3. The traffic was very heavy, otherwise I _______ here 50 minutes sooner.
A.would be
B.should be
C.had been
D.would have been
A B C D
D
[解析] 考查虚拟语气。句意：交通很拥挤，不然的话，我可以提早50分钟到的。根据前一分句和otherwise可以得出是假设If the traffic hadn't been very heavy，主句应该用would have done。故答案选D。
4. By the end of this month, we surely ______ a satisfactory solution to the problem.
A.have found
B.will be finding
C.will have found
D.are finding
A B C D
C
[解析] 考查将来完成时。句意：到月末的时候，针对这个问题我们一定可以找到令人满意的解决方案。根据时间状语by the end of the month可知，要用将来时态，首先排除A、D选项。B项是将来进行时，表示未来某时间正在进行的事，通常用于我们对这一时间正在进行的事的假想。与语境不符，排除；C项为将来完成时，表示到将来的某个时间为止势必会完成或预计要完成的动作，通常时间状语中会有by/in+未来的时间点，结合语境这里用将来完成时will have found，强调到月末的时候，可以实现或完成这一动作。
5. The computer works very fast, _______ data at the speed of light.
A.having handled
B.handling
C.handled
D.handles
A B C D
B
[解析] 考查非谓语动词。句意：电脑工作很快，能以光速处理数据。逗号隔开，没有连词，所以要填非谓语动词，电脑与处理数据之间是主动关系，所以选择现在分词；句子陈述电脑的特征用一般现在时即可，所以 A 项排除。C项过去分词表被动；D项是谓语动词，所以C、D项排除。
6. I found it difficult to _______ my career ambitions with the need to bring up my children.
9. Because of the ______ noise of traffic I couldn't get to sleep last night.
A.prevalent
B.perpetual
C.provocative
D.progressive
A B C D
B
[解析] 考查形容词辨析。句意：由于持续的交通噪音，昨晚我无法入睡。perpetual 意为“永久的，永恒的，长期的”，常指没有间断的、经常性重复发生的，符合题意，又如：The first experience in work will have perpetual influence on his future.(第一次工作经历将会永久地影响他的未来。)其他选项：prevalent 意为“流行的”；provocative 意为“煽动的，挑衅的”；progressive 意为“进步的，累积的，渐进的”。结合语境，正确答案为B。
10. Interest in the ancient art form of mural painting was rekindled ______ for the 1893 Chicago World's Fair.
A.when the murals created
B.the murals that were created
C.and the murals to be created
D.by the murals created
A B C D
D
[解析] 考查被动语态。句意：为 1893 年芝加哥世界博览会创作的壁画，重新点燃了人们对壁画这种古老艺术形式的兴趣。空格前的主要内容是“兴趣被点燃”，后面加“by the murals”作状语，“created”是过去分词作后置定语，修饰“the murals”。故答案为 D。
11. The seventeenth-century discovery ______ of life that are invisible to the naked eye was a dramatic one in human history.
A.of forms
B.that forms
C.forms
D.forms are
A B C D
A
[解析] 考查句子结构分析。句意：17 世纪发现了肉眼看不见的生命形式，这在人类历史上是一个重大发现。分析句子结构可知，已有谓语“was”，故排除 D 选项。选项 B 中，that 后面不是完整句子，故排除。空格后面 that 引导的定语从句修饰“life”表示“肉眼看不到的生命”。“of forms of life”这个介词短语作discovery 的定语，表示“生命形式的发现”。故答案为 A。
12. _____ they rely on external sources of warmth, amphibians in cool regions hibernate through the winter.
18. When changes in the tilt of the Earth relative to the Sun shift the location of South America's warmest zone, _____ with it.
A.the rains go
B.as go the rains
C.which the rains to go
D.and the rains going
A B C D
A
[解析] 考查主谓结构。句意：当地球相对太阳倾斜的变化改变了南美洲最温暖地带的位置时，雨水也随之而来。分析句子结构可知，when 引导了时间状语从句，其中从句在主干是changes shift the location，主句是逗号后面的部分，因此可知句子缺少主句的主谓部分，结合四个选项，只有 A 项符合要求。故答案选择 A。
19. Television was not invented by any one person. _______ into being overnight.
A.Nor has it sprung
B.Nor does it spring
C.Nor did it spring
D.Nor can it spring
A B C D
C
[解析] 考查时态与倒装。句意：电视不是由任何人发明出来的，也不是一夜之间就产生的。根据前一句的谓语was not invented可知时态是一般过去时，后一句与其时态保持一致，所以也要用一般过去时(sprung)。nor放在句首，句子需要部分倒装。故答案选C。
20. The big job of a central bank like the Federal Kestrel is to keep the economy from growing too fast or too slow and ______ inflation ______.
