权
C.计价方法
D.遗漏风险
A B C D
D
[解析] 溢短装条款(More or Less Clause)是指在矿砂、化肥、粮食、食糖等大宗散装货物的交易中，由于受商品特性、货源变化、船舱容量、装载技术和包装等因素的影响，要求准确地按约定数量交货，有时存在一定困难，为了避免因实际交货不足或超过合同规定而引起的法律责任，方便合同的履行，对于一些数量难以严格限定的商品，通常是在合同中规定交货数量允许有一定范围的机动幅度，这种条款一般称为溢短装条款。它一般包括机动幅度，机动幅度的选择权以及计价方法。
[解析] 假远期信用证(Usance Letter of Credit Payable at sight)的特点，系汇票为远期，按即期付款；付款银行同意即期付款，贴现费用由进口商承担。换言之，是出口商开立远期汇票，但信用证明文规定按即期收汇，这种做法的实质是由开证银行或付款银行对进口商提供融通资金的便利，所需支付的利息由进口商承担。采用假远期信用证作为支付方式，对进口商来讲，可由银行提供周转资金的便利，但须支付利息；对出口商来讲，可即期获得汇票的票款，但亦承担汇票到期前被迫索的风险。
总成本也不会上升，因此不能支持。
，如果储蓄率为28%，人口增长率为1%，技术进步率为2%，折旧率为4%，那么该经济的稳态产出为多少?
，得出
，得出K=16，稳定产出Y=4。
深色：已答题 浅色：未答题