四、英语阅读理解题 阅读下列短文，从每题给出的四个选项中，选出最佳答案。 Insurance is the sharing of risks, Nearly everyone is exposed to risk of some sort. The house owner, for example, knows that his property can be damaged by fire, the ship owner knows that his vessel may be lost at sea; the breadwinner knows that he may die at an early age and leave his family the poorer. On the other hand, not every house is damaged by fire nor every vessel lost at sea. If these persons each put a small sum of money into a pool, there will be enough to meet the needs of the few who do suffer loss, In other words, the losses of the few are met from the contributions of the money. This is the basis of insurance, Those who pay the contribution are known as "insured" and those who administer the pool of contributions as "insurers". Not all risks can be covered by insurance. Broadly speaking, the ordinary risks of business and speculation cannot be covered. The risk that buyers will not buy goods at the prices offered is not of a kind that can be statistically estimated, and risks can only be insured against if they can be so estimated. The legal basis of all insurance is the "policy". This is a printed form of contract. It states that in return for the regular payment by the insured of a certain sum of money, called the "premium", which is usually paid every year, the insurer will pay a sum of money or compensation for loss, if the risk actually happens. The wording of policies, particularly in marine insurance, often seems very old-fashioned, but there is a sound reason of this. Over a large number of years, many law cases have been brought to clear up the meanings of doubtful phrases in policies. The law courts have given these phrases a definite and indisputable meaning, and to avoid future disputes the phrases have continued to be used in polices even when they have passed out of normal use in speech. 请回答问题。
1. According to this passage, insurance is possible because ______.
A.only a small proportion of the insured suffer loss
B.everyone at some time suffers loss
C.nearly everyone suffers loss
D.only insured people suffer loss
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节题。根据第一段第二句“Nearly everyone is exposed to risk of some sort.”可知A、B两项错误。D项“only insured people suffer loss”也与第一段第二句有出入，可知D项错误。故本题选C。
2. The phrase "the pool of contributions" in the first paragraph means ______.
A.the money paid by the insurers
B.the cost of administering insurance
C.the money paid by the insured
D.the amount of each premium
A B C D
C
[解析] 含义题。根据第一段最后一句“Those who pay the contribution are known as 'insured' and those who administer the pool of contributions as 'insurers'”可知A项错误。B项“the cost of administering insurance”是对“those who administer the pool of contributions”的曲解，故错误。premium一词出现在第三段第三句，不在定位范围。故本题选C。
3. The insurance of businesses' ordinary risks is not possible because ______.
A.such risks are very expensive
B.such risks cannot be estimated precisely
C.such risks are too high
D.the premium would be too high
A B C D
B
[解析] 细节题。第二段第二句“Broadly speaking, the ordinary risks of business and speculation cannot be covered.”指出“商业和投机的普通风险是无法涵盖的”这一事实，紧接着下一句说明了原因，即“The risk that buyers will not buy goods at the prices offered is not of a kind that can be statistically estimated”，因此B项正确。A、C、D三项均属无中生有。故本题选B。
4. Old-fashioned wording is sometimes used in insurance policies because ______.
A.law courts have decided not to use fashionable words
B.it is widely accepted by all the insured
C.it enables ordinary people to understand it easily
D.the meaning of such wording has been agreed upon
A B C D
D
[解析] 细节题。根据第三段第六句“The law courts have given these phrases a definite and indisputable meaning”可知，D项为正确答案。其中be agreed upon是该句关键词definite and indisputable的同义替换。A项与原文意思相反，B项说法过于绝对，原文并未提及ordinary people，因此C项错误。
