Section 1 Vocabulary and Grammar This section consists of 3 parts. Read the directions for each part before answering the questions.
Part 1 Vocabulary Selection In this part, there are 20 incomplete sentences. Below each sentence, there are 4 choices marked by letters A, B, C and D respectively. Choose the word which best completes each sentence. There is only ONE right answer. Blacken the corresponding letter as required on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.
1. I ______ with rage at his offensive remarks, finding it meaningless to argue with such a rude man.
A.quivered
B.quenched
C.quipped
D.quelled
A B C D
A
[考点] 本题考查形式相近的动词语义搭配。 [解析] 本题四个选项皆以qu-作为前缀,后半句意为“觉得跟这样一个粗鲁无礼的人争论毫无意义”,选项中只有quiver(发抖,颤抖)的语义能与with rage(愤怒,生气)构成符合上下文逻辑的搭配,意为“气得发抖”,故只有A选项符合题意。quench(熄灭,平息),quip(讥讽),quell(镇压)皆不符合题意。 参考译文:他无礼的话语气得我发抖,让我觉得和这样一个粗鲁无礼的人争论毫无意义。 词汇拓展: ①quench/quell词语辨析:quench意为“使熄灭”;quell意为“平息”。 e.g.to quench thirst by watching plums望梅止渴。 Soldiers were sent in to quell the riots. 士兵们被派去平息骚乱。 ②相关英语习惯用法:“气得发抖”的常用表达除了quiver with rage,还可以用shake with rage/anger,tremble with anger等。
2. It is imperative that all the accounts of the Property Management Company should be made ______ to all the owners.
A.transient
B.transitive
C.transparent
D.tranquil
A B C D
C
[考点] 本题考查形式相近的形容词语义搭配。 [解析] 本题四个选项皆trans-作为前缀,易引起混淆。本题要抓住accounts(账目)一词,选项中只有transparent(公开透明的)能与其构成符合上下文逻辑的搭配,意为“账目公开”,故只有C选项符合题意。transient(转瞬即逝的),transitive(及物的),tranquil(安静的)皆不符合题意。 参考译文:物业管理公司的所有账目必须向所有业主公开。 语法拓展: 虚拟语气:当表示建议(advisable,proposed)、指令(imperative,demanded)、愿望(desirable,ordered)、个人意见或判断(necessary,important,better,best,urgent,appropriate,decided,arranged,essential,strange)、要求(requested)等词语构成It is... that...结构时,主语从句要用虚拟语气,从句谓语形式为“should+动词原形”或只用动词原形。 词汇拓展: transparent/clear词语辨析:这两个形容词均可表示“透明的”之意。其中transparent指某物完全透明的状态,通过它能清楚地看到其他东西;而clear指视力不受阻碍,强调清晰透彻。 e.g. All of this is transparent to the user.所有这些对用户而言都是透明的。 He has clear blue eyes and a dazzling smile.他有明亮的蓝眼睛和灿烂的微笑。
3. After having been trapped underneath the mine for three consecutive days, the miners became very weak from lack of ______.
A.suspect
B.suspense
C.suspicion
D.sustenance
A B C D
D
[考点] 本题考查形式相近的名词语义搭配。 [解析] 本题四个选项皆sus-作为前缀,意义不尽相同,易引起混淆。由上下文可知,矿工虚弱是由于缺乏食物,只有D选项sustenance(食物,营养)能与lack of构成逻辑上的搭配。suspect(作名词,嫌疑犯),suspense(悬念),suspicion(怀疑),皆不符合题意。 参考译文:矿工们连续三天被困井下,由于缺乏食物,身体变得非常虚弱。 词汇拓展: doubt/suspect/distrust词语辨析:这组词都有“怀疑”的意思,其区别是doubt普通用词,多指因证据不足或仅凭证据还不能肯定而产生怀疑,多含否定意味;suspect指“猜疑”,肯定意味较多;distrust指“怀疑,不信任”。 e.g. No one directly involved with the case doubted him.直接涉及此案的人都没有怀疑他。 The reporters suspect this is a political conspiracy.记者们怀疑这是一个政治阴谋。 I don't have any particular reason to distrust them.我没有任何特殊的理由不信任他们。
4. When being blamed for making trouble in class, the student let out a rude sigh by way of ______.
A.remark
B.retort
C.retail
D.review
A B C D
B
[考点] 本题考查名词语义搭配。 [解析] 本题四个选项皆以re-作为前缀,且都有“说”之意,易引起混淆。本题前半句意为“当这个学生被指责在课堂上捣乱时”,选项中只有retort(反驳)符合rude(粗鲁的)这一修饰词。其余三项remark(评论),retail(讲述),review(评论,回顾)皆不符合题意。 参考译文:当这个学生被指责在课堂上捣乱时,他粗鲁地叹了口气以示反驳。 词汇拓展: ①前缀re-表示“向后,相反,不”。例如: reflect(re+flect弯曲→反弯曲→反射),意为“回想;反射”。 retreat(re+treat拉→拉回来→撤退),意为“后退,撤退”。 也可表示“一再,重新”。例如: recommend(re+commend赞扬→一再赞扬),意为“赞扬;推荐”。 recompense(re+compense补偿),意为“报酬;赔偿”。 ②by virtue of/by way of/by mean of短语辨析:by virtue of指基于某种原因,多半是好的原因,褒义;by way of途经,经由;by mean of指通过某种方式。 e.g. Brazil,Russia,India,China and South Africa became the up-and-coming BRICS by virtue of 2lobalization.由于全球化,巴西、俄罗斯、印度、中国和南非变成崭露头角的“金砖五国”。 Let's go back to high school for a moment, just by way of back ground. 让我们回到高中,去寻找一些相关背景。 By mean of averaging method, the amplitude-frequency response equations in steady state are obtained.采用平均法,得到了稳态运动下的幅频响应方程。
5. ______ assessment is frequently used in teaching to evaluate a student's progress throughout a course of study.
7. She has lived in a ______ for more than 20 years since her husband was killed in an air crash.
A.vase
B.vacuum
C.vacation
D.vapor
A B C D
B
[考点] 本题考查形式相近的名词语义搭配。 [解析] 本题四个选项皆是以va开头的单词,多作为名词使用,意义各异。本题其实考查了vacuum的一个常见搭配,即in a vacuum(在与世隔绝的状态中)。in a vase(在花瓶里),in vapor(在蒸汽中)均不符合上下文逻辑搭配,vacation不能与in搭配。故只有B选项符合题意。 参考译文:自从她丈夫死于空难以来,她一直空落落地生活了20多年。 语法拓展: since引导的时间状语从句的用法:since引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词。一般情况下,从句谓语动词用一般过去时,而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时。本题从句中谓语动词kill为瞬时动词,用了一般过去时,因此主句用了现在完成时,但在It is+时间+since从句的句型中,主句多用一般现在时。 e.g. It is four years since my sister lived in Beijing.我妹妹不在北京住有四年了。 It is five months since our boss was in Beijing.我们老板离开北京有五个月了。 词汇拓展: ①vacuum常见词组搭配:vacuum packing真空包装;vacuum cleaner真空吸尘器,真空清洁器;vacuum equipment真空设备。 ②“与世隔绝”的多种表达:in a world of one's own,be secluded/isolated from the world。
8. Emma used to be a very shy girl, but two years of living abroad has completely ______ her.
A.reformed
B.informed
C.transformed
D.deformed
A B C D
C
[考点] 本题考查形式相近的动词语义搭配。 [解析] 本题四个选项皆以-form作为后缀,易引起混淆。由上下文可知,本题主要考查和人物性格改变有关的单词,首先排除reform(改革)和inform(通知)两个选项,剩下两个选项皆含有“变形”之意,但deform多指不正常的变形,使人或物变得畸形,不符合题意,故只有C选项正确。 参考译文:艾玛曾经是一个非常害羞的女孩,但两年的海外生活使她彻底改变了。 语法拓展: 本题四个单词均以-form(形状,形成)结尾,唯一的区别在于前缀不同,其意义分别是re-“再次”,in-“进,里”,trans-“变”,de-“分离,坏”。考生可以据此大致推断这四个单词的含义,在无法确切了解词汇意义的情况下,有助于提高做题的准确性。 词汇拓展: invert/transform/deform/revert/convert词语辨析:这组词都有“转变”的意思,其区别是invert v.意为“使颠倒,使倒转,使反向”,常常表示位置、顺序、方向等的颠倒;transform v.意为“改变,转变”,指形状、颜色、大小、性质等的改变;deform v.意为“使变形”,指不正常的变形,畸形;revert v.意为“归还,恢复原状”,指回到原来的状态或情形;convert v.意为“转变,变换”,含有“使某人改变观点”的意思。 e.g. The baby inverted the cup and spilled her orange juice. 婴儿把杯子打翻,弄洒了里面的橙汁。 A little paint will soon transform the old house.刷一点油漆很快就会使这所旧房子大为改观。 Bad rheumatoid arthritis deforms limbs.严重的类风湿性关节炎会使肢体畸形。 John gave his brother a house, and when his brother died, ownership reverted back to John. 约翰送给他哥哥一所房子,当他的哥哥去世后,房子的所有权重新归于约翰。 He wants to convert to Catholicism. 他要皈依天主教。
9. United States citizens are now enjoying better dental health, as shown by the declining ______ of tooth decay.
A.accidents
B.incidence
C.prominence
D.consequence
A B C D
B
[考点] 本题考查名词语义搭配。 [解析] 本题后半句意为“如龋齿的______下降所示”,通过逻辑分析可知所缺名词应为“发生率”,而四个选项中只有incidence符合题意。其余三项accidents(事故,意外事件),prominence(突出,显著),consequence(结果;重要性;推论)皆不符合题意。 参考译文:美国公民的牙齿更加健康了,龋齿的发生率下降就说明了这一点。 词汇拓展: ①incidence同根词:incident n.意为“事件,事变,插曲”,incidental n.意为“附带事件,偶然事件;杂项”。 ②incident/accident词语辨析:二者皆可指事件,其区别在于accident多指不幸的事故,incident多指小事件。 e.g. She was involved in a serious car accident last week. 她上个星期卷入了一场严重的车祸。 I think you can weave a story around this incident. 我想你可以围绕这一事件编一个故事。 背景文化拓展: 美国人对牙齿健康非常注重,美国人认为,好的牙齿不仅关乎健康,更是一个社交必备条件。55%的美国人认为在社交场合中,微笑最为关键。73%的美国人认为不管一个人的笑容有多迷人,糟糕的牙齿也会毁了这一切。50%的美国人平均一年会看两次牙医。
10. However much the directors disagree with each other, they always present a ______ front to the other companies.
A.unified
B.tactful
C.bureaucratic
D.confrontational
A B C D
A
[考点] 本题考查考生的单词量以及逻辑思维。 [解析] 本题前半句意为“无论公司董事之间有多大的分歧”,后半句呈现相反的意思,选项中只有unified(统一的)符合题意,且与front(前线)构成符合上下文逻辑的搭配。其余三项tactful(圆滑的),bureaucratic(官僚的),confrontational(对抗的)均不符合题意。 参考译文:无论公司董事之间有多大的分歧,在面对其他公司时,他们总是保持统一战线。 语法拓展: however的两种句型结构: ①however+主语+谓语。 e.g. However you travel,it'll take you at least three days.不管你怎么走,至少要三天。 However you come, be sure to come early. 你不管怎么来,一定要早来。 ②however+形容词或副词+主语+谓语。 e.g. However much he eats, he never gets fat.无论他吃多少,他都不发胖。 However cold it is, she always goes swimming.不管天多冷,她都会去游泳。 有时该结构中的主语和谓语可以有所省略。 e.g. He was of some help, however small. 不管多小的忙,他总能帮些忙。 I refuse, however favorable the condition. 不管条件多好,我都不接受。 词汇拓展: tactful adj. 意为“圆滑的,机智的,老练的”(此词为CET6和TEM8常考词,有一定难度)。同近义词:experienced,diplomatic。 e.g. He had been extremely tactful in dealing with the financial question. 他在处理这个财务问题时一直非常有分寸。
11. Although software has become ______ and significant in our life, the fundamental laws of software development have yet to be discovered.
