Make sure your headset is on. This section measures your ability to use writing to communicate in an academic environment. There will be two writing tasks. For the first writing task, you will read a passage and listen to a lecture and then answer a question based on what you have read and heard. For the second writing task, you will answer a question based on your own knowledge and experience. Now listen to the directions for the first writing task.
1. When companies have goods and services to sell, they often use advertising to let customers know about them. The basic principle behind advertising is to get a message to as many people as possible for the lowest price. Traditionally, companies used printed ads in newspapers and magazines. In recent years though, online advertising has emerged as a better way to inform customers about products. One advantage of online ads is that they can reach far more people than printed ads. After all, newspapers and magazines have limited print runs—often in the hundreds or thousands—but literally anyone around the world with an Internet connection can see an online advertisement by clicking on a certain website. Since far more people can view online ads, companies are increasingly budgeting more money for them rather than for printed ones. In addition, online ads tend to be cheaper than printed ads. The prices of most online ads are determined by the number of people clicking on them. Since businesses can limit the number of clicks per month, they can guarantee the sizes of their ad budgets. On the other hand, businesses pay flat fees, which can be extremely expensive, for printed ads. A full-page color advertisement in USA Today, an American newspaper, costs more than $200,000. Ads in other exclusive newspapers or magazines can cost tens of thousands of dollars as well. A third benefit is that online ads are better suited than printed ads for specialized markets. For instance, a company selling sporting equipment would be much better off advertising on websites that provide sports news than it would in a local newspaper. After all, the readers of sports news are more likely to purchase sporting equipment than random readers of a local newspaper, who probably have other interests.
Directions You have 20 minutes to plan and write your response. Your response will be judged on the basis of the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the points in the lecture and their relationship to the passage. Typically, an effective response will be 150-225 words. Question Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they challenge specific arguments made in the reading passage.
Sample Note-READING online advertising＞print advertising 1 reach more people than printed ads -printed ads have limited print runs -people around world can see online ads 2 online ads are cheaper -prices determined by number of clicks→can limit clicks to set budget -pay set prices for printed ads→can be tens of thousands of dollars or more 3 better for specialized markets -company selling sporting equipment→buys ads on sports news websites -readers more likely to purchase than regular newspaper readers Sample Note-LISTENING printed ads have many advantages 1 few people click on online ads -use ad-blocking software -elderly and others don't use computers→have lots of $ 2 online ads aren't more effective than printed ads -limit number of clicks=limit number of people seeing ads -no limit to number of people who read newspapers or magazines 3 printed ads ideal for specialized markets -local bakery→advertises in local paper -doesn't need online ads because doesn't deliver to other countries Sample Essay In her lecture, the professor discusses the benefits printed ads have over online ads. By doing so, she challenges the arguments made in the reading passage, which promotes online ads. The professor is skeptical of the claim in the reading passage that more people see online advertisements than printed ones. She points out that many people never click on online ads, and she adds that many individuals, including herself, use ad-blocking software, so she believes it is not necessarily true that online ads are viewed more. The next point she considers is the prices of the ads. While the professor acknowledges that printed ads are more expensive than online ones, she states that some companies lower costs by reducing the number of customers that can click on their ads, thereby reducing their effectiveness. She then states that the prices of printed ads do not rise if more people see them. Finally, the professor remarks that many companies have no need to advertise online. She uses an example of a local bakery by stating that it does not deliver to distant places, so having online ads is pointless for it. Instead, it purchases local advertising. By bringing up that example, she opposes the statement in the reading passage that many companies are better off advertising online than in printed media for specialized markets.
[听力原文] Now listen to part of a lecture on the topic you just read about. W Professor: These days, many companies prefer advertising online instead of in newspapers and magazines. But I think that's a big mistake because there are still a number of advantages to printed advertisements. Supporters of online ads assert that the advertisements reach many more people than printed advertisements, but I'm not so sure that's true. For one thing, how many of you ever click on online ads...? Yeah, not too many. I never do. In fact, like many people, I use ad-blocking software on my computer to avoid seeing any ads. As for printed ads, let's remember that many people, such as the elderly, don't use computers. And they often have lots of money, so they have a great deal of purchasing power. Now, uh, it's true that online ads are cheaper than printed ads, but that doesn't make them more effective. Consider that many firms limit the number of people who can view their online ads on a monthly basis. Sure, that saves money, but it decreases how many people can look at their ads. With a printed ad, a company pays a flat fee, and there's no limit to the number of eyeballs that can view it. And consider that a newspaper or magazine may be read by multiple people, especially in households, so companies are getting access to more people without having to pay more money. Finally, printed ads are actually ideal for specialized markets, especially local ones. Do you know that bakery right off campus? It constantly advertises in the local paper. It doesn't need to advertise online. What's the point of putting ads online for people in other countries to read when it doesn't deliver to them? Instead, it advertises only to local customers, so it effectively utilizes its advertising budget.