5. It seems that the author thinks the insurance is ______.
A.a form of gambling
B.a way of making money quickly
C.useful and necessary
D.old-fashioned
A B C D
A
[解析] 推断题。文中第一段指出“Insurance is the sharing of risks.”，即“保险是分担风险”，紧接着说明保险的本质。第二段作者指出“并非所有的风险都可以由保险承保”。由此可知，作者认为保险是有风险的，因此A项“a form of gambling”正确。B、C两项属于无中生有，D项原文有所提及，但是其为“The wording of policies often seems very old-fashioned”，并非“the insurance is old-fashioned”，因此D项错误。故本题选A。
The very loans that are supposed to help seniors stay in their homes are in many cases pushing them out. Reverse mortgages, which allow homeowners 62 or older to borrow money against the value of their homes and not pay it back until they move out or die, have long been said with problems. Now, federal and state regulators are documenting new instances of abuse as smaller mortgage brokers, including former sub-prime lenders, flood the market after the recent exit of big banks and as defaults on the loans hit record highs. Some lenders are aggressively recommending loans to seniors who cannot afford the fees associated with them, without mentioning the property taxes and maintenance. Others are wooing seniors with promises that the loans are free money that can be used to finance their long-desired things, without clearly explaining the risks. Some widows were pressured not to have their names on the contract, without being told that they could be left facing foreclosure after their husbands died. Now, as the vast baby boomer generation is entering retirement and more seniors struggle with declining savings, the newly established Consumer Financial Protection Bureau is working on new rules that could mean better disclosure for consumers and stricter supervision of lenders. More than 775,000 of such loans are outstanding, according to the federal government. Concerns about the multi-billion dollar reverse mortgages market echo those raised in the lead-up to the financial crisis when consumers were marketed loans—often carrying hidden risks—that they could not afford. "There are many of the same red flags, including explosive growth and the fact that these loans are often advertised aggressively without regarded to suitability," sad Lori Swanson, the Minnesota attorney general, who is working on reforming the reverse mortgage market. 请回答问题。
6. What can we learn about mortgage loans from the first paragraph? ______
A.The loans are expected to help seniors stay in their homes.
B.The loans are driving all seniors out of their homes.
C.The reverse mortgage only welcomes seniors.
D.Any senior can apply for reverse mortgages.
A B C D
A
[解析] 细节题。根据第一段第一句“The very loans that are supposed to help seniors stay in their homes are in many cases pushing them out.”可知，A项正确。其中expected是第一段第一句关键词supposed的同义替换。B、C两项说法过于绝对。文中提及“Reverse mortgages, which allow homeowners 62 or older to borrow money against the value of their homes”，因此D项“Any senior can apply for reverse mortgages”错误。故本题选A。
7. Which is true about the problem of reverse mortgage? ______
A.Some lenders are unwilling to lend money to seniors.
B.The borrowers cannot pay back the money as expected.
C.Federal and state regulators are documenting the objection.
D.Some lenders go bankrupt.
A B C D
B
[解析] 细节题。根据第二段第一句“Some lenders are aggressively recommending loans to seniors who cannot afford the fees associated with them”可知，B项正确。A项与文意相反，C项与文中信息存在出入，文中说的是“Now, federal and state regulators are documenting new instances of abuse”，并非C项中的“documenting the objection”，因此错误。D项原文未提及，故本题选B。
8. The phrase "facing foreclosure" most probably implies ______.
A.the widows are pressured to lose their own names
B.the widows may be forced to leave their homes
C.the widows have misunderstood the reverse mortgage
D.the widows do not know what their long-desired things are
A B C D
B
[解析] 细节题。根据第二段第三句“Some widows were pressured not to have their names on the contract”可知，A项错误。C、D两项原文未提及。且根据第二段第三句后半部分“without being told that they could be left facing foreclosure after their husbands died.”可推知，B项“寡妇被迫离开家”正确。故本题选B。
9. Which is true about the new rules from Consumer Financial Protection Bureau? ______
A.The rules are good for lenders while bad for borrowers.
B.The rules will help baby boomer seniors to save money.
C.The rules will help consumers better understand reverse mortgage.
D.The rules will be stricter for consumers.
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节题。根据第三段第一句后半部分“the newly established Consumer Financial Protection Bureau is working on new rules that could mean better disclosure for consumers and stricter supervision of lenders.”可知，C项“这些规定将帮助消费者更好地理解反向抵押贷款”为正确答案。A项表达与文中相反，应该是“这些规则对借款人有利，对贷款人不利”。B项原文未提及。D项“这些规定将对消费者更加严格”表述有误，应该是对“贷款人”更严格，因此错误。故本题选C。