A.prevalent
B.productive
C.ardent
D.benevolent
A B C D
A
[考点] 本题考查形容词语义搭配。 [解析] 本题四个选项分别是prevalent(普遍的,流行的),productive(多产的),ardent(热烈的),benevolent(仁慈的),只有A选项符合上下文语境。 参考译文:虽然软件己在我们的生活中普遍存在且意义非凡,但是软件开发的基本规律仍需要不断挖掘。 语法拓展: though,although表示“虽然,纵然”之意。这两个连词意思大致相同,在一般情况下可以互换使用。在口语中,though较常使用,although比though正式,二者都可与yet,still或nevertheless连用,但不能与but连用。 e.g. I will remain firm though I must lower my physical sights. 尽管我得降低体育(锻炼)的目标,但我的意志是坚强的。 Though I believe it, vet I must consider. 尽管我相信这一点,但我还得考虑考虑。 Although/Though he was exhausted, he(still)kept on working. 他虽然已经精疲力竭了,但仍然继续工作。 Although/Though he is very old, (yet)he is quite strong. 虽然他年纪大了,但身体还很健壮。 注意:although引导的让步状语从句位于主句之前的情况较多,though引导的让步状语从句可位于主句之前或主句之后。 e.g. She passed the examination though she had not studied very hard. 虽然她不太用功学习,考试却及格了。 词汇拓展: prevalent adj. 意为“流行的;普遍的,广传的”。同近义词:popular,widespread,universal,fashionable,going。
12. The World Health Organization has helped to set up a surveillance system to ______ and control outbreaks of infectious diseases in the poor country.
A.devise
B.delete
C.depart
D.detect
A B C D
D
[考点] 本题考查形式相近的动词语义搭配。 [解析] 本题四个选项皆以de-作为前缀,形式相近,易引起混淆。由本题后半句的“控制传染病的爆发”可推测出前一个动词应为“检测,监测”,故只有D选项detect(侦察,检测)能与outbreaks of infectious diseases(传染病的爆发)构成符合上下文逻辑的搭配。其余三项均不符合题意。 参考译文:世界卫生组织帮助这个贫穷国家建立了一个监测系统,以监测和控制传染病的爆发。 语法拓展: 前缀de-的词根含义为“去掉,取消;向下,减少;否定,相反;离开,分离;加强意义”。例如: devise(de分开+vis分开+e→分离出→想出),意为“设计;想出(办法)”。 delete(de去掉+lete→删除),意为“删除”。 depart(de分开+part部分,分开→部分分开→离开),意为“离开”。 detect(de去掉+tect盖上,掩护→把盖上的打开→检测),意为“侦察,检测”。 词汇拓展: detect/discover/ascertain/find词语辨析:这组词都有“发现”的意思,其区别是detect为正式用词,强调经过周密观察或研究而有所获得和发现,尤指发现有意隐藏之物;discover为普通用词,指发现本来存在,但是未被认识的事物、真理或情况;ascertain为较正式用词,指有意搜寻与发现;find为普通用词,可指偶然发现,也可指经过寻找后得到或重新获得已失去的东西,强调动作的结果。 e.g. No light escapes from a black hole—we can only detect them by their effects on nearby matter. 没有光可以逃过黑洞——我们只能通过它们对周围事物上的效果来探测它们。 We all look forward to the day when the scientists can discover more secrets of the universe. 我们都向往那一天:科学工作者能发现更多的宇宙秘密。 Once they had ascertained that he was not a spy, they agreed to release him. 一旦查明他不是间谍,他们就同意释放他。 The police also found a pistol.警察还发现了一把手枪。
13. There is a widespread consensus that we should respect the independence, sovereignty, unity and ______ integrity of every nation.
14. The Silk Road was not simply a trade ______. It also played an important role in promoting friendly relations and economic and cultural exchanges between China and other countries.
18. Winston Churchill found ______ in painting in 1921 when the death of his mother was followed by the loss of his beloved three-year-old daughter.
A.solemnity
B.solace
C.sojourn
D.solitude
A B C D
B
[考点] 本题考查形式相近的名词语义理解。 [解析] 本题四个选项皆是以so开头的名词,考生易混淆。通过上下文的逻辑分析可知,一般在家人去世后,人为了缓解悲痛,会寻求“安慰或慰藉”,故B选项solace符合题意。其余三项solemnity(庄严),sojourn(逗留),solitude(孤独,隐居)均不符合题意。 参考译文:1921年,温斯顿·丘吉尔相继失去了母亲和心爱的三岁女儿后,在作画中找到了一些慰藉。 词汇拓展: solace n. 意为“安慰;慰藉;安慰之物”。同近义词:comfort,relief,consolation。
19. When living in England, people should be aware that English people are, by temperament, often ______ and may be unwilling to start a conversation.
A.observed
B.preserved
C.conserved
D.reserved
A B C D
D
[考点] 本题考查形式相近的形容词语义搭配。 [解析] 本题四个单词均以-serve结尾,考生易混淆,尤其是conserve,preserve,reserve三者作动词时,意思相近,考生更容易误选。 通过上下文推测可知,只有D选项reserved(矜持的,内敛的)描述人的性情,符合题意。其余三项observed与conserved不能作形容词,二者分别意为“观察”“保护”。preserved作为形容词意为“防腐的”,均不符合题意。 参考译文:在英国生活时,人们应该意识到,英国人的性情通常比较内向,不愿主动开口交谈。 语法拓展: 本题四个单词均以-serve(=keep保持,保留;服务)结尾,唯一的区别在于前缀不同。其意义如下:ob-“加强动作”,pre-“预先”,con-“全部”,re-“再次”。如在无法确切了解词汇意义的情况下,考生可以据此大致推断这四个单词的含义,有助于提高做题的准确性。 词汇拓展: conserve/reserve/preserve词语辨析:conserve意为“保存,储藏”,强调采取措施精心保护某物,防止不必要的浪费、损失或变化。reserve意为“留存(资金,人力,原料等),保留(权力等)”。preserve意为“保存,维持”,后面常接介词in。 e.g. He is conserving his energy for the last twenty-meter dash. 他正在为最后的20米冲刺保存实力。 Reserve enough money for your home fare. 留足你回家的路费。 The ship is equipped with special refrigerating devices to preserve food for the whole voyage.船上设有特殊冷藏设备,以便在整个航程中保存食物。
20. According to the latest survey, the majority of people who keep ______ to New Scientist are mainly young men who are ready to keep abreast of advances in science and technology.
Part 2 Vocabulary Replacement This part consists of 20 sentences. In each of them one word is underlined, and below each, there are 4 choices marked by letters A, B, C and D respectively. Choose the word that can replace the underlined part without causing any grammatical error or changing the basic meaning of the sentence. There is only ONE right answer. Blacken the corresponding letter as required on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.
1. Rumors of the presidential candidate's past transgressions have begun to spring up.
A.suspense
B.scandals
C.expenses
D.sandals
A B C D
B
[考点] 本题考查词义辨析。 [解析] 本题选项设置了两对形近词,A选项意为“焦虑;兴奋;悬念”,B选项意为“丑闻”,C选项意为“花费;消耗”,D选项意为“凉鞋;草带鞋”。题干替换词意为“违犯道德(或行为)准则”,故B选项最为接近,为正确答案。题干中rumors,presidential candidate,past等词都提示了答案需为一种“目前”光鲜亮丽的“公众人物”的负面传闻。D选项与原句语义完全无关,可排除,A从语义上也讲不通,没有人会传播一个关于主观情绪的谣言,对其政治前途并无影响。可能有部分考生会过分推断,认为C选项意味着和钱财有关的犯罪,但expenses本身只指花费。 参考译文:有关总统候选人过去越轨行为的谣言开始出现。 词汇拓展: ①transgress中trans-前缀表示“横过,越过”,-gress表示“行走”,加起来表示越过道德的边界。 ②scandal可作可数名词或不可数名词,表示丑闻、丑行的具体事件是可数的。常见的动词搭配有spread scandal,to cause a scandal,to create a scandal。也可用在句型中,如It is a scandal that...,注意只能用单数形式。 e.g. a series of sex scandals一系列性丑闻 It is a scandal that such a university has no student union. 这样的一所大学,竟然没有学生会,简直就是瞎说。
2. Some urban residents retire to the country resort to enjoy the tranquility of the fields on weekends.
A.affinity
B.variety
C.serenity
D.identity
A B C D
C
[考点] 本题考查词义辨析。 [解析] 本题四个选项是以-ty结尾的四个名词,在原句中与enjoy组成动宾搭配。A选项意为“亲密关系;类似”,B选项意为“多样,变化”,C选项意为“静谧;安宁”,D选项意为“身份,同一性;个性”。题干替换词意为“安宁;平静;安静;平稳”,因替换词后有of the fields...,所以C选项最符合上下文逻辑,为正确答案。urban,country resort,retire to,enjoy等词构成的语义场也应该引起重视,对解题有帮助。 参考译文:一些城市居民周末到乡村度假胜地享受田野的宁静。 词汇拓展: ①tranquility意为“平静,安宁”。同义词:quietness,quietude。还可指一种没有压力、情绪的状态。同义词:repose,quiet,placidity,serenity。 ②affinity用法比较正式,复数形式为affinities。表示“喜好,喜爱”时常常是因为理解对方而产生,仅可用单数。表示“密切关系”时,指的是具有相近的特质、结构或特点。 e.g. Sam was born and raised in the suburban area and had a deep affinity with nature. 萨姆在近郊出生长大,特别喜爱大自然。 There is a close affinity between Polish and Russian.波兰语和俄语关系密切。
3. Although salmon may travel hundreds of miles from where they were spawned, they will ultimately return there to lay eggs.
A.probably
B.apparently
C.reluctantly
D.eventually
A B C D
D
[考点] 本题考查近义词辨析。 [解析] 通过分析原句并列句关系词although及之后的hundreds of miles from...return...可知,替换副词应该表达时间、方式、地点、作者态度等,综合全句语义,应为“费尽周折,历尽艰难”之意。A选项意为“大概,或许,很可能”,B选项意为“似乎;据说,看来;实际上”,C选项意为“不情愿地,勉强地”,D选项意为“终究;终于,最后;总归”。题干替换词意为“最终,基本上”,D选项与之最为接近,为正确答案。 参考译文:尽管鲑鱼可能会从产卵地游出数百英里,但它们最终会返回那里产卵。
4. If you are not temperate in your eating in spring, you may gain excessive weight and look obese in summer.
A.restrained
B.succinct
C.tempered
D.restraint
A B C D
A
[考点] 本题考查形近词及近义词辨析。 [解析] A选项意为“克制的;朴素的”,与之容易混淆的D选项为名词,意为“限制,约束”,B选项意为“简明的,简洁的,简练的”,C选项意为“调节的,缓和的;调和的;温和的;适中的”。替换词意为“适度的;有节制的;(气候)温和的”,A选项最为接近,为正确答案。本题替换部分和C选项形似,似乎也有相近的意思,但是从eating(吃东西),gain... weight,look obese(长肉、超重)等词寻找上下文之间的逻辑关系,再根据常识推断,应该是吃东西“不节制”才对,而不是“温和,适中”。 参考译文:如果你在春天吃东西不节制,你的体重会大大增加,到夏天就看起来很肥胖。 词汇拓展: ①restrained可作前置限定词也可以作表语。 e.g. her restrained smile她克制的微笑 The costumes and lighting in Yang Dechang's movie were restrained. 杨德昌电影里的用光和服装都很朴实。 ②restraint表示“限制,规定”的意思时,近义词有restriction,constraint,limitation。但它们有细微差别: restraint指现存的限制或制约因素,可能是由于他人的决定而存在于自身之外的限制,也可能是由于担心别人的想法而自设的限制。 e.g.moral/social/cultural restraints道德/社会/文化制约因素 restriction指掌权者所作的限制规定或法规。 constraint指现存的,也可能是由于某人的决定而存在的限制或约束。 limitation较通用,可指人为的规定,也可指客观存在的构成限制的事实或情况。
5. The police confirmed that the investigation into this case has made substantive progress and the result would be made public soon.