A.take... into account
B.keep... in check
C.free... from worries
D.put... into effect
A B C D
B
[解析] 考查动词短语辨析。句意：像美联储这样的中央银行，它的重要工作就是保持经济增长不要太快或太慢，并控制通货膨胀。take... into account考虑到，顾及；keep... in check防止，制止；free... from worries 无忧无虑；put... into effect生效，实施。根据句意可知B选项符合语境，keep inflation in check 控制通货膨胀，故答案选B。
二、阅读理解 Women are half the population but only 15% of board members at big American firms, and l0% in Europe. Companies that fish in only half the talent pool will lose out to those that cast their net more widely. There is also evidence that mixed boards make better decisions. Mindful of this, European countries are passing laws that would force companies to promote more women to the executive suite. A new French law requires listed firms to reserve 40% of board seats for women by 2017. Norway and Spain have similar laws; Germany is considering one. The European Parliament declared this month that such quotas should be applied throughout the European Union. There are two main arguments for compulsory quotas. One is that the men who dominate corporate boards are hopelessly sexist: they promote people like themselves and ignore any female talent. The second argument is more subtle. Talented executives need mentors (导师) to help them climb the ladder. Male directors mentor young men but are reluctant to get friendly with young women, lest the relationship be misinterpreted. Quotas will break this vicious cycle by putting lots of women at the top, who can then offer their sisters a leg up. There may be something in both arguments, but in most rich countries sexism is no longer the main obstacle to women's careers. Children are. Most women take career breaks to look after them. Many care for elderly relatives, too. One study found that two-thirds of American women had at some point switched from full-time work to part-time or flexible time to balance work and family. Such choices make it harder for women to gain the experience necessary to make it to the very top. What is more, big companies are increasingly global. Many want a boss who has worked in more than one country. Such foreign postings disrupt families; many women turn them down. And many, anticipating a career break at some point in the future, enter fields where their skills will not quickly become outdated, such as law or human resources. Some lawyers make good chief executives. But firms often want people with financial or operational experience for the top jobs, and these fields are still male-dominated. Quotas are too blunt a tool for such a tangled problem. The women companies are compelled to put on boards are unlikely to be as useful as those they place there voluntarily.Quotas force firms either to pad their boards with token non-executive directors, or to allocate real power on the basis of sex rather than merit. Enforcing quotas for women has led to large numbers of inexperienced women being appointed to boards, and seriously damaged those firms'performance.
1. What will happen to a company if men dominate its executive board?______
A.Its talent pool will dry out sooner.
B.Its competitiveness will be weakened.
C.Its women employees will complain.
D.It is bound to make unwise decisions.
A B C D
B