10. The "red flags" of reverse mortgage don't include ______.
A.explosive growth
B.the reform of reverse mortgage market
C.little consideration to suitability
D.aggressive and improper marketing
A B C D
B
[解析] 细节题。根据第i段第二句“'There are many of the same red flags, including explosive growth and the fact that these loans are often advertised aggressively without regard to suitability'”可知，A项“爆炸性增长”、C项“很少考虑适用性”和D项“激进且不当的营销”正确。故本题选B。
Imagine you went to a restaurant with your girlfriend, had a burger, paid with a credit card, and left. The next time you go there, the waiter or waitress, armed with your profile data, greets you with, "Hey Joe, how are you? Mary is over there in the seat you sat last time. Would you like to join her for dinner again?" Then you find out that your burger has been cooked and placed on the table. Forget the fact that you are with another date and are on a diet that doesn't include burgers. Sound a little bizarre? To some, this is the restaurant equivalent of the Internet. The Net's ability to profile you through your visits to and interactions at websites provides marketers with an enormous amount of data on you—some of which you may not want them to have. Are you aware that almost every time you access a website you get a "cookie"? Unfortunately, it's not the Mrs. Field's recipe. A cookie on the Internet is a computer code sent by the site to your computer—usually without your knowledge. During the entire period of time that you are at the site, the cookie is collecting information about yourself, including where you visit, how long you stay there, and how frequently you return to certain pages. While this may sound scary enough, cookies aren't even the latest in technology. A new system call I-librarian Alexa—named after the legendary third century B.C. library in Alexandria, Egypt—does even more. While cookies track what you are doing at one site. Alexa collects data on all your web activities, such as which site you visit next, how long you stay there, whether you click on advertisements, etc. All this information is available to marketers, who use it to market more effectively to you. Not only do you not get paid for providing the information, you probably don't even know that you are giving it. 请回答问题。
11. In the restaurant story, the author may most probably think the waiter or waitress was ______.
A.stupid
B.polite
C.considerate
D.annoying
A B C D
D
[解析] 推断题。根据第一段中的“Forget the fact that you are with another date and are on a diet that doesn't include burgers. (忘掉你和另一个约会对象的事实，你正在节食，所以不吃汉堡。)”以及第一段其他内容的描述可以推断出作者对这种做法的态度是负面的。四个选项中，B项“有礼貌的”和C项“体贴的”属于积极意义的词汇，不符合文意，故排除。A项“愚蠢的”和D项“令人讨厌的”相比，“令人讨厌的”更加符合作者当时的心情。故本题选D。
12. The author makes up the restaurant story in order to ______.
A.show the good services offered in some web restaurants
B.criticize some restaurants for the poor services
C.show the Internet's ability to collect data on you
D.prove the incredible power of the Internet to change your diet
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节题。根据题干关键词the restaurant story定位到第二段第二句“The Net's ability to profile you through your visits to and interactions at websites provides marketers with an enormous amount of data on you—some of which you may not want them to have. (通过你在网站上的访问和互动，网络可以对你个人进行介绍，为市场营销人员提供了大量关于你的数据，其中一些你可能不希望他们拥有。)”和C项的“show the Internet's ability to collect data on you(展示互联网收集你个人信息的能力)”意思相符。其他三项，A项“show the good services offered in some web restaurants(展示一些网络餐厅提供的良好服务)”，文章中未提及，属于混淆概念，排除；B项“criticize some restaurants for the poor services(批评一些餐馆服务差)”文章中未提及，无中生有，排除；D项“prove the incredible power of the Internet to change your diet(证明互联网改变你饮食的不可思议的力量)”过度推断，排除，只有C项符合。故本题选C。
13. What can be learned about "cookie"? ______
A.It was created by Mrs. Field.
B.It collects information on you usually without your knowing it.
C.It is a hardware needed to access to your computer.
D.It is the latest in technology.
A B C D
B
[解析] 细节题。根据题干关键词cookie定位到第三段最后“the cookie is collecting information about yourself, including where you visit, how long you stay there, and how frequently you return to certain pages. (cookie收集关于您自己的信息，包括您访问的地方、在那里停留的时间和返回特定页面的频率)”以及第四段最后一句“Not only do you not get paid for providing the information，you probably don't even know that you are giving it. (你不仅不会因为提供信息而得到报酬，你甚至可能都不知道你在提供信息。)”和B项的“It collects information on you usually without your knowing it. (它通常在你不知情的情况下收集你的信息)”意思相符。其他三项，A项“It was created by Mrs. Field. (它是菲尔德夫人创作的)”，文章中未提及，属于混淆概念，排除；C项“It is a hardware needed to access to your computer. (它是访问计算机所需的硬件)”未提及，排除；D项“It is the latest in technology. (这是最新的技术)”和第四段第一句“While this may sound scary enough, cookies aren't even the latest in technology.(虽然这听起来很可怕，但cookie甚至不是最新的技术。)”不符合，排除；只有B项符合。故本题选B。
14. What can be learned about "Alexa"? ______
A.Alexa is named after an ancient hero in Egypt.
B.Alexa is installed in libraries.
C.Alexa can provide all the necessary information about history.
D.Alexa can provide more data to marketers than a cookie.