A.solid
B.subservient
C.subsequent
D.subordinate
A B C D
A
[考点] 本题考查形近词辨析。 [解析] 四个选项均以S开头,其中三个选项和替换部分都sub-开头,有记忆困难。A选项意为“固体的;坚实的”,B选项意为“恭顺的;次要的”,C选项意为“随后的”,D选项意为“附属的”。题干替换词意为“实质性的,大量的”,A选项最为接近,为正确答案。本题题干的情境为调查(某件事情)推进到了一定程度。由很快结果就会公布,可推知进展非常顺利,接近于揭示真相。C、D两项不能与progress搭配,而B答案填入后与题意不符。 参考译文:警方确认,本案调查取得实质性进展,调查结果将很快公布。 词汇拓展: ①solid大家比较熟悉的意思是“坚固的,非空心的”,此处要注意熟词生义“有牢固的基础,人们可以依赖的(证据、基础等抽象名词)”。 e.g. In writing,you should provide solid evidence to support your statement. 写作时你应该拿出有力的证据支撑你的观点。 People doubted whether there is a solid foundation for their long-distance relationship. 人们怀疑他们异地恋是否有坚实的基础。 ②subservient表达“从属于,次要的”,正式用语。当表示“恭顺的;驯服的”的意识时,有谄媚之意,贬义。 e.g. The needs of individuals were subservient to those of the group as a whole.个人的需要服从于整个集体的需要。 The press was accused of being subservient to the government. 有人指责新闻界一味迎合政府的旨意。
6. Falsification of data can be a retrogressive and corrupt activity that is serious and dangerous for any company, institute or government.
A.recessive
B.recipient
C.receptacle
D.rectangular
A B C D
A
[考点] 本题考查形近词辨析。 [解析] 本题要替换原句中的一个形容词来修饰名词行动,因此此题虽有一定的难度,但若平时积累词汇时注意记忆词性后缀尤其是一些例外情况,就可以排除B、C两个选项。A选项意为“有倒退倾向的,逆行的;(遗传特征)隐性的”,B选项是名词,意为“受方,接受者”,C选项是名词,意为“容器”,D选项意为“长方形的,矩形的”。题干替换词意为“倒退的”。故A为正确选项。 参考译文:伪造数据可能是一种倒行逆施的腐败行为,对任何公司、机构或政府来说都很严重和危险。 词汇拓展: receptacle n. 正式用语,意为“容器,放置物品的地方”。搭配:receptacle for sth. 。 e.g. The seas have been used as a receptacle for a range of rubbish. 海洋成了各种垃圾的大容器。
7. Unsure of his welcome at the Christmas party, Scrooge took a tentative step into his nephew's drawing room.
A.persuasive
B.decisive
C.tortuous
D.hesitant
A B C D
D
[考点] 本题考查近义词辨析。 [解析] A选项意为“有说服力的”,B选项意为“决定性的;坚决的”,C选项意为“拐弯抹角的;含混不清的;弯弯曲曲的”,D选项意为“犹豫的,踌躇的”。题干中的unsure已经给出了足够的暗示,一个心怀忐忑的人,会迈出怎样的步伐呢?了解圣诞节和亲属关系在西方人生活中的地位也对解题有帮助。替换词意为“不确定的;踌躇的,犹豫的”。B明显违背原意,A、C不能与脚步搭配,故D为正确选项。 参考译文:担心别人是否欢迎自己参加圣诞聚会,斯克鲁奇试探着迈进了侄子的客厅。 词汇拓展: ①tentative表示“不确定的,不肯定的;暂定的”,不指人的态度,是指安排、协议等。当指“踌躇的;犹豫不定的;不果断的”时,意同hesitant。 e.g. tentative conclusions初步结论 The young couple made a tentative arrangement to honeymoon in Venice. 这对小夫妻暂定去威尼斯度蜜月。 I'm taking the first tentative steps towards financial independence. 我试探性地开始经济独立。 ②tortuous可指“(道路)弯弯曲曲的”,当指语言、过程等“转弯抹角的,复杂的”时,常是贬义。 e.g. tortuous language含混不清的语言
8. The party leaders doubted that they had enough votes in both houses of Congress to ratify the constitutional amendment.
A.denounce
B.deny
C.approve
D.deliberate
A B C D
C
[考点] 本题考查词义辨析。 [解析] A选项意为“告发;公开指责;正式指控;通告废除”,B选项意为“否认”,C选项意为“批准,通过”,D选项意为“蓄意,故意;仔细考虑”。通过语境分析,结合百科知识,原句语义大概是参众两院对宪法修正案进行某种“决议”,题干替换词意为“批准,认可”,故选C。 参考译文: 政党的领导人怀疑他们能否在国会两院都拿到足够的票数来通过宪法修正案。 词汇拓展: ①ratify意为“正式批准;使正式生效”。名词:ratification。 e.g. The law was ratified by National People's Congress. 这部法律得到了全国人大的批准。 ②approve表示“赞成,同意”。搭配:approve of sb. /sth.。 e.g. Zhu Yingtai told her family she didn't want to marry Ma, but they didn't approve. 祝英台告诉家人说她不想嫁给马公子,但是他们不同意。 Zhu's family don't approve of her idea. 祝小姐的家人不同意她的意见。 也可以表示“批准,通过(计划、要求等)”。 e.g. The committee unanimously approved the Five Year Plan. 委员会一致通过了五年计划。 ③deliberate意为“蓄意;仔细考虑”,该词词性比较复杂,可以用作形容词、及物动词与不及物动词。 e.g. The conversation was a deliberate attempt to embarrass the poor boy. 这番谈话就是要让那个穷小伙难堪。 The committee deliberated for several weeks before granting him scholarship for studying abroad. 委员会认真讨论了好几周,才给他发了出国留学奖学金。
9. Not all sounds made by animals serve as languages, and we have only to turn to the discovery of echo-location in bats to see a case in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarian one.
A.meticulous
B.reclusive
C.emotional
D.practical
A B C D
D
[考点] 本题考查词义辨析。 [解析] A选项意“细心的;小心翼翼的”;B选项意为“隐遁的,隐居的”;C选项意为“动情的,感情脆弱的”;D选项意为“实用的”。题干替换词意为“功利;功利主义者”。D选项与其意思最接近。替换词可以通过utili-(用)记忆,该前缀常见单词有utility, utilize,utilization等。C和D选项为熟词熟义。 参考译文:并非所有动物发出的声音都是语言,我们只需通过蝙蝠回声定位的例子就知道它们的声音完全是实用型的。 词汇拓展: meticulous搭配:meticulous in sth.,meticulous in doing sth.,meticulous about sth. e.g. meticulous planning周密的计划 meticulous records详细的记录 meticulous research一丝不苟的研究 meticulous care非常细心 He's always meticulous in keeping the records up to date. 他总是十分细心地补充最新的资料。
10. Principally, the banker-customer relationship is that of creditor and debtor—who is which depending on whether the customer's account is in credit or is overdrawn.
A.Primarily
B.Presently
C.Promptly
D.Prudently
A B C D
A
[考点] 本题考查词义辨析。 [解析] A选项意为“主要地,根本地”,B选项意为“此刻,眼下”,C选项意为“迅速,立即”,D选项意为“审慎地;精明地”。题干替换词意为“主要地”。故A选项为正确答案。副词用在句首,常常表达对整句话的见解和立场,或者修饰句中动词。通看全句可知,替换部分指的是对债权债务关系的判断。这是商业银行业务关系中的重要前提,所以选择A。 参考译文:银行与客户的关系主要是债权人和债务人的关系,谁是债权人谁是债务人,要看客户的账户是盈余还是亏空。 词汇拓展: ①principally和primarily都有“主要地”的意思,此时它们的同义词为mainly/chiefly。 e.g. The coupon is aimed principally at customers with tighter budget. 优惠券主要是针对囊中羞涩的顾客的。 a course designed primarily for language researchers主要为语言研究人员开设的课程 ②presently表示“马上就己发生了”时,通常置于句首,表示“即将发生”时,通常置于句末。 e.g. Presently, the princess woke up again. 不久,公主再次醒了过来。 The landlord will be here presently. 房东马上就到了。
11. Living in a world in which undeclared aggression, war, hypocrisy, and anarchy are part of our daily lives, we all want a code to live by.
A.taboo
B.vulgarity
C.pretence
D.sensation
A B C D
C
[考点] 本题考查词义辨析。 [解析] 原句语义为人们需要一种生活的准则,或者起示范作用的先例。替换词是一个名词,在原句里是能与aggression,war,anarchy等相提并论的大问题。A选项意为“禁忌”,B选项意为“粗俗,庸俗;下流”,C选项意为“假装,虚伪”,D选项意为“感觉,知觉”。题干替换词意为“伪善,虚伪”。显然C为正确答案。 参考译文: 生活在一个让不宣而战、战争、虚伪和无政府状态成为我们日常生活的一部分的世界里,我们都希望有一个准则可以遵循。 词汇拓展: ①hypocrisy意为“伪善,虚伪(贬义)”。 e.g. Sam cannot put up with the hypocrisy of his roommates. 山姆受不了室友们的虚伪。 ②anarchy意为“混乱;无政府状态;无秩序”,表示状态是不可数名词。 e.g. There was complete anarchy in the house when the parents were away. 父母不在家,家里一片混乱。 ③pretense(同pretence)意为“假象;伪装;虚伪的表现”。搭配:pretense of sth./of doing sth.,pretense that-clause。 e.g. under/on false pretences以欺诈手段,以虚假的借口 Her affection was only pretence. 她的感情只不过是装出来的。
12. Although our faith in many of the things in which our forefathers fervently believed has weakened, our confidence in the curative properties of medicine remains the same.
13. A man without an education, many of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances, deprived of many great opportunities in this changing world.
15. There is only one difference between a young man and an old one: the young man has a glorious future before him and the old one has a splendid future behind him, and maybe that is where the difference lies.
A.quintessence
B.hinge
C.prerequisite
D.distinction
A B C D
D
[考点] 本题考查词义辨析。 [解析] A选项意为“典范,精华”,B选项意为“合页”,C选项意为“先决条件,前提;必备条件”,D选项意为“区别”。题干替换词意为“区别”,正确答案是其常见的近义词。 参考译文:年轻人和老年人只有一个区别:前者面前有一个辉煌的未来,后者身后有一个辉煌的未来,也许这就是区别所在。 词汇拓展: ①quintessence意为“典范;范例”时,近义词为example,不过quintessence更正式,程度更高。搭配:the quintessence of sth.。意为“精髓;精华”时,近义词为essence。 e.g. It was the quintessence of the traditional Chinese architecture. 那是典型的中国传统建筑样式。 ②hinge可以作名词,意为“铰链;合页”,也有其相关的动词义“给(某物)装铰链”,其搭配为hinge on/upon sth.,表示“行动、结果等有赖于;取决于”。 e.g. Everything hinges on the outcome of the negotiations with the exporter. 一切都取决于和出口商谈判的结果。 His academic success hinges on how well he does at the doctoral program. 他的学业成就要看博士阶段的表现。 ③prerequisite正式用语,意为“先决条件;前提;必备条件”。搭配:prerequisite for/of/to sth.。 e.g. A bachelor's degree is an essential prerequisite for the employment. 要想受聘,得有大学学士学位。
16. Their belief in redistribution and central planning reveals a strong urge to stifle opportunities and a mistrust of individual empowerment.
A.suppress
B.surrender
C.support
D.summon
A B C D
A
[考点] 本题考查形近词辨析。 [解析] A选项意为“镇压;压制”,B选项意为“投降”,C选项意为“支持”,D选项意为“传唤;召唤;召集”。题干替换词意为“抑止;克制”。后文的a mistrust of individual empowerment,表明stifle的替换词需要有一种负面意义。除了语义,B、C、D也不能与原句中的opportunities搭配。 参考译文:他们信奉再分配和计划经济,暴露出他们扼杀机会的强烈愿望并对个人赋权的不信任。
17. Because the progress of a particular kind is actually taking place around us and is becoming more and more manifest, the idea of progress prevails in the modern world.