2. A Reading Passage Read the following passage carefully. In 1485, the English dynastic wars known as the Wars of the Roses concluded at the Battle of Bosworth Field when Henry Tudor's forces defeated those belonging to King Richard Ⅲ. Richard himself was slain during the battle, and his body was buried alongside a church near what is the city of Leicester today. Over time, the location of his burial site was lost to history; however, in 2012, archaeologists exhumed a skeleton from beneath a carpark. Extensive testing, including DNA analysis, proved without a doubt that the body is that of Richard Ⅲ. To begin with, the skeleton is that of a man in his thirties, which was Richard's age when he was killed in battle. The body also has a noted curvature of the spine, an affliction Richard was known to have suffered. Furthermore, there is evidence of numerous head wounds, which correlates with reports from the battle regarding how Richard was killed. Researchers at the University of Leicester tracked down two living descendants of Richard, both of whom belong to the family line of Anne, Richard's sister. Mitochondrial DNA extracted from the bones of the skeletal remains matched both of the subjects it was compared to. The DNA tests were conducted three times to make absolutely sure there were no mistakes. Further testing using radiocarbon dating methods was done on the bones, and those tests indicated that the person was alive sometime between 1450 and 1540. Other tests showed that the person consumed a diet comprised mainly of seafood, exotic birds, and plenty of wine, indicating the person was someone of substance and certainly a member of the nobility. All of these factors led researchers to conclude that the skeleton was definitely that of King Richard Ⅲ. Outlining Write an outline of the reading passage in the space provided. Main Point ________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Argument 1 ________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Argument 2 ________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Argument 3 ________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Paraphrasing Exercises Read the following sentences. Then, paraphrase them. Be sure to include the key information in each sentence. 1 Furthermore, there is evidence of numerous head wounds, which correlates with reports from the battle regarding how Richard was killed. →________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ 2 Mitochondrial DNA extracted from the bones of the skeletal remains matched both of the subjects it was compared to. →________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ 3 Other tests showed that the person consumed a diet comprised mainly of seafood, exotic birds, and plenty of wine, indicating the person was someone of substance and certainly a member of the nobility. →________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
Outlining Main Point: skeleton dug up is that of King Richard Ⅲ Argument 1: skeleton matches known facts about Richard -man in 30s and has curved spine -body has many head wounds→was how Richard was killed Argument 2: DNA tests -found 2 descendants of Richards→did mitochondrial DNA test -matched w/Richard→did test 3 times to be sure Argument 3: radiocarbon testing -person was alive during time when Richard lived -diet was that of a nobleman Paraphrasing Exercises 1 The head wounds match up with reports on how Richard died in battle. 2 DNA from the bones matched the two people it was compared to. 3 Tests that were run showed the person ate a rich diet that indicated he belonged to the nobility.
3. B Listening Lecture Now listen to part of a lecture on the topic you just read about.
Note-Taking Main Point _______________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Argument 1 _______________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Argument 2 _______________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Argument 3 _______________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Paraphrasing Exercises Read the following sentences. Then, paraphrase them. Be sure to include the key information in each sentence. 1 Plus, the curved spine might have resulted when the body was squeezed into the casket, which was tiny. →________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ 2 So while the DNA from the bones matched the descendants of his sister Anne, it would also match the DNA of Richard's male cousins since they had the same grandmother. →________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ 3 While other tests proved the person ate foods rare for anyone other than nobles to consume, one of Richard's cousins would have eaten a similar diet. →________________________________________________ __________________________________________________
Note-Taking Main Point: hard to prove who old bones belong to Argument 1: body might not be Richard's -could match another person→1,000+ people died at battle -curved spine caused by being stuffed into tiny casket Argument 2: can't trust DNA evidence -mitochondrial DNA in all male relatives was same -body could be one of Richard's male cousins Argument 3: other tests aren't precise -radiocarbon dating only covers 100-year spans -tests show rich diet but could have been other member of royal family Paraphrasing Exercises 1 The spine may have curved from the body being squeezed into a tiny casket. 2 The DNA matched the descendants of Anne but would also be the same for Richard's male cousins. 3 Tests showed that the person at a nobleman's diet, which Richard's cousins would have eaten.
