Tonight, by the river bank in a foreign land, the scholar in dire straits was allowed to give full vent to his sorrow during this cold autumn when wild geese flew high. The river could infinitely swallow the tears of all the unblessed through the ages.
   On such a night, sitting there without any sympathy for himself, he was not only listening to the sound of his own heart being eaten away bit by bit, but also watching his own life like an expiring lamp in the strong wind, which spent all its energy in resisting the wind, but the weak flame would die at any moment since the oil was running out.

Chongqing is located in the southwestern part of mainland China with a typical subtropical monsoon climate. It is hot in summer with scorching sun. Hence it got the name of "Furnace City". Chongqing is also called "Mountain City" because it is a city built on hillsides with mountains on its four sides. In winter and spring, Chongqing is often enveloped in clouds and mist. It is therefore sometimes called "The Fog City". In 1937, soon after the occupation of Nanjing by Japanese invading armies, Kuomintang government moved to Chongqing and officially proclaimed it as its "War-time Capital". On account of the important role played by Chongqing in the Second World War, on the huge map of the world displayed in the United Nations Headquarters, only four Chinese cities are marked and named. They are Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, and Chongqing.

[解析] 1．本段主体内容为一般性描述，故采用一般现在时为总体时态。
   2．第2句的“陪都”是由于战乱，在首都以外另设的一个首都，此处可简译为War-time Capital；“把这里定为‘陪都’”可根据历史事实，译为officially proclaimed it as its "War-time Capital"。
   3．“第二次世界大战”和“反法西斯战争中”所指相同，所以翻译时可省略其中的一个，译为the Second World War即可。
   4．第3句的“联合国总部”英文官方说法为United Nations Headquarters。原文中“世界地图”和“中国版图”之间的逻辑关系含糊，按本意应理解为“世界地图上的中国版图部分”，为使译文简洁，可以将“中国版图”省略，后面“四座城市”增补为“四座中国城市”，即译为four Chinese cities。

In the minds of Miao people, the dragon is a symbol of good luck. Girls like best to adorn their hair with silver adornments shaped like dragons, to embroider dragons on their skirts, and to weave dragon patterns on their "weiyao" —beautiful and delicate traditional costumes in the shape of aprons. The Miaos build exquisite dragon boats which, called "Mother-and-Son Boat", consist of three canoes—one large and two small—that are strung together. Each of the carved boat head, more than two meters long decorated with a pair of horns over one meter long, is made from the trunk of a weeping willow tree. These dragon boats are classified into red dragons, blue dragons, and yellow dragons by the dominant color of their heads.

[解析] 1．本段为一般性说明文字，故应采用一般现在时。
   2．第1句的“吉祥如意”为中文四字词组，意指好运，可简单译为good luck。
   3．第3句的“精巧”可译为exquisite或artistic，但不宜译作delicate，因为后者还含有“纤细易损，需小心照料”之意。
   4．为描述方便，第4句与第5句合译。“独木镂空”可译为canoe，贴切原文的意思，英文读者易于理解。
   5．第6句突出龙头长度与壮观，可以以“龙头”(dragon head)为句子主语，将“两米多长”和“装有一对一米多长的龙角”译成补语紧随其后；“装有”可译为decorated with，突出其装饰效果。
   6．第7句的“分”指分类，译为classify，“主色”即主要的颜色，可译为dominant color。
   7．因本段文字的描述核心为“龙”，故翻译“赤龙、青龙、黄龙”时应不惜重复dragon一词，译成red dragons, blue dragons, and yellow dragons，以保留原文的文体特征。

Modem means of transportation, telecommunication and mass media have shortened the geographical distance of the world. The international community appears to be no more than a global village, in which people of all nations experience the inevitable cultural exchanges and clashes, while seeking common development in a harmonious and respectful relationship. I'm with the view that in the modern world. the culture of any nation cannot develop in isolation.
   I believe that different cultures should learn from each other's strengths to offset their own weaknesses. of course, the culture of a nation must withhold its own distinctive national characteristics in extensive exchange with other cultures. Cultural exchange, I think, is by no means a process of losing one's own culture to a foreign culture, but a process of enriching each other's national cultures.