A.abstains
B.sweeps
C.heightens
D.bewilders
A B C D
B
[考点] 本题考查词义辨析。 [解析] A选项意为“戒绝;抑制”,B选项意为“迅速传播;席卷”,C选项意为“(使)加强;(使)增加”,D选项意为“使迷惑,使糊涂”。题干替换词意为“盛行;获胜;流行”。本题可从语义、搭配、动词及物与不及物来综合判断正确答案。 参考译文:周围确实发生着某种特定的改变,并且日益显现出来,所以进步的思想在现代世界盛行。 词汇拓展: ①abstain意为“戒绝;抑制”,后常跟from。 e.g. The physician told me to abstain from drinking beer. 医生让我戒啤酒。 ②sweep是一个常见词,但是词义非常多,要在翻译、写作、阅读时逐步掌握。 意为“扫;掸;打扫,清扫”。 e.g. I swept rainwater off my goggles. 我拂去了我护目镜上的雨水。 意为“梳,拢(头发)”。 e.g. stylish ways of sweeping your hair off your face露出脸形的时髦发式意为“(使)(手臂)挥动”。 e.g. The champion's arm swept around the court. 冠军伸出手臂绕着网球场挥了一圈。意为“(风,汹涌的海水等)掠过,横扫”。 e.g. After the earthquake landslides buried homes and swept cars into the river. 地震后山体 滑坡掩埋了人们的家园,汽车被冲入河里。 意为“(事件、思想、信仰等)迅速传播,席卷”。 e.g. A bird flu epidemic is sweeping through East Asia. 禽流感正在东亚迅速蔓延。
18. A young man sees a sunset and, unable to understand or to express the emotion that it rouses in him, concludes that it must be the gateway to a world that lies beyond.
A.arouses
B.inflames
C.refreshes
D.ferments
A B C D
A
[考点] 本题考查近义词辨析。 [解析] A选项意为“唤起,引起,激起”,B选项意为“激起……的强烈感情; (尤指)使愤怒,使激动”,C选项意为“使恢复精力;提醒;刷新”,D选项意为“发酵;骚乱,纷扰”。题干替换词意为“唤醒;激起;产生兴趣”,难点在区分A、B选项,B选项重在激起某人的某种感觉、情绪(尤指愤怒激动),而不是句中替换词所搭配emotion。 参考译文:一个年轻人看到日落,无法理解或表达心中所激起的情感,他最终认为日落一定是通向另一个世界的大门。 词汇拓展: ①arouse意为“唤起,引起(反应或态度);激起(感情或直觉)”。 e.g. The spy left in the daytime so as not to arouse suspicion. 间谍在白天离开以避免引起怀疑。 There is nothing like swimming to arouse the appetite. 没有什么比游泳更能激起食欲的了。 ②rouse正式用语,意为“激起(某种情感)”,也可以指“激怒;使激动”,常用被动语态。 e.g. What roused the detective's suspicions?(=What made the detective suspicious?)侦探是怎么起疑心的? Evelyn is not easily roused. 艾佛琳不容易激动。
19. Our knowledge of the oceans a hundred years ago was confined to the two-dimensional shape of the sea surface and the hazards of navigation in depth of the shallow water close to the land.
A.insulated
B.imprisoned
C.secluded
D.restricted
A B C D
D
[考点] 本题考查近义词辨析。 [解析] A选项意为“隔绝;隔离;绝缘”,B选项意为“监禁;关押”,C选项意为“使与……隔离,与……隔绝;(使)隐居,独处”,D选项意为“限制”。题干替换词意为“限定;禁闭”。通看上下文,替换部分动词所搭配的是knowledge(知识),A、B选项比较容易排除。单看汉语解释,辨析C、D选项有一定的难度,但是句中的a hundred years ago暗指当时人们的了解不够深入,而不是“隔绝不相通”。 参考译文:一百年前,我们的海洋知识仅限于海面的二维形状,以及在靠近陆地的浅水深处航行的危险。 词汇拓展: ①seclude意为“与……隔离,与……隔绝;(使)隐居,独处”,正式用语,指的是不与他人接触。搭配:seclude yourself/sb. from sb./sth.。 ②confine意为“限制;限定”。搭配:confine sb./sth. to sth.。常用被动语态,指的是限定某人某事在一定的活动、主题、区域内。 e.g. I suggest that the student confine her data collection to the past 2 decades. 我建议这名学生把自己数据收集的范围限定在过去二十年。
20. Parents are often upset when their children praise the homes of their friends and regard it as a slur against their own things, and are foolish enough to let the adolescents see that they are annoyed.
A.slaughter
B.slap
C.stigma
D.sting
A B C D
C
[考点] 本题考查词义辨析。 [解析] 四个选项均以s开头,其中A、B选项最为相似,C、D选项可归为一组,题干句子中的upset,foolish,annoyed等词都有负面的含义,而起因只是孩子赞美了别人的家,regard...as...against...也体现了对立的意思,因此替换处语义应为赞赏态度的反面,与C选项最为接近。A选项意为“屠杀;杀戮”,B选项意为“打;掴掌;随意扔放”,C选项意为“耻辱”,D选项意为“刺伤;剧痛”。题干替换词意为“诽谤;诋毁;污辱”。 参考译文:当孩子称赞朋友的家并因此认为自己的家很差时,家长常常会生气,还很愚蠢地让青少年看到自己的恼怒。 词汇拓展: ①slur作为“诽谤;诋毁;污辱”的意义讲时,可以作动词和名词。 e.g. We don't need to care about the slur cast on our character. 我们不用在意对我们人品的诋毁。 ②slap作为名词和动词都有很多短语搭配: e.g. a slap in the face 一记耳光;侮辱;打击 a slap on the wrist (非正式)警告;轻微的惩罚 slap sb. about/around (非正式)常常打,动辄殴打(某人) e.g. Her ex-husband used to slap her around. 她的前夫过去动不动就打她。
Part 3 Error Correction This part consists of 20 sentences. In each of them there is an underlined part that indicates a grammatical error, and below each, there are 4 choices marked by letters A, B, C and D respectively. Choose the word or phrase that can replace the underlined part so that the error is corrected. There is only ONE right answer. Blacken the corresponding letter as required on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.
1. Some people find extremely difficult to get up early in the morning and do not seem able to get going very well until afternoon.
A.find extremely difficult getting up early
B.find to get up early is extremely difficult
C.find it extremely difficult getting up early
D.find it extremely difficult to get up early
A B C D
D
[考点] 本题重点考查代词it作形式宾语的用法。 [解析] it在句中不仅能代指名词,也能在某些动词的规范句型中作形式宾语代指不定式。画线部分中及物动词find后面缺形式宾语,如果find作谓语动词时后面跟上形容词和不定式,那么其规范句式是find it+adj. +to do sth.。因此find后面须有一个代词it。四个选项中,只有D选项符合find it+adj. +to do sth.句式。 参考译文:有些人感觉早起非常困难,直到下午才恢复过来。 语法拓展: 代词it作形式宾语的基本句式结构: ①动词+it+that-clause。 e.g. I take it(that)he will come on time. 我认为他会准时来的。 ②动词(find/think/consider/make...)+it+adj./n.+to do/doing。 e.g. He makes it a rule never to borrow money. 他立志决不向别人借钱。 I think it no need talking about it with them. 我认为没必要跟他们谈。 I don't feel it difficult to understand the Special English. 我觉得理解慢速英语并不难。 ③动词+prep.+it+that-clause。 e.g. I can't answer for it that he will come. 我不能保证他会来。 You may rely on it that he'll come to meet you. 你放心,他会来接你的。 说明:能用于此结构的动词不多,常见的有see to,look to,insist on,stick to,depend on,answer for等。that引导的宾语从句不能直接作介词的宾语。 ④动词+it+介词短语+that-clause。 e.g. We owe it to you that there wasn't a serious accident. 多亏了你才没有发生严重事故。 I took it for granted that he would help us. 我认为他会帮助我们的。 ⑤动词+it+when/if-clause。 e.g. I hate it when my mother asks me to eat eggs. 我讨厌母亲要我吃鸡蛋。 I dislike it when you whistle. 我不爱听你吹口哨。 I really appreciate it if you could help me with my math. 如果您能给我指点一下数学,我将感激不尽。 I'd prefer it if I didn't have to do so much work. 要是我不必做那么多工作,那就太好了。 注意:能用于此结构的动词不多,常见某些表示“喜、怒、哀、乐”的动词,如:enjoy,hate,love,like,dislike,appreciate,prefer等。
2. The name of a book can not be shown by double quotes. But should use italics.
A.name of a book should use italics rather than double quotes
B.title of a book should not be double quotes. Instead, we should use
C.title of a book should not be in quotation marks. Rather, it should be in
D.name of a book cannot be enclosed with double quotes. But should use
A B C D
C
[考点] 本题重点考查常见副词的用法。 [解析] 画线部分中but后面的句子缺乏主语。英语句子一般由主语+谓语构成,缺一不可。四个选项中,A选项初看好像是对的,但实际上因为句子的主语是书名,与动词use不能形成语义搭配。B选项中第二个句子的主语出现了变化,与第一句的主语没有保持一致,因为这两个句子都是在讲书名应该怎样书写,突然更换主语是不适宜的,会造成语义上下不衔接。D选项和画线部分是同样的错误,即第二个句子没有主语。C选项中前后两个句子的意思形成对比,主语没有出现变更,而且第二句是对第一句的纠正,故是正确的答案。 参考译文:书名不应该用引号,而应该用斜体字。 语法拓展: rather作为副词,有多种意义,尤其要注意下面的意义及用法。 ①rather adv.意为“而是;更确切地说;还不如说;相反”。 e.g. Twenty million years ago, Idaho was not the arid place it is now. Rather, it was warm and damp,populated by dense primordial forest. 2000万年前,爱达荷州并不像现在这样干旱。相反,那时的爱达荷州温暖潮湿,有大片的原始森林。 ②or rather意为“更确切地说”。 e.g. She lives in London, or rather she lives in a suburb of London. 她住在伦敦,更确切地说,是在伦敦近郊。 I explained to him how far things had got, or rather had not got. 我向他说明形势发展到何种程度,更确切地说,向他说明形势没有发展到何种程度。
3. Since the IQ test was created from the point of view of Europeans, people of other races sometimes scored comparatively higher.
A.Whereas
B.Nevertheless
C.Though
D.Whatever
A B C D
C
[考点] 本题重点考查引导状语从句的连词。 [解析] 这是一个主从复合句,是让步与转折关系,而不是因果关系,因此画线部分中连词使用错误。四个选项中nevertheless经常用作副词,其余三个都是连词,都可以引导状语从句。但whereas作连词时用以比较或对比两个事实,意思是“然而”。whatever作连词使用时也可以引导让步状语从句,但意思是“不管什么,无论什么”,故C选项是正确的答案。 参考译文:虽然智商测试是从欧洲人的角度设计的,但是其他种族的人在测试中有时得分较高。 语法拓展: 英语中though,whatever,whereas都能引导状语从句,但在语义上容易给学习者造成混淆,而nevertheless是副词,不能引导从句,但可以放在句首或句中。 ①nevertheless adv. 意为“不过;然而;仍然;尽管如此”。 e.g. There had been no indication of any loss of mental faculties. His whole life had nevertheless been clouded with a series of illnesses. 没有迹象表明他的智力受到了损害,但是他的一生却是疾病缠身。 ②whatever conj. 意为“不管什么;无论什么;任何……的事物;凡是……的东西”。 e.g. Whatever you want to chat about, we'll do it tonight. 不管你想聊些什么,我们今晚聊个够。 Franklin was free to do pretty much whatever he pleased. 富兰克林几乎可以做自己喜欢做的任何事情。 ③whereas conj. 意为“然而”。 e.g. Pensions are linked to inflation, whereas they should be linked to the cost of living. 养老金与通货膨胀挂钩,然而它们其实应该和生活费用挂钩。 She has authentic charm whereas most people simply have nice manners. 她散发出真正的魅力,而大多数人只是举止优雅。
4. Scientists claim that in 50 years' time, there will be computers that are likely be even more intelligent than human beings.