A B C D
D
[解析] 细节题。根据题干关键词Alexa定位到第四段，最后“the cookie is collecting information about yourself, including where you visit, how long you stay there, and how frequently you return to certain pages. (cookie收集关于您自己的信息，包括您访问的地方、在那里停留的时间和返回特定页面的频率)”以及第四段最后一句“Not only do you not get paid for providing the information, you probably don't even know that you are giving it. (你不仅不会因为提供信息而得到报酬，你甚至可能都不知道你在提供信息。)”和B项的“It collects information on you usually without your knowing it. (它通常在你不知情的情况下收集你的信息)”意思相符，故本题选B。其他三项，A项“Alexais named after an ancient heroin Egypt(亚力克萨是以埃及一位古代英雄的名字命名的)”，和文章中第四段“named after the legendary third century B.C.library in Alexandria, Egypt(以传说中的公元前三世纪埃及亚历山大的图书馆命名)”不相符，属于混淆概念，排除；B项“Alexa is installed in libraries. (安装在图书馆中)”文章未提及，属于过度推断，排除；C项“Alexa can provide all the necessary information about history. (可以提供所有必要的历史信息)”和第四段“Alexa collects data on all your web activities(它可以收集所有网络活动的数据)”不符合，排除；只有D项符合。故本题选D。
15. Which of the following can best reflect the author's attitude towards cookies and Alexa? ______
A.Doubtful.
B.Approving.
C.Welcoming.
D.Optimistic.
A B C D
A
[解析] 态度题。根据题干关键词the author's attitude定位到第四段，最后“you probably don't even know that you are giving it. (你可能甚至都不知道你在付出。)”以及第二段第一句“Sound a little bizarre?(听起来有点奇怪?)”均表达了负面的含义，故A项“怀疑的”符合文意。B项“支持的”、C项“欢迎的”和D项“乐观的”均不符合题意，故本题选A。
The data a bank has stored on its servers is more valuable than the gold in its vaults. Banks enjoy a monopoly over data that has helped them get away with poor services and fend off competitors. In Europe, at least, that is all about to change with a new set of regulations, named PSD2. The rules will compel banks to share data easily with licensed third parties. Bankers in Europe complain that their profits and customer relationships are under threat. However, opening up banks, and the data they store, is good for consumers and competition, New providers will be better placed to offer all sorts of innovative services, such as a one-click option to put unspent monthly income into a pension plan. Nevertheless, some concerns about PSD2 are legitimate. In particular, it is reasonable to wonder about the privacy and security implications of sensitive financial date being shared with third parties. But banks themselves are hardly invulnerable to cyber attacks (网络攻击). And the solutions that the European regulators propose to deal with these worries look promising. Third parties that want to use bank data will need to convince national regulators that their data defenses are solid and are subject to annual regulatory inspections. The gap between writing rules and implementing them is always large. First, consent from customers to provide access to their bank data must be gained explicitly, and the purposes of the data use should be clearly explained. Second, regulators must be very tough both in ensuring that banks open up their infrastructure and in withdrawing the licenses of third parties that break the rules. Third, regulators must also be flexible enough to allow for changes as the market evolves. Since the new entrants will not be licensed to engage in riskier financial activities—such as lending money—it makes sense to regulate them with a lighter touch. But if some Fintech providers do end up becoming systemically important, higher standards of oversight might be necessary. 请回答问题。
16. According to the first two paragraphs, what will banks in Europe be forced to do? ______
A.To keep clients' data safe.
B.To close down the poor services.
C.To give up their data monopoly.
D.To disclose their sources of profits.
A B C D
C
[解析] 推断题。根据题干关键词the first two paragraphs定位到第一和二段，然后根据题干中的“banks in Europe”和“be forced to do”在前两段中寻找相关信息，根据第一段第二句“Banks enjoy a monopoly over data that has helped them get away with poor services and fend off competitors. (银行对数据享有垄断，这帮助它们摆脱了糟糕的服务，并击退了竞争对手。)”以及它的下一句“In Europe, at least, that is all about to change with a new set of regulations, named PSD2. (至少在欧洲，这一切都将随着一套名为PSD2的新法规而改变。)”和第二段的内容，说明因为PSD2的出现银行对数据不再享有垄断，和C项“To give up their data monopoly. (放弃他们对数据的垄断。)”意思相符。其他三项，A项“To keep clients' data safe. (确保客户数据的安全)”，文中未提及，排除；B项“To close down the poor services. (关闭落后的服务。)”文章只提到“get away with poor services(摆脱了糟糕的服务)”，并未提到“关闭”，属于过度推断，排除；D项“To disclose their sources of profits. (披露其利润来源。)”文中未提及，排除；只有C项符合。故本题选C。
17. What can be inferred from passage on the effects of PSD2 in the second paragraph? ______
A.Customers are more likely to enjoy more innovative services.
B.People will no longer go to banks to deposit their money.