[听力原文] Now listen to part of a lecture on the topic you just read about. M Professor: Despite modern methods of analysis, proving who old bones belong to isn't as easy as you may think. Let me discuss a case that was publicized a few years back. In 2012, a body was unearthed in Leicester, England, by a group of archaeologists looking for King Richard Ⅲ, who died in 1485 and was buried near Leicester. The academics found the body of a man in his thirties with a curved spine and numerous wounds to his body. These facts match what we know about Richard...but could also fit someone else. More than 1,000 people died in that battle, so it might not be Richard's body. Plus, uh, the curved spine might have resulted when the body was squeezed into the casket, which was tiny. Now, uh, DNA tests were done and appear conclusive, but...Well, mitochondrial DNA is traced through the female line because it doesn't change over time. Keep in mind that Richard had many male relatives whose descendants would also have the same mitochondrial DNA profile. Let's see...His grandmother, Joan Beaufort, had sixteen children and numerous grandchildren, all nobles, and most fought in the Wars of the Roses. So while the DNA from the bones matched the descendants of his sister Anne, it would also match the DNA of Richard's male cousins since they had the same grandmother. So this could be the body of one of Richard's relatives, not Richard himself. Finally, radiocarbon dating isn't precise as it can only date objects in roughly hundred-year spans. And while other tests proved the person ate foods rare for anyone other than nobles to consume, one of Richard's cousins would have eaten a similar diet. So while the body is definitely that of someone in the royal family, we can't be certain it's that of Richard.
4. C Combining the Main Points Read the following sentences from the reading passage and listening lecture. Then, combine each pair of sentences by using the given patterns. 1 Reading To begin with, the skeleton is that of a man in his thirties, which was Richard's age when he was killed in battle. The body also has a noted curvature of the spine, an affliction Richard was known to have suffered. Listening These facts match what we know about Richard...but could also fit someone else. More than 1,000 people died in that battle, so it might not be Richard's body. Plus, the curved spine might have resulted when the body was squeezed into the casket, which was tiny. →The professor starts by agreeing with the author of the reading passage that __________________. Yet he says that ________________________. 2 Reading Mitochondrial DNA extracted from the bones of the skeletal remains matched both of the subjects it was compared to. Listening So while the DNA from the bones matched the descendants of his sister Anne, it would also match the DNA of Richard's male cousins since they had the same grandmother. So this could be the body of one of Richard's relatives, not Richard himself. →Next, the professor admits that ______________________________. However, he mentions the fact that ______________________________________________________. 3 Reading Other tests showed that the person consumed a diet comprised mainly of seafood, exotic birds, and plenty of wine, indicating the person was someone of substance and certainly a member of the nobility. Listening And while other tests proved the person ate foods rare for anyone other than nobles to consume, one of Richard's cousins would have eaten a similar diet. →While the author of the reading passage believes ____________, the professor thinks ________________________.
1 The professor starts by agreeing with the author of the reading passage that the physical characteristics of the body match those of Richard. Yet he says that the body could still belong to another person since many people died in that battle. Next, the professor admits that the DNA evidence cited by the author of the reading passage appears to positively identify the body as Richard's. However, he mentions the fact that mitochondrial DNA was tested. According to the professor, Richard's cousins would have had the same mitochondrial DNA prone, so the body might be one of Richard's relatives. 3 While the author of the reading passage believes the diet proves the body is Richard's, the professor thinks it only proves that the person was a member of the royal family.
5. D Completing the Essay Complete the following sample essay～ Use the phrases to help you write your essay. During his lecture, the professor discusses ________________________. While the author of the reading passage believes that __________________, the professor brings up some points that __________________. The professor starts by agreeing with the author of the reading passage that ______________________________. Yet he says that ______________________________. Next, the professor admits that ________________________. However, he mentions the fact that ______________________________. Lastly, the professor comments that ______________________________. While the author of the reading passage believes ________________________, the professor thinks ______________________________.
Sample Essay During his lecture, the professor discusses a body that was found beneath a carpark in Leicester, England. While the author of the reading passage believes that the body belongs to King Richard Ⅲ, the professor brings up some points that cast doubt on this claim. The professor starts by agreeing with the author of the reading passage that the physical characteristics of the body match those of Richard. Yet he says that the body could still belong to another person since many people died in that battle. He adds that the spine could be curved because of the way the bode was stuffed into the tiny casket. Next, the professor admits that the DNA evidence cited by the author of the reading passage appears to positively identify the body as Richard's. However, he mentions the fact that mitochondrial DNA was tested. According to the professor, Richard's cousins would have had the same mitochondrial DNA profile, so the body might be one of Richard's relatives. Lastly, the professor comments that radiocarbon dating cannot provide precise times for objects, and he also talks about the rich diet that the person ate. While the author of the reading passage believes the diet proves the body is Richard's, the professor thinks it only proves that the person was a member of the royal family.
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