A.what are likely be
B.what are likely being
C.that are like being
D.that are likely to be
A B C D
D
[考点] 本题重点考查形似副词的形容词用法。 [解析] 画线部分中likely是形容词,该词一个常用的表达法是likely to do sth.,因此动词be应该以不定式形式出现。由于computers后面跟的是定语从句,因此只有C和D选项可选。C选项中的like是介词,表示“像……一样”,因而使定语从句的语义不对。故选D,likely作形容词时表示“可能的”。 参考译文:科学家们宣称50年后,就可能会出现比人类更聪明的计算机。 语法拓展: 英语中有些以-ly结尾的词却是形容词(或至少它可以用作形容词)。这主要有以下几类: ①在friend,brother,woman等词后加上后缀-ly,通常是形容词,而不是副词,其意义为“具有那种本性或本质的”,这类词常见的有:beastly,cowardly,earthly,fatherly,friendly,gentlemanly,heavenly,leisurely,manly,masterly,princely,queenly,kingly,lovely,scholarly,womanly等。 e.g. What beastly weather!多么恶劣的天气! It is cowardly of you not to admit your mistake. 你不承认错误就不是好样儿的。 He has a very brotherly manner towards the little boys. 他像哥哥一样对待那些小男孩。 No earthly sovereign can do what he pleases. 没有一个世间君王可以为所欲为。 He looks very manly in his uniform. 他穿着制服看起来十分精神。 This is a masterly piece of work. 这是一件杰作。 We spent a heavenly day at the beach. 我们在海滨痛痛快快地玩了一天。 The pupil group tour the university at a leisurely pace. 这群小学生悠闲地参观这所大学。 Englishmen were regarded as the most gentlemanly people in the world. 英国男子曾被认为是世界上最有绅士风度的人。 The sceptre is an attribute of kingly power. 节杖是国王权力的象征。 ②在hour,day等表示时间的名词后加上词尾-ly,也可用作形容词(此时也可用作副词),其意为“每……”,这类词比较常见的有:hourly,daily,weekly,monthly,quarterly,yearly,biweekly,bimonthly等。 e.g. The trains leave at hourly intervals. 列车每隔一小时开出一趟。(hourly为形容词) We are expecting news hourly. 我们时刻期待着消息。(hourly为副词) We will pay for houses by monthly instalments. 我们将按月分期付款买房。(monthly为形容词) Monthly contributions to the pension scheme will be taken out of your salary. 养老金制度中每月的公积金要从薪金中扣除。(monthly为副词) She asked him to contribute a biweekly article on European affairs. 她让他每两周写一篇有关欧洲情况的文章。(biweekly为形容词) The group meets on a regular basis,usually weekly or biweekly. 这个小组定期会面,通常是每周或每两周一次。(biweekly为副词)
5. My assistant has not returned my paper yet, but she promised me to ready it by next Monday.
A.it was ready for me
B.to have it ready for me
C.me it was ready for me
D.for me to have it ready
A B C D
B
[考点] 本题重点考查不定式作宾语的用法。 [解析] 画线部分中promise sb. to do sth. 不是正确用法,正确用法是promise sb. sth.,promise+that-clause,promise sb.+that-clause或promise to do sth.。四个选项中A、B、C都符合promise的正确用法,但是A和C出现时态错误,故选B。 参考译文:我的助手还没有把论文返还给我,但她答应下周一前给我。 语法拓展: 以下动词后,通常只能跟不定式作宾语:appear,arrange,attempt,choose,claim,condescend,consent,demand,determine,endeavor,fail,hesitate,hope,neglect,pretend,proceed,promise,prove,resolve,seem,swear,tend,threaten,undertake,volunteer,vow,wish。 e.g. The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。 I happen to know the answer to your question. 我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。
6. Due to depute manager Lu Wei has retired, so we need to vote a new powerful deputy manager.
A.Since Lu Wei has retired, we need to find
B.For deputy manager Lu Wei has retired, we need to select
C.The depute manager Lu Wei has retired, so we need to elect
D.Because depute manager Lu Wei has retired we need to ballot
A B C D
A
[考点] 本题重点考查引导原因状语从句的连词的用法。 [解析] 画线部分中due to是介词短语,后面不能直接跟一个从句,而且vote sb.的表达也不正确,应该是vote for sb.。四个选项中B、D表示因果关系时都出现问题。B选项的因果关系不太明确,D选项的原因从句后面没有标点符号。C选项的定冠词the使用不当,只有A选项明确了因果关系,且没有错误,故选A。 参考译文:由于副经理刘伟已经退休,我们应该选一个能力更强的副经理。 语法拓展: because/since/as/for的区别: ①because引导的原因状语从句一般放于主句的后面,because从句位于句首时要用逗号分开,放在句末时,可不用逗号分开。because表示直接原因,语气最强,最适合回答why引导的疑问句。because of也表示原因,但它后面不接从句,只能接名词、代词或动名词。注意:because和so不可同时出现在一个句子里。 e.g. We went by bus because it was cheaper. = It was cheaper so we went by bus. 我们乘坐公交车去,因为它便宜。 ②since引导的原因状语从句一般放于主句之前表示己知的、显然的理由(通常被翻译成“既然”,意同now that),较为正式,语气比because弱。 e.g. Since you are free today, you had better help me with my mathematics. 你既然今天有空,那可以辅导一下我的数学。 Now(that)you are grown up, you should not rely on your parents. 你既然已经长大了,就不要依懒你的父母了。 ③as引导原因状语从句时表示附带说明“双方已知的原因”,含有对比说明的意味,语气比since弱,较为正式,位置较为灵活(常放于主句之前)。 e.g. As it is raining,you'd better take a taxi. 下雨了,你最好打个车。 I went to bed early, as I was exhausted. 我很累,所以我睡觉很早。 ④for引导的是并列句,表示原因,但并不说明主句行为发生的直接原因,而只提供一些辅助性的补充说明,for引导的并列句只能放于主句之后并且必须用逗号将其与主句隔开。 e.g. He could not have seen me, for I was not there. 他不可能见过我,因为我不在那。
7. The traffic police stopped three trucks heavily loading with merchandise that looked as grain bags.
8. Except his broken leg in the earlier part of the season, he might have been in the England team to play Poland yesterday.
A.Except for
B.But for
C.Besides
D.If only
A B C D
B
[考点] 本题重点考查介词的用法。 [解析] 从全句来看,主句使用了虚拟语气,因此主句前面部分应该是表示非真实条件的,而except不能引导非真实条件句,也不能放在介词词组中来表示非真实条件。四个选项中只有B选项和D选项能够表示非真实条件,但是if only引导的非真实条件句是表达强烈的遗憾,意为“若是……该多好”,but for是介词词组,表达“要不是,如果没有”,符合语义,故选B。 参考译文:要不是在本季早期摔断了腿,他昨天就可以参加英格兰队对波兰队的比赛。 语法拓展: 含蓄虚拟条件句的七种表现形式:英语中某些假设的条件句不是通过if从句表达出来,而是通过某些短语、上下文或其他方式表达出来,其谓语也常用虚拟语气,这就是含蓄条件句。 ①将条件隐含在不定式短语中。 e.g. I should be happy to go with you.(=I should be happy if I could go with you.)如果能与你一起去,我将很高兴。 To have studied harder, you would have passed the examination. (=If you have studied harder. you would have passed the examination.)如果你学习更用功些,你早就考及格了。 ②将条件隐含在分词短语中。 Born in better times, he would have been a scholar. (=If he had been born in better times, he would have been a scholar. )如果出生在好时代,他早就成为学者了。 Failing this time, what would you do? (=If you failed this time, what would you do?)假若这次失败,那你怎么办? Walking alone in the dark, Mary would be terrified. (=If Mary walked alone in the dark, she would be terrified.)要是一个人单独在黑暗中走,玛丽会感到十分害怕。 ③将条件隐含在介词短语中。 e.g. Without air, no one could live.(=If there were no air, no one could live.)没有空气,人就不能活。 But for our help, he would have failed. (=If it hadn't been for our help, he would have failed.) 要不是有我们的帮助,他就会失败。 ④将条件隐含在名词短语中。 e.g. A few hours earlier, and you would have seen the famous writer. (=If you had come a few hours earlier. you would have seen the famous writer.)要是你早来几个小时,你就见到这位著名的作家了。 ⑤将条件隐含在某些连词中。 e.g. I didn't know that he was a cheat, or else I wouldn't have believed him. (or else=if I had known he was a cheat)我不知道他是个骗子,不然我也不会相信他了。 I'm really very busy, otherwise I would certainly go there with you. (otherwise=if I were not so busy)我真的是太忙了,不然我就会同你一道去了。 ⑥将条件隐含在定语从句中。 e.g. Anyone who had seen that painting might have taken it for a photo. (=If anyone had seen that painting, he might have taken it for a photo.)凡是看过那张画的人,都可能把它看成是照片。 ⑦将条件隐含在一定的上下文中。 e.g. Don't bother to read all these papers. It would take too long. (=If you read all these papers, it would take too long.)不要费事看所有这些文件了,那会花太多时间。
9. Completed his examination of the woman patient, the doctor offered his judgment of her condition.
A.Have completed
B.So completing
C.Upon completing
D.As completing
A B C D
C
[考点] 本题重点考查常见介词用法辨析。 [解析] 画线部分使用了过去分词,过去分词可表示被动、完成。本句中叙述了医生先检查,后诊断两个动作,动作之间几乎是没有间断的,所以这里用过去分词是错误的。四个选项中,so不是介词,后面不能跟v.+ing形式,尽管as也可以作介词使用,但它的语义是“作为,以……的身份;如同”,排除B和D选项,故选C。 参考译文:检查完女病人之后,医生对她的病情做出了诊断。 语法拓展: 英语中常用on+动名词,at+动名词两个介词结构表示“一……就……”。 e.g. On arriving at the village, we were warmly welcomed by the villagers. 我们一到那个村子,就受到村民的热烈欢迎。 At seeing her mother, the girl burst into tears. 这个女孩一看见她母亲,就放声大哭起来。
10. An "epigram" is usually defined to be bright or witty thought that is tersely and ingeniously expressed.
A.defined as
B.defined being
C.defined to being
D.defined for being
A B C D
A
[考点] 本题重点考查常见动词短语的用法。 [解析] 本句是对epigram一词下定义,画线部分中,define意为“(给词、短语等)下定义,构成释义”时,通常是不及物动词,后面通常需要跟介词as,且常使用被动语态。define用于被动句时后面不能跟不定式作主语补语。四个选项中只有A选项是规范的用法,其他都是干扰项。 参考译文:“警言”常被定义为简练而巧妙地表达出聪明或机智的想法。 词汇拓展: 英语书面语中,尤其是科技英语中给某个概念下定义时还有一个惯用表达式。主动式为By sth., we mean...,被动式为By sth. is meant... e.g. By system, we mean the environment of the atmosphere. =By system is meant the environment of the atmosphere. 所谓系统指的是大气环境。 By friction is meant a force opposing motion. 摩擦力指的是阻碍运动的一种力。 By acceleration is meant the rate of change of velocity with time. 加速度指的是速度随时间的变化率。
11. Many periods happened in history when remarkable progress was made within a relatively short span of time.
A.Periods have been
B.Many periods were
C.There have been periods
D.Throughout periods there were
A B C D
C
[考点] 本题重点考查分隔式定语从句。 [解析] 画线部分不是规范的英语表达,更像中式英语。period一般不与动词happen搭配使用。这是一个主从复合句,when引导的定语从句修饰periods,从句中用了过去时,而主句表示历史上有许多这样的时期,包含从过去到说话人说话时为止,应该用现在完成时,所以只有A和C选项可选。但A选项作为主句部分语义不完整,故选C。C选项是there be句型。 参考译文:历史上多次出现在相对较短的时期内进步显著的情况。 语法拓展: 与先行词分离的定语从句被称为分隔式定语从句。英语句子中出现这种分隔式定语从句的现象的原因是主语或宾语带了过长的修饰成分。为了使主句结构紧凑,就常常将主语或宾语与其修饰成分隔开。 e.g. DO you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a necklace of yours?(先行词one afternoon和定语从句被用作定语的ten years ago分隔开了)10年前的一个下午,我来你家借了一条项链,你还记得吗? I was the only person in my office who was invited. (先行词person和定语从句被用作后置修饰语的in my office分隔开了)我是我们办公室里唯一被邀请的人。 She sang the songs perfectly there yesterday which was written by me. (先行词the songs和定语从句被用作状语的perfectly there yesterday分隔开了)昨天在那里她把我创作的那首歌唱得好听极了。
12. The term "culture shock" was introduced for the first time in 1958 to describe the anxiety to produce when a person moves to a completely new environment.