C.Service providers do not want to partner with banks.
D.People will receive more pension.
A B C D
C
[解析] 推断题。根据题干关键词the second paragraph定位到第二段，然后根据题干中的“the effects of PSD2”在第二段中寻找相关信息，根据第二段最后一句前半句“New providers will be better placed to offer all sorts of innovative services，(新供应商将更有能力提供各种创新服务，)”和A项“Customers are more likely to enjoy more innovative services. (顾客更有可能享受到更具创新性的服务。)”意思相符，故本题选A。其他三项，B项“People will no longer go to banks to deposit their money. (人们将不再去银行存款。)”，和C项“Service providers do not want to partner with banks. (服务提供商不想与银行合作。)”文中未提及，排除；D项“People will receive more pension. (人们将得到更多的养老金。)”，文中只提到“put unspent monthly income into a pension plan. (把每月未花的收入放入养老金计划。)”，与文意不符，排除。故本题选C。
18. According to paragraph 3, what is the probable reason that privacy concerns about PSD2 are unnecessary? ______
A.Third parties will have to buy fraud insurance.
B.Regulators have come up with promising solutions.
C.Banks' defense against cyber attacks is strong.
D.Third parties will check clients' data monthly.
A B C D
B
[解析] 细节题。根据题干关键词paragraph 3定位到第三段，然后根据题干中的“privacy concerns about PSD2”在第三段中寻找相关信息，根据第三段第四句“And the solutions that the European regulators propose to deal with these worries look promising. (欧洲监管机构提出的解决这些担忧的方案看起来很有希望。)”和B项“Regulators have come up with promising solutions. (监管机构已经提出了有希望的解决方案。)”意思相符。其他三项，A项“Third parties will have to buy fraud insurance. (第三方将不得不购买欺诈保险。)”和D项“Third parties will check clients' data monthly.(第三方将每月检查客户数据。)”文中未提及，排除；C项“Banks' defense against cyber attacks is strong. (银行抵御网络攻击的能力很强。)”文中只提到“banks themselves are hardly invulnerable to cyber attacks. (银行本身也很难免会遭受网络攻击。)”，与文意不符，排除。故本题选B。
19. Which of the following is true in order to successfully implement PSD2? ______
A.Customers are forced to share their bank data.
B.Banks are required to open up their entire operational system.
C.Regulators should be both tough and flexible.
D.Banks and third parties should be regulated with a light touch.
A B C D
C
[解析] 推断题。根据题干关键词successfully implement PSD2定位到第四段，然后根据题干中的“privacy concerns about PSD2”在第三段中寻找相关信息，根据第四段的“regulators must be very tough both...; regulators must also be flexible enough to allow for changes as the market evolves. (监管机构必须对两者都非常严格……；监管机构还必须足够灵活，以适应市场的变化。)”和C项“Regulators should be both tough and flexible. (监管机构应该既强硬又灵活。)”意思相符。其他三项，A项“Customers are forced to share their bank data. (客户被迫分享他们的银行数据。)”和文中的“consent from customers to provide access to their bank data must be gained explicitly(客户同意提供对其银行数据的访问必须得到明确的同意)”相反，排除；B项“Banks are required to open up their entire operational system. (银行被要求开放其整个运营系统。)”，文中仅提到“ensuring that banks open up their infrastructure(确保银行开放基础设施)”，并未提及开放“整个”运营系统，过度推断，排除；D项“Banks and third parties should be regulated with a light touch. (对银行和第三方的监管应该从轻处理。)”文中提及的是“the new entrants(新进入者)”，与文意不符，排除。故本题选C。
20. What is the passage mainly about? ______
A.Challenges facing European regulators.
B.A new regulation in Europe that opens banks to competition.
C.The solutions to the flawed banking system in Europe.
D.A looming threat to customers' private bank data.
A B C D
A
[解析] 主旨题。根据题干关键词mainly about可知要通读全文并总结文章大意，A项“Challenges facing European regulators. (欧洲监管机构面临的挑战。)”与全文意思相符。其他三项，B项“A new regulation in Europe that opens banks to competition. (欧洲出台了一项新法规，允许银行参与竞争。)”只是文章前半部分的叙述，并非对全文的总结，排除；C项“The solutions to the flawed banking system in Europe. (欧洲存在缺陷的银行体系的解决方案。)”，文中仅出台新法规让银行参与到竞争中，并未提及“存在缺陷的银行体系”，过度推断，排除；D项“A looming threat to customers' private bank data.(对客户私人银行数据的潜在威胁。)”与文意不符，排除。故本题选A。
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