[解析] 推断题。根据文章第一段 Companies that fish in only half the talentpool will lose out to those that cast their net more widely.(只在一半的人才库里招聘董事会成员的公司将会输给广泛撒网的公司。)可知，只在男性中选拔董事会成员的公司将会输给在所有员工中选拔董事会成员的公司。因此，只在男性中选拔董事会成员的公司竞争力更差。因此，正确答案是B。 [参考译文] 美国大公司中，女性员工占50%，但在董事会成员中，女性只占了15%，而在欧洲大公司中，女性仅占董事会成员的10%。只在一半的人才库里招聘董事会成员的公司将会输给广泛撒网的公司。也有证据证明，男性和女性都存在的董事会有利于做出更明智的决定。 注意到这一问题之后，欧洲国家正在通过制定法律迫使一些公司将更多女性升至领导层级。一部新的法国法律要求上市公司到2017年，将40%的董事会席位留给女性。挪威和西班牙有类似的法律；德国也在考虑推出一部类似的法律。欧洲议会也在本月声明这样的指标制度应当在欧盟所有国家中实行。之所以实行这种强制性的指标制度，有两个主要原因。其一在于那些掌控公司董事会的男性是不可救药的性别歧视主义者：他们提升像他们一样的人，却忽视所有女性人才。 第二个原因更微妙。那些能干的行政人员需要导师帮助他们升职。男性主管可以成为年轻男性的导师，却不愿和年轻女性友好相处，以防别人误会。指标通过将更多女性升至高层来破坏这种恶性循环，那样这些高层女性就能够为她们的姐妹提供帮助。 两种原因都有一定的道理，然而，在大部分发达国家，性别不再是女性事业的主要障碍。孩子才是。大多女性为了照顾孩子而中断事业。很多人也为了关照长辈选择放弃事业。一项研究发现，三分之二的美国女性在某一阶段从全职工作转向兼职工作或时间灵活的工作，以此来平衡工作和家庭。这种选择使得女性更难获得升至最高层必备的经验。 同时，大公司越来越国际化了。很多公司想要获得一位不止在一个国家工作的老板。这样的外国职位打扰了家庭生活；于是很多女性拒绝这样的职位。而许多预测未来某一阶段将会暂时离职的女性会选择进入那些工作技能不会很快过时的工作领域，比如法律或人力资源管理。一些律师成了知名的首席执行官。但是公司往往想要聘用那些有财政或运营经验的人来担任高层职务，而这些领域仍然由男性掌控。 对于这个棘手的问题，指标制度是太过迟钝的工具。被公司强制放在董事会席位上的女性不可能和那些自愿晋升的女性同样有价值。指标制度迫使公司要么在董事会设形式上的执行主管，要么基于性别而不是业绩来分配实权。强制为女性分配定额导致大批没有经验的女性被任命为董事会成员，这严重影响了公司业绩。
2. What seems to prevent women from becoming board members apart from sexism?______
A.Many of them lack the courage to face the challenge in the board room.
B.Male directors are afraid of women's potential threat to their authority.
C.Few of them have the training and qualifications needed for executive duties.
D.Male directors refrain from giving them guidance to avoid misunderstanding.
A B C D
D
[解析] 细节题。文章第三段和第四段讲述了影响女性晋升的两个原因，第三段讲了性别原因，根据题目中apart from sexism 可定位至第四段，根据第四段第三句Male directors mentor young men but are reluctant to get friendly with young women, lest the relationship be misinterpreted.(男性主管可以成为年轻男性的导师，却不愿和年轻女性友好相处，以防别人误会。)可知，男性主管拒绝给女性提供指导以防误会。因此，正确答案是D。
3. What does the author say is the real barrier to women's careers?______
A.An apparent lack of necessary legislation.
B.Fierce competition from male colleagues.
C.The burden of taking care of their family.
D.The widespread sexism in the workplace.
A B C D
C
[解析] 推断题。根据题目中 the real barrier to women's careers 可定位至文章第五段，根据第五段首句 but in most rich countries sexism is no longer the main obstacle to women's careers. Children are. Most women take career breaks to look after them. Many care for elderly relatives, too.(然而，在大部分发达国家，性别不再是女性事业的主要障碍。孩子才是。大多女性为了照顾孩子而中断事业。很多人也为了关照长辈选择放弃事业。)可知，家庭负担是影响女性事业发展的真正障碍。因此，正确答案是C。
4. Why do many women choose to enter such fields as law or human resources?______
A.They allow women career breaks if need be.
B.They can bring a woman's talent into full play.
C.They offer high salaries and attractive benefits.
D.They pave the way for women to become CEOs.
A B C D
A
[解析] 推断题。根据题目中such fields as law or human resources 可定位至文章第六段，根据第六段第四句And many, anticipating a career break at some point in the future, enter fields where their skills will not quickly become outdated, such as law or human resources.(而许多预测未来某一阶段将会中断事业的女性会选择进入那些工作技能不会很快过时的工作领域，比如法律或人力资源管理。)可知，女性选择法律或人力资源管理这类职业，可以暂时离职，因为她们的技能不会很快过时。因此，正确答案是A。
5. What does the author think of the practice of enforcing quotas for women executives?______
A.It is a simple solution to a tangled problem.
B.It is an effective tool to combat sexism.
C.It helps fill the executive board with talents.
D.It adversely affects a firm's performance.