13. I like singing. Yes! I sing whenever possible, and my two legs danced unconsciously when listening music.
A.I would dance when listening to
B.I often dance unconsciously when hearing
C.my two legs dance unconsciously when hearing
D.my legs, too, dance unintentionally when I am listening to
A B C D
A
[考点] 本题重点考查非谓语动词的逻辑主语是否与主句的主语一致。 [解析] 画线部分是继续叙述我唱歌时所产生的伴随动作,when后面的现在分词短语的逻辑主语应该是I,而不是my two legs。四个选项中首先应该排除C和D选项,因为它们有画线部分同样的错误,把主语换成了my two legs,而B选项中的hearing与music不能搭配,因为不是在强调听见。故选A,表示边听边跳,而且listen to music是一个习惯搭配。 参考译文:我喜欢歌唱。真的!能唱就唱,而且听到音乐,两腿就不由自主地起舞。
14. It is estimated that by 2020 the concentration of carbon dioxide will be nearly twice and it is now.
A.twice than it is
B.that it is twice
C.than it is twice
D.twice what it is
A B C D
D
[考点] 本题重点考查比较表达式的用法。 [解析] 画线部分在倍数词后面出现了一个并列句,其意思与前面一句无法衔接。前面说据估计到2020年时二氧化碳的浓度几乎会翻一番,而后面一句却是现在就翻一番了,前后矛盾。四个选项中排除A、B和C选项,因为它们不是正确的比较表达式。在表达比较时,引导比较状语从句的连词主要是as和than,还有倍数词后面加比较级的形容词或副词再跟上一个than引导的比较从句,或倍数词后面跟上一个名词性从句等。故选D。twice what it is=twice the thing that it is。 参考译文:据估计到2020年时二氧化碳的浓度几乎会比现在翻一番。 语法拓展: 在倍数词后进行比较的常见表达方式: e.g. Interest rates are twice as high as those of our competitors. 利率是我们竞争对手的两倍高。 Sound travels four times faster in water than in air. 声音在水中的传播速度比在空气中快四倍。 This piece of work is ten times better than the last piece you did. 这篇作品比你上次的那篇要好上10倍。 My foot swelled up to three times the normal size when it was stung by a wasp. 被黄蜂蜇了以后,我的脚比原来肿了两倍。 My ticket cost half again as much as your ticket. 我的票比你的贵一半。
15. I study attentively. The more I got concentrated on my lessons, the better I can learn.
A.concentrate on my courses
B.got concentrated on my classes
C.got concentrating on lessons
D.concentrate with my curriculums
A B C D
A
[考点] 本题重点考查常见动词与介词的搭配。 [解析] 画线部分使用了被动结构get+v.-ed,而根据句子的意思应该是“我上课注意力越集中”,不是被迫性地集中注意力,所以用被动式是错误的。四个选项中首先应该排除B和C,因为它们的时态对应不上,这里不是描述过去发生的事情,而是讲通常情况。至于D,一般与concentrate搭配使用的介词是on而不是with。故选A。 参考译文:我学习很专心。我越专注于课程,我就学得越好。 语法拓展: “动词+on”的常见搭配: agree on (upon)同意;达成协议 work on对……有影响;从事,致力于 blame...on把……归咎于(某人) call on (upon)拜访,看望 concentrate on(upon)聚精会神,全神贯注 count on(upon)指望,依赖 congratulate...on因……而祝贺;因……庆幸 depend on(upon)依靠 decide on(upon)对……做出决定,选定 rely on(upon)依靠,指望 feed(...)on用……喂养,以……为主食 live on(upon)靠……为生 act on(upon)照……行事;对……起作用;按照……行动 e.g. The medicine acted on his fever at once. 这药立刻使他退了烧。 They blamed the accident on me. 他们把事故归咎于我。 She couldn't concentrate on a book very long. 她不能长时间聚精会神地读书。 I congratulated him on passing his driving test. 我祝贺他通过驾驶考试。 You can't count on Tom being punctual. 你不要指望汤姆会守时。 The family lived upon a small income. 这家人靠少量收入生活。 Nowadays we rely increasingly on computers for help. 现在我们日益依赖计算机的帮助。
16. Annie Jump Cannon, leader astronomer discovered so many stars that she was called "the census taker of the sky."
A.a leading astronomer,
B.a leading astronomer who
C.was a leading astronomer,
D.who, as a leading astronomer
A B C D
A
[考点] 本题重点考查同位语的用法。 [解析] 画线部分是句子主语的同位语,补充说明主语的身份,但是却是由两个名词组成,一个表示职位,一个表示职业,leader不能修饰astronomer,而且缺乏冠词,因而是错误的。四个选项中首先可以排除B和D选项。B和D选项中有一个who引导的定语从句,这样整个句子就没有谓语动词。C选项中有一个谓语动词was,与另一个谓语动词discovered冲突,违反一个句子通常只有一个谓语动词的惯例。故选A,名词词组正确地表达出与主语的同位关系。 参考译文:安妮·江普·坎南,一位杰出的天文学家,发现了太多的星星,因而被称为“天空普查者”。 语法拓展: 同位语:一个名词或代词后面有时可以跟一个名词(或起类似作用的其他形式),对前者进行解释或补充说明,这一部分就叫作同位语。同位语与被它补充说明的词的格要一致,并常常紧挨在一起。 ①作同位语的可以是单词也可以是短语。 e.g. We Chinese are brave and hardworking. 我们中国人既勇敢又勤劳。 You three take these seats. 你们三个坐这儿。 注意:有时可用形容词作同位语,作用接近定语,但放在所同位名词的后面,且有逗号把它们分开。 e.g. People, old and young, took to the streets to watch the parade. 老的少的都上街观看游行。 Wang Li, just back from the training class, was made director of the Maternity Home.(形容词短语作定语,不是名词性结构,不是同位语)刚刚从培训班回来的王丽被任命为妇产科主任。 ②同位语从句,指的是在复合句中充当同位语的从句,属于名词性从句的范畴,同位语从句用来对其前面的抽象名词进行解释说明,被解释说明的词和同位语在逻辑上是主表关系。同位语从句一般由that引导,与先行词分离的情况在英语书面语中不时会出现,很难识别。 e.g. The chances are that the thief will be under 21 and doing it for a lark. 偷东西的很可能是个不到21岁的年轻人,干这事儿只是贪玩。 The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city. 他突然想起敌人可能已经逃出城了。 He made a promise to his father that he would work hard in the future. 他向他父亲保证将来一定努力工作。
17. Life insurance, before available only to young, healthy persons, can now be obtained for old people and even for pets.
A.only to young, healthy persons available before
B.previously available only to young, healthy persons
C.before only available to the young and healthy persons
D.which used to available only to young, healthy persons
A B C D
B
[考点] 本题重点考查作后置修饰语的形容词的用法。 [解析] 画线部分是一个形容词词组作句子主语的后置修饰语,但其中before使用错误,该词作副词时意思是“在(某时间或某事)以前”,不能修饰形容词available。四个选项中首先可以排除A选项,因为available与介词to是固定搭配,C选项和画线部分是一样的错误,D选项中用了used to,后面跟形容词时应该是used to be+adj.,因此也不能选。B选项中的previously是副词,可以修饰形容词。故选B。 参考译文:人寿保险,以前只限于年轻、健康人群购买,现在老年人甚至宠物都可以买了。 语法拓展: 形容词作后置定语的用法: ①一些特定意义的形容词作定语时,需放在被修饰的名词之后。如present(出席的),proper(适当的,纯粹的),absent(缺席的),necessary(必要的),general(首席的),concerned(有关的,焦急的),involved(有关的,复杂的),opposite(相对的),nearby(附近的),responsible(有责任的;应负责的)等。 e.g. The professors present at the meeting came from Sichuan University. 出席这次会议的教授们来自四川大学。 The man responsible should be their manager. 负责任的应该是他们的经理。 All of the information necessary to build a whole organism resides within a single cell. 生物体成长所需的全部信息都存在于一个细胞内。 ②部分以a-开头的表语形容词,如alive,alike,alone,awake等,有时也可以作定语修饰名词。此时,须将该形容词置于被修饰的名词之后。 e.g. She was the only person awake at that night. 她是那天晚上唯一醒着的人。 You are the happiest children alive. 你们是当代最幸福的孩子。
18. It is incredible to say aggression against the small country should not have been met with the full force of the military power of its allies.
A.unbelievable if
B.inconceivable that
C.fantastic for saying
D.implausible saying that
A B C D
B
[考点] 本题重点考查英语中某些意义相近的形容词的惯用结构。 [解析] 画线部分有不定式to say,从语法角度来看,这个不定式应该是句子的主语,但是如果用to say作主语,与后面的谓语部分should not have been met with...一起就会使整个句子的意思不通顺,因此此句不能用it is incredible+adj.这种结构。四个选项中首先可以排除C和D选项,因为英语中没有it's fantastic for doing sth. 这种表达结构,虽然有it's implausible that...这种表达结构,但在implausible和that之间不能有其他词插入。A选项也是错误的,正确的表达式应该是it's incredible that...。B选项中It is inconceivable that...是一个惯用结构,意思是“令人难以置信的是……”,与后面从句的意义衔接,故选B。 参考译文:小国遭到侵略,居然得不到其盟国军事力量的全力援助,简直令人难以置信。 语法拓展: 某些形容词与不定式或从句连用常表示感情或看法,如afraid,anxious,ashamed,disappointed,frightened,happy,pleased,proud,sad,surprised,unhappy等。 e.g. He was anxious to leave before it got dark. 他希望在天黑前离开。 They were afraid that I might have talked to the police. 他们担心我可能已经报警了。
19. I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, also not least but last, self-induced pressure.
A.or
B.and
C.yet
D.with
A B C D
B
[考点] 本题重点考查并列连词的用法。 [解析] 句中提到有四种压力,画线部分前面是三个并列的名词词组,后面也是一个名词词组,都是在具体说出这四种压力,因此画线部分应该是一个并列连接词。不应该是一个语义上不通的短语。四个选项中能够表示并列的连词就只有A和B选项,但A选项的意思是“或者”,与句子的意思不符,故选B。 参考译文:我认为当今大学生面临四种压力:经济压力、父母的压力、同辈的压力以及自己对自己的压力。 语法拓展: 英语中的平行结构:平行结构指的是内容相似,结构相同,无先后顺序,无因果关系的并列句。其中一种形式就是连词连接两个对等的词和对等的结构,如并列连词and,but,as well as,or,or else,both...and...,neither...nor...,either...or...,not only...but(also)...,rather than,as...as...等,以及从属连词than。平行结构注意事项如下: ①所连接的谓语形式必须一致。 e.g. Gunpowder was discovered in the twelfth century, but not used in warfare until two hundred years later. 火药是在12世纪发现的,但直到两百年后才用于战争。 ②所连接的词或短语形式必须一致。 e.g. Your semester grade is based not only on how well you do on each test, but also on how you participate in class. 你的学期成绩不仅基于你每次测试的成绩,而且也要基于你在课堂上的表现。 We often go to the countryside as well as to factories. 我们经常去乡下和工厂。 I would much rather go to the countryside than stay here. 我宁愿去乡下而不愿待在这儿。 ③连接的非谓语动词形式必须一致。 e.g. Some find swimming more enjoyable than sitting at home reading. 有些人发现游泳比坐在家里读书更令人开心。 He was engaged in writing a letter rather than reading the newspaper. 他在写信,没有读报纸。 ④所连接的句子结构必须一致。 e.g. She is pleased with what you have given and all that you have told him. 她对你的付出和告诉她的一切感到满意。 The purpose of the research had a more different meaning for them than it did for us. 与我们相比,研究目的对他们有更加不同的意义。