But this time the sound is very low somehow, which is an extremely faint sound, breaking off several times but being taken up once again. On this occasion, I won't even ask my aunt whether she can hear it or not. I doubt there is no bugle at all, which is merely my memory of something I've heard. In addition to a sense of desolation, I also feel scared.
   However, at this moment, someone outside is whistling resoundingly, following the bugle's tune casually. I abruptly get up and bound to the window with joy and empathy, yet having no intention to know who he is, no matter whether he is a resident living upstairs or downstairs in the same apartment block or a passerby on the street.

Yuan Liang is a 65-year-old retired middle school biology teacher. He started to investigate the avifauna in Tianjin area in 1984. Tianjin, the largest port city in North China, is bounded on the north by the Yanshan Mountain and faces the Bohai Sea on the east. In its northeast comer is the National Wetland Nature Conservative Zone and in its south there is a vast water area. Its varied landforms provide an ideal home for many rare birds. Yuan's investigation has been conducted in difficult circumstances. Over the past 15 years, he has accumulated many authentic records and photos, providing valuable first-hand information for avifauna study.

[解析] 1．本文主体信息为描述型，故采用一般现在时作为总体时态。局部采用现在完成时表示结果。
   2．第2句某一地区鸟类资源为avifauna，若不知可译为birds in Tianjing。
   3．第3句为汉语中常见的流水句，若按部就班逐字翻译，译文容易犯冗长琐碎的常见病，即所谓的翻译腔。译文将“中国北方最大的港口城市”用同位语的形式译出，使行文显得简洁。同时将原文中四个方位的地理信息分解成两组，用两个并列句翻译，是翻译汉语长句常用的技法。
   4．译文将“东临渤海湾，北部有燕山山脉”翻译为be bounded on the north by...and faces...on the east更符合英语习惯。
   5．“地貌”按地理学的专业术语应译为geomorphology，若译为landforms也比较贴切。“丰富的”在本句中的意思是“多种多样”，所以不宜译为rich或colourful，译为varied或diversified比较适宜。
   6．“栖息之地”从动物学或生态学的角度看，应译为natural habitat。但从本段的文体特征出发，译为home恰到好处。“难得”在此句中意为“理想的”或“稀罕而不多见的”，根据上下文译为ideal, ideal home搭配恰当，仿佛是从鸟儿们的视角来看天津，措辞恰到好处。
   7．第5句的“观测活动”译为investigation或observation即可，若用activities一词将“活动”译出，则略显机械累赘。
   8．第6句强调主人公经过十五年的勤奋工作业已取得的成就，宜用现在完成时。“观测笔记”翻译时可根据前文省略“观测”，只需译为notes或records即可；“图片资料”按英文的表达习惯通常可译为pictures或photos，本段主要介绍主人公身体力行的观测活动，因而译为photos，并采用增补手法加上定语authentic，一词，明确表明是主人公亲自拍摄的图片。若以materials, documents, literature等词语生硬地将“资料”二字译出，则甚显机械累赘。

These natural phenomena are referred to as phenological phenomena by working people in ancient China. Phenological knowledge has a long history in our country, and it can be found in many farmers' proverbs which were handed down from the ancient times. In modern times the phonological knowledge is used to study agriculture and develops into a science, phenology. It keeps a record of the growth and development of plants and animals, such as the blossoming of peach flowers or the returning of swallows, to facilitate our understanding of the climate change and its impact on flora and fauna.

Primary and secondary schools will impart to you only some rudiments of knowledge. Even what you learn during the four years of university will be something quite superficial too. A university has often been misleadingly referred to as "the highest seat of learning", which sounds as if there were no more learning to speak of beyond it. The research institute of a university, however, is the place for preliminary scholarship. But even there you get only the first taste of learning and the emphasis is on research methodology and practice. Art is long, life is short. That is why some of our ancients continued to study classics into their old age. They were, of course, motivated by an enormous interest in their studies.

[解析] 1．本段总体时态为一般现在时，最后一句话说“古人”，用一般过去时。
   2．第1句选择primary and secondary schools为主语，目的是为了连结下文所讨论的a university和the research institute of a university。
   3．第3句的“学府”可译为seat of learning或institution of higher learning。
   4．“这名称易滋误解”可译为非限制性定语从句which is misleading，高分译文采用了评注性副词misleadingly，结构更为紧凑。
   5．第4句的“所在”和“在这里”是共指关系，可用where引导定语从句与之衔接；高分译文另起一句，前置there以表强调。句中的“藩篱”一词原指篱笆，这里作比喻用，故“初涉藩篱”按“初步体验做学问的乐趣”译为the first taste of learning。