20. In North America, Nebraska pioneered in that which is to become the area's chief economic activity, agriculture.
A.was
B.it was
C.what was
D.which was
A B C D
C
[考点] 本题重点考查介词后面接名词性从句充当宾语的用法。 [解析] 画线部分显得啰唆,从语法关系上来看是which引导一个定语从句来修饰that,但是that本身就可以作为关系代词来引导定语从句,一般不会去充当先行词。四个选项中首先排除A和B选项,在介词in后面通常是跟名词或名词性从句。D选项中的引导词which用在这里不合适,which引导的从句一般不会作介词in的宾语,in和which放在一起容易引起读者的混淆。只有C选项合适,因为what引导从句时的意思是the thing that...,能直接跟在介词后面引导一个从句作pioneer in的宾语。故选C。 参考译文:在北美,内布拉斯加州率先开展了会成为这个地区主要经济活动的产业——农业。 语法拓展: 宾语从句可以跟在及物动词后面,可以跟在带介词的动词词组后面,也可以跟在介词后面与介词一起组成介宾短语。 e.g. At this level, listening means trying to find meaning in what you hear. 在这个水平,倾听意味着找出你所听到的话中所含的意义。 This allows for maximum flexibility in how it is used. 这使得在如何使用它方面有最大的灵活性。
Section 2 Reading Comprehension In this section you will find after each of the passages a number of questions or unfinished statements about the passage, each with 4 (A, B, C and D) choices to answer the question or complete the statement. You must choose the one which you think fits best. Blacken the corresponding letter as required on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET. Often conjuring images of dank, smelly, mosquito-infested wastelands, upon closer look, wetlands are actually biologically diverse and productive ecosystems. Home to a variety of plant life, including floating pond lilies, cattails, cypress, tamarack, and blue spruce, wetlands support diverse communities of invertebrates, which in turn support a wide variety of birds and other vertebrates. Primary consumers from crustaceans, mollusks, and aquatic insect larvae to muskrats, geese, and deer rely on the abundance of algae, plants, and detritus for food. Wetlands also support a variety of carnivores, including dragonflies, otters, alligators, and osprey. Thus, wetlands of the world maintain biologically diverse communities of ecological and economic value. Many ecologically and economically important species call wetlands home for at least part of their lives. For instance, commercially important fish and shellfish, including shrimp, blue crab, oysters, salmon, trout, and seatrout rely on, or are associated with, wetlands. Wetlands are also critical habitat for migratory birds and waterfowl, including ducks, egrets, and geese. In fact, more than one-third of the species listed as threatened or endangered in the United States live solely in wetlands and nearly half use wetlands at some point in their lives. As such, many wetlands are often recognized as important conservation or restoration targets. While covering only six percent of the Earth's surface, wetlands provide a disproportionately high number of ecosystem services, in addition to maintaining biodiversity. For instance, wetlands also mitigate floods, protect coastal areas from storms, improve water quality, recharge groundwater aquifers, serve as sinks, sources, or transformers of materials, and produce food and goods for human use. When evaluating the economic value of these various functions, scientists concluded that the economic value provided by wetland ecosystems exceeded that provided by lakes, streams, forests, and grasslands and was second only to that provided by coastal estuaries. With mitigation, wetlands are created, restored, or enhanced to replace wetland loss due to development. The Ramsar Convention, an international treaty aimed at conserving wetlands, requires member countries to develop national wetland policies, to establish wetland reserves, and to designate one or more wetlands as an area of international importance. All these efforts are designed to protect or conserve wetlands and the ecosystem services they provide. In coastal wetlands, tidal influence drives the movement and distribution of water and can range from permanent flooding in subtidal wetlands to less frequent flooding in others, with changes in water level occurring daily or semi-daily. Inland wetlands, which lack daily tidal influences, can also be permanently flooded on one extreme or intermittently flooded on the other extreme, with fluctuations over time often occurring seasonally. It is the balance of water inflows and outflows, or the water budget, as well as the geomorphology and soils that determine the timing, duration, and patterns of flooding in a wetland.
1. According to the passage, a wetland is a/an ______.
The happiest people in the world may live in Scandinavia, a new study suggests. That's according to the United Nations General Assembly's World Happiness Report, which ranks countries based on several measures of well-being and analyzes the factors that contribute to that well-being. Denmark was the happiest country, followed by Norway, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Sweden and Canada. For years, the tiny Himalayan country of Bhutan has tried to measure "gross national happiness" to counter measures such as gross domestic product (GDP), arguing that such simple metrics don't capture what is really meaningful to people. Last year's study showed that whereas rich people are happier on average than poor people, increasing GDP in a country doesn't necessarily boost well-being. For instance, GDP tripled in the United States since the 1960s, yet well-being has stagnated. To assess world happiness in the new study, the researchers analyzed happiness data starting from 2005. Most of the data came from the Gallup World Poll, which surveyed more than 150 countries around the world. Scandinavian countries topped the list of happiest countries. The United States ranked the 17th, bested by Mexico, Panama and the United Arab Emirates. On average, people in more than 150 countries rate their happiness as a 5.1 on a scale of 0 to 10. But happiness hasn't stayed constant over time: 61 countries saw their happiness improve over the years, while 41 countries have become unhappier. Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America are becoming happier overall, while industrial nations report less well-being. More than three-quarters of the differences in happiness scores were attributable to six key metrics: real GDP per capita, healthy life expectancy, someone to count on, perceived freedom to make life choices, freedom from corruption, and generosity. The new data could help public policy-makers tweak their policies to impact those factors, such as cracking down on corruption, to boost people's happiness. In addition, mental health problems such as clinical depression and anxiety have a huge impact on people's well-being. Yet mental health issues are often ignored by policy-makers, the study found. "There is now a rising worldwide demand that policy be more closely aligned with what really matters to people as they themselves characterize their well-being," said study coauthor Jeffery Sachs, director of the Earth Institute at Columbia University, in a statement. "More and more world leaders are talking about the importance of well-being as a guide for their nations and the world. The World Happiness Report offers rich evidence that the systematic measurement and analysis of happiness can teach us a lot about ways to improve the world's well-being and sustainable development." Happy citizens also make for better countries: The report found that happiness makes for people who live longer, more productive lives, have higher earnings and are better citizens.
11. The World Happiness Report of the United Nations General Assembly did NOT ______.
A.analyze the factors of well-being
B.show people living in Scandinavia are happy
C.rank countries based on measures of well-being
D.indicate GDP is an important factor leading to happiness
12. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that Bhutan is a country ______.
A.with the highest GDP in the world
B.with the lowest GDP in the world
C.where the government doesn't attach much importance to GDP
D.where the people believe GDP is a key factor of well-being
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节题。根据题干关键词定位第2段,可知Bhutan(不丹)采用gross national happiness(国民幸福指数),而不用GDP(国内生产总值),其原因是他们认为GDP这样的指标并不能反映人民生活的真谛,故选C(政府并不重视国内生产总值)。
13. The study made last year showed that ______.
A.the more GDP increases, the happier the country is
B.the more GDP increases, the less happier the country is
C.GDP has nothing to do with the well-being of the people
D.increasing GDP doesn't necessarily bring happiness to people
A B C D
D
[解析] 细节题。根据题干关键词定位第3段第1句,increasing GDP in a country doesn't necessarily boost well-being(一国GDP之增长并不一定能提升幸福感),故选D(GDP的增长并不一定能为人民带来幸福)。
14. The word "stagnate" underlined in Paragraph 3 is synonymous to ______.
A.bog down
B.cut down
C.break down
D.lay down
A B C D
A
[解析] 语义题。stagnate意为“停滞不前”,故选A(停顿,停滞不前)。
15. According to Paragraph 5, Mexico, Panama and the United Arab Emirates ______ in the list of happiest countries.
A.ranked lower than the United States
B.ranked higher than the United States
C.ranked in the middle range
D.ranked higher than Scandinavian countries
A B C D
B
[解析] 细节题。根据题干关键词定位第5段第2句The United States ranked the 17th, bested by Mexico, Panama and the United Arab Emirates. 此句中bested过去分词作定语,修饰the United States。此题的核心在于如何理解best这一单词在上下文中的意义。best一般作形容词或副词的最高级,意为“最好,最佳”,而在此句中该单词却作动词,这种用法较为罕见。字典对该词的解释是“v.(usually passive)to defeat or be more successful than sb. (通常用于被动)打败;胜过”,故选B(排名高于美国)。 该题考查根据上下文猜测词义的能力,考生们在平时的阅读训练中应养成“先猜后查”的习惯,逐步提高语境猜词能力。
16. According to the passage, the new study assessed world happiness on ______.
A.a scale of 0 to 5
B.a scale of 5 to 10
C.a scale of 0 to 10
D.a scale of 0 to 100
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节题。根据题干关键词定位第6段第1句,显然正确答案为C。
17. The study showed that the following factors contribute a lot to differences of well-being EXCEPT ______.
From my infancy I was noted for the docility and humanity of my disposition. My tenderness of heart was even so conspicuous as to make me the jest of my companions. I was especially fond of animals, and was indulged by my parents with a great variety of pets. With these I spent most of my time, and never was so happy as when feeding and caressing them. This peculiarity of character grew with my growth, and, in my manhood, I derived from it one of my principal sources of pleasure. To those who have cherished an affection for a faithful dog, I hardly need to take the trouble of explaining the nature or the intensity of the gratification thus derivable. There is something in the unselfish and self-sacrificing love of a brute, which goes directly to the heart of the person who has had frequent occasions to test the paltry friendship and gossamer fidelity of mere Man. I married early, and was happy to find in my wife a disposition not uncongenial with my own. Observing my partiality for domestic pets, she lost no opportunity of procuring those of the most agreeable kind. We had birds, gold-fish, a fine dog, rabbits, a small monkey, and a cat. This latter was a remarkably large and beautiful animal, entirely black, and sagacious to an astonishing degree. In speaking of his intelligence, my wife, who at heart was not a little tinctured with superstition, made frequent allusion of the ancient popular notion, which regarded all black cats as witches in disguise. Not that she was ever serious about this point—and I mention the matter at all for no better reason than that it happens, just now, to be remembered. Pluto—this was the cat's name—was my favorite pet and playmate. I alone fed him, and he attended me wherever I went about the house. It was even with difficulty that I could prevent him from following me through the streets. Our friendship lasted, in this manner, for several years, during which my general temperament and character—through the instrumentality of the Fiend Intemperance—had (I blush to confess it) experienced a radical alteration for the worse. I grew, day by day, more moody, more irritable, more regardless of the feelings of others. I suffered myself to use intemperate language with my wife. At length, I was even violent with her. My pets, of course, were made to feel the change in my disposition. I not only neglected, but ill-used them. For Pluto, however, I still retained sufficient regard to restrain me from maltreating him, as I made no scruple of maltreating the rabbits, the monkey, or even the dog, when by accident, or through affection, they came in my way. But my disease grew upon me, and at length even Pluto, who was now becoming old, and consequently somewhat peevish—even Pluto began to experience the effects of my ill temper. One night, returning home, much intoxicated, from one of my haunts about town, I fancied that the cat avoided my presence. I seized him; when, in his fright at any violence, he inflicted a slight wound upon my hand with his teeth.
Section 3 Cloze Test In the following passage, there are 20 blanks representing words that are missing from the context. Below the passage, each blank has 4 choices marked by letters A, B, C and D respectively. There is only ONE right answer. Blacken the corresponding letter as required on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET. Sir Martin Sorrell, the chief executive of the advertising conglomerate WPP, was at Kensington Wade, Britain's first primary school to offer full Chinese immersion for its pupils, on a recent evening, for a reception to celebrate the Chinese mid-autumn festival. Sir Martin offered 1 to the parents that the £17,000-a-year tuition they had paid for at the newly-opened school was money well 2 . For those parents 3 to start their children early, there is Hatching Dragons, the UK's first Chinese-English nursery. It 4 to "foster fluency" in both languages by age five. "I've got enough 5 that if a child joins us at six months and stays until they are five, 50 hours a week, they will be orally fluent," said Cennydd John, who 6 Hatching Dragons in 2015, after the birth of his son. "If you 7 him," says Mr. John, "you can go and check his YouTube videos." "Chinese is the 8 language because China is rising as a political and economic power," said Antonella Sorace, a linguistics professor. "It's regarded as a good 9 ". Kensington Wade is named 10 Sir Thomas Wade, a 19th century British diplomat who produced one of the first English-Chinese textbooks. Its 11 class of 15 students arrived last month. Three were fluent Mandarin speakers 12 about half knew no Chinese. Its two classrooms, in an existing academy, are 13 , with toys and early reading books. On closer 14 , it becomes apparent that one is entirely in English and the other in Chinese. One teacher is British, and the other Chinese. The children move between them and their 15 worlds during the day. The hope is that by age 11, when they graduate, they will be fluent in both. Kensington Wade also aims to 16 two teaching styles. It upholds the renowned "Shanghai model" of math with the creativity and critical thinking 17 in a British education. The benefits of bilingual education are alluring, 18 greater cultural empathy and cognitive flexibility. Then there is the question of 19 children view the language as being useful. In April, Jo Wallace, Kensington Wade's head-teacher, visited three schools in the San Francisco area that have been offering immersive English-Chinese 20 , one for more than 30 years. "I went with the worry that these little kids were going to be confused, that they'd be stressed. And all I saw was children having a lovely time," she recalled, although she acknowledged that some parents would have to "hold their nerve" in the early days.
[考点] 本题考查固定搭配。 [解析] 根据下文可知,此句意为“该幼儿园称,孩子们到五岁的时候就可以‘流利掌握’两门语言”。从词语搭配形式上看,空白处所填动词应与to搭配。 词义辨析:claim v.意为“自称,声称,断言”;maintain v.意为“维持,保持(某种状态或形势)”;announce v.意为“宣告,宣称”;proceed v.意为“开始行动,开展”。此处为It claims to...固定搭配,故选A。 词汇拓展: ①与claim有关的常用表达:claim responsibility/credit(for sth.)声称(对某事)负责;claim to do/be sth.声称;claim sth. back索取,索回;claim benefit/an allowance/damages索赔。 ②与proceed有关的常用表达:proceed to do sth./with sth. 接着做;proceed against起诉(某人),对(某人)提起诉讼。
5.
A.suggestions
B.assistance
C.evidence
D.blessings
A B C D
C
[考点] 本题考查语境推理。 [解析] 本句主要结构为“如果孩子们……就能……”,讲话人在尝试说服他人,所以推测空白处是“证据”。根据下文可知,此句意为“我有足够的证据证明如果一个孩子在六个月大的时候来到我们这里,并且每周在我们这儿待50个小时,待到五岁,他们就可以流利地说中文了”。 词义辨析:suggestion n. 意为“建议,意见”;assistance n. 意为“帮助,援助;补助”;evidence n. 意为“根据;证明”;blessing n. 意为“上帝的祝福,上帝的保佑,天恩”。根据词义,此处选择evidence最为恰当。 词汇拓展: 与evidence有关的常用表达:have evidence that有证据:look for/search for evidence寻找/搜寻证据;good/clear/strong evidence充分的/明显的/有力的证据;circumstantial evidence(=evidence which makes something seem likely, but does not prove it)间接证据。
[考点] 本题考查语境推理。 [解析] 此处空白处缺少动词,且词义应与下文中的go and check his YouTube videos意义相呼应,可推测此句意为“如果你对此仍有疑虑,可以看他的YouTube视频了解信息”。 词义辨析:justify v. 意为“说明或证明正确或合理”;doubt v. 意为“不能肯定,对……没准儿”;believe v. 意为“相信(某事);确信”convince v. 意为“使确信;使信服”。根据词义,此处选择doubt最为恰当。 词汇拓展: ①与doubt有关的常用表达:beyond doubt无疑地,确实地;in doubt可怀疑的,存在疑问的;no doubt无疑地,确信地。 ②与convince有关的常用表达:convince of使确信;convince oneself of充分弄明白。
8.
A.submerging
B.merging
C.emerging
D.verging
A B C D
C
[考点] 本题考查词义辨析。 [解析] 根据句中“中国在政治和经济领域正在崛起”,可推测汉语教学也在逐渐兴起,学习汉语是趋势。 词义辨析:submerge v.意为“淹没,沉浸”;merge v. 意为“合并,融合”;emerge v.意为“形成,浮现,兴起”;emerging adj. 意为“新兴的;出现的;形成的”;verge v. 意为“濒临,接近,处在边缘”。根据词义,此处选择emerging最为恰当。 词汇拓展: ①与submerge有关的常用表达:submerge oneself in sth.(为了忘记别的事而)让自己沉浸在某事中,埋头于某事。 ②与merge有关的常用表达:merge with/into sth. (使)合并,并入。 ③与emerge有关的常用表达:emerge from sth. (从隐蔽处或暗处)出现,浮现,露出。 e.g. the emerging markets of South Asia正在兴起的南亚市场; He emerged as a key figure in the campaign. 他己初露头角,成为这次运动的主要人物。 ④与verge有关的常用表达:on/to the verge of sth./of doing sth. 濒于;接近于;行将。
9.
A.profit
B.benefit
C.merit
D.investment
A B C D
D
[考点] 本题考查语境推理。 [解析] 根据上下文联系可知,代词it指代的是learning Chinese。原句It's regarded as a good ______中,缺少名词,此句意为“学汉语可以说是一项很好的投资”。 词义辨析:profit n. 意为“利润,赢利,收益”;benefit n. 意为“利益,益处,好处;(国家或保险计划按规定支付的)补助费,救济金,抚恤金,保险金”;merit n. 意为“优秀品质,优点;价值”;investment n. 意为“投资”。根据词义,此处选择investment最为恰当。 词汇拓展: profit与benefit均有利益的意思,但是具体意义不同,不可作为同义词进行替换。profit着重收益,尤指从物质、钱财等方面获得的利益,指利润时,常用复数。benefit指通过正当手段从物质或精神方面得到的任何好处或利益。
10.
A.after
B.with
C.on
D.under
A B C D
A
[考点] 本题考查固定搭配。 [解析] 通读全句并初步翻译,本句意为“肯辛顿韦德小学是以托马斯·韦德爵士的名字来命名的”。name after为固定搭配,意为“以……命名”。故after为正确答案。 词汇拓展: 与name有关的常用表达:by the name of... 名叫……的;enter sb.'s name for sth. 申请参加;替……报名(入学、参赛等);in the name of sb. 以……的名义,以……为借口。
[考点] 本题考查语境推理。 [解析] 分析句子结构,厘清主干,本句中in an existing academy是插入语,with toys and early reading books是补足语,不影响句子成分。故主干部分为Its two classrooms are ______,缺少形容词。根据上下文,此句意为“这所小学坐落在一所学院中,有两个教室,不太起眼,教室里有各种玩具和早教读物”。 词义辨析:unremarkable adj. 意为“不引人注目的,平凡的”;unfavorable adj. 意为“不利的,不适宜的,不顺利的”;unbearable adj. 意为“不可忍受的,不能容忍的”;uncomfortable adj. 意为“不舒服的”。根据词义,此处选择unremarkable最为恰当。
14.
A.contemplation
B.inspection
C.speculation
D.meditation
A B C D
B
[考点] 本题考查语境推理。 [解析] 根据下文可知,两个教室“其中一个教室完全用来教授英语课程,另一个教室用来教授普通话课程”。这显然是通过观察得出的结论。 词义辨析:contemplation n. 意为“注视,凝视”;inspection n. 意为“检查,视察”;speculation n. 意为“思考,思索;推断,推测”;meditation n. 意为“沉思;冥想”。根据词义,此处选择inspection最为恰当。 词汇拓展: ①与inspection有关的常用表达:complete inspection全部检查;customs inspection海关检查;daily inspection日常检验,经常检查,例行测试;destructive inspection破坏性试验。 ②与speculation有关的常用表达:speculation that...,speculation about/over sth. 猜测……,关于……的猜测。 e.g. Today's announcement ends months of speculation about the company's future. 今天的声明使得几个月来关于公司未来的种种猜测烟消云散。 ③与meditation有关的常用表达:deep in meditation陷入沉思;his meditations on life and art他对生活和艺术的沉思录(常用复数)。
15.
A.colliding
B.connecting
C.corresponding
D.cooperating
A B C D
C
[考点] 本题考查词义辨析。 [解析] 结合上文,得知本句中的代词their指代前句中的“中文老师和英文老师”,以及他们的语言所对应的世界。本句意为“一天之中,学生在两位老师以及他们所代表的世界中转换”。 词义辨析:colliding adj. 意为“对撞的,冲突的”;connecting adj. 意为“相同的,连接的”;corresponding adj. 意为“相应的;一致的;通信的”;cooperating n. 意为“合作的;协同操作的;共同运转的”。根据词义,此处选择corresponding最为恰当。 词汇拓展: ①与collide有关的常用表达:collide with sb. over sth. 严重不一致;冲突;抵触。 e.g. They regularly collide over policy decisions. 他们经常在政策决策上发生冲突。 ②与corresponding有关的常用表达:corresponding to sth. 符合的,相应的,相关的。 e.g. Give each picture a number corresponding to its position on the page. 按所在页面位置给每一幅画编上相对应的号码。 Profits have risen by 15 per cent compared with the corresponding period last year. 与去年同期相比利润增长了15%。
16.
A.divide
B.combine
C.differentiate
D.isolate
A B C D
B
[考点] 本题考查词语搭配。 [解析] 本句中的two teaching styles,指代下文中的Shanghai model和British education,文中的学校对两种教育方式是持肯定态度的,此句意为“肯辛顿韦德小学还计划结合两种教学方式”。 词义辨析:divide v. 意为“(使)分开,使有分歧”;combine v. 意为“结合,联合,合并”;differentiate v. 意为“区别,(在生长或发展过程中)变异”;isolate v. 意为“使隔离,使孤立,使脱离”。根据词义,此处选择combine最为恰当。 词汇拓展: ①与divide有关的常用表达:divide up分割,瓜分,分配;divide into把……分成;divide by用……除,除以。 ②与combine有关的常用表达:combine with与……结合,兼具。 ③与differentiate有关的常用表达:differentiate between区分;differentiate A from B将A和B区分开。 e.g. It's difficult to differentiate between the two varieties. 这两个品种很难辨别。 I can't differentiate one variety from another. 我无法将这几个品种区别开来。
17.
A.criticized
B.exaggerated
C.ignored
D.prized
A B C D
D
[考点] 本题考查语境推理。 [解析] 分析句子结构,可知主句为It upholds A and B结构,意为“推崇以下两者”。作者对and前后两者的态度观点一致,前为renowned Shanghai model,下文应该也表达赞同或褒奖。由上下文可知,本句意为“该校十分推崇著名的富有创造性的‘上海数学教学法’,并结合英国教育所看重的批判性思维的培养”。词义辨析:criticize v. 意为“批评,责备;评论,评价(文艺作品)”;exaggerate v.意为“夸大,夸张”;ignore v. 意为“不顾,不理,无视,忽视;忽略(要点)”;prize v. 意为“重视;珍视”。根据词义,此处选择prized最为恰当。 词汇拓展: uphold意为“支持,维护(正义等)”,或意为“(法庭)维持,确认(原判、裁决等)”。 e.g. We have a duty to uphold the law. 维护法律是我们的责任。
[考点] 本题考查词义辨析。 [解析] 句中immersive一词意为“沉浸式,拟真的,身临其境的”。本文多次提及“沉浸式教学”,此处乔·华莱士前往旧金山地区的学校访问,关注点也是沉浸式教学。本句意为“四月份,肯辛顿韦德小学的校长乔·华莱士访问了旧金山的三所学校。这三所学校一直提供沉浸式英语一中文教学,其中一所已有30多年的历史”。 词义辨析:construction,n. 意为“建造,建立”;destruction n. 意为“破坏,毁坏”;obstruction n. 意为“障碍,阻碍”;instruction n. 意为“讲授,指导”。根据词义,此处选择instruction最为恰当。 词汇拓展: ①instruction作为不可数名词时,意为“教导,指导,训练”,可与in搭配,表示所学内容。 e.g. The school gives instruction in first aid. 这所学校教授急救课。 ②instruction用作复数时,意为“用法说明,操作指南”或者“命令,指示”。 e.g. Both products come with instructions for use. 两个产品都附有使用指南。 Make sure you carry out the doctor's instructions. 你一定要遵照医生的嘱咐。 ③与instruction有关的常用表达:instruction after class课外辅导;course of instruction教学科目,教程;diary for instruction教学日志。