A B C D
D
[解析] 细节题。根据题目中 enforcing quotas for women executives 可定位至文章最后一段，根据末段最后一句 Enforcing quotas for women has led to large numbers of inexperienced women being appointed to boards, and seriously damaged those firms'performance.(强制为女性分配定额导致大批没有经验的女性被任命为董事会成员，这严重影响了公司业绩。)可知，强制为女性分配定额给公司业绩带来了负面影响。因此，正确答案是D。
In today's low-yield world, searching your sofa for change might give you a higher return than your bank account does. The average brick-and-mortar savings account now deliver a mere 0.08% in interest on a $10,000 balance, down from a measly 0.1% last year, MONEY's annual survey of the biggest banks in the U.S. has found. That's just $8 a year. Checking accounts even pay less. And yields will probably stay lower for a while longer. The penurious payout banks offer makes the fat fees they charge even more egregious. At brick-and-mortar banks, maintenance fees on checking accounts runs $14.98 a month on average — $179 a year. Avoiding the fees typically requires a $3,250 balance, up from $2,500 last year. (In most cases, even signing up for regular direct deposits won't cancel the fees anymore.) Need cash? Almost 75% of traditional bank accounts still charge a fee if you use an ATM outside the network. And those fees have grown to an average of $2.46 per withdrawal this year, MONEY found, from $2.30 in 2014. Those dollars add up. Nearly a third of ATM withdrawals are from out-of-network ATMs, according to banking technology company Personetics Insights. Consumers seem to have become injured — curiously, they even report higher satisfaction with banking fees, says J.D.Power. "Customers get used to it," says Jim Miller, who covers banking services at J.D.Power. Customers also tend to underestimate how much they pay in ATMS fees, according to Personetics Insights. Demand better. "There are still plenty of free accounts out there," says Bankrate.com chief financial analyst Greg Mc Bride. "Consumers are not hostage to rising fees and balance requirements." Just by moving to a bank with no maintenance fees and no ATM fees, MONEY estimates that you could save more than $360 a year. Choosing a bank can be a deeply individual process — a mid-career professional with a full-time job, direct payroll deposits, and substantial savings will have different priorities than a frequent traveler who just wants cheap access to cash. But it shouldn't be a costly one. MONET surveyed 75 of the largest U.S. banks to find the lowest fees, highest yields, and best perks. Whether you want a teller to greet you by name or by a mobile app to handle all of your banking, MONEY has found the best bank for you — one that earns your satisfaction.
6. What's the underlying meaning of Paragraph 1?______
A.Current economic output is relatively low.
B.Current bank account yield is very low.
C.People can find more change on sofa today.
D.Bank account can provide you higher return.
A B C D
B
[解析] 推断题。题干问：第一段的隐含意义是什么?第一段讲到，在如今收益低下的世界里，你从沙发中翻到的零钱可能都比在银行存款获得的收益高。言外之意就是，在银行存款所获取的收益比较低。再根据下文讲到银行存款利息下降，支票账户管理费用提高等，可推断出答案为 B. Current bank account yield is very low.
7. What is the meaning of the underlined word "egregious" in Paragraph 3?______
8. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?______
A.According to MONEY's annual survey, now savings account delivers a lower interest than last year.
B.At brick-and-mortar banks, maintenance fees on checking accounts are very high.
C.According to MONEY, the ATM withdrawal fees have dropped slightly.
D.Consumers have higher satisfaction with banking fees than they should have had.
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节题。题干问：根据这篇文章，以下哪项表述不正确?根据第二段首句 The average brick-and-mortar savings account now deliver a mere 0.08% in interest on a $10,000 balance, down from a measly 0.1% last year, MONEY's annual survey of the biggest banks in the U.S. has found. 可知，MONEY 的年度调查发现，现在储蓄存款的利息是0.08%，较去年下降了0.1%，故A项正确；根据第三段可知，银行所给的低额支付费用使得其收取的高额管理费用很是惊人。在传统的银行中，支票账户的管理费用平均每月是14.98美元，一年就是179美元。如果想要避免这种收费，那么你的账户余额需要达到3250美元，而去年却是2500美元。由此可知，支票账户的管理费用很高，故 B 项正确；根据第五段首句 Consumers seem to have become injured — curiously,they even report higher satisfaction with banking fees, says J.D.Power. 可知，顾客似乎遭受了损失，但让人好奇的是，他们对银行的收费还很满意，故D项正确；根据第二段第二句 And those fees have grown to an average of $2.46 per withdrawal this year, MONEY found, from $2.30 in 2014. 可知，今年，这些在自动取款机上取款的费用已增加到平均每笔2.46 美元，而2014年是2.30美元，因此是increase slightly，不是“dropped slightly”，所以 C 项错误。故答案选C。
9. What's the most possible purpose of writing this passage?______
10. What's the author's attitude toward bank account's low yield?______
A.Positive
B.Negative
C.Neutral
D.Not mentioned
A B C D
B
[解析] 态度题。题干问：作者对银行账户的低收益是什么态度?文章首段提到，去银行存款的收益还不如在沙发中翻到的零钱多；接着又讲到银行支票账户的管理费用在逐年增加，在自动取款机上取款的手续费用也在不断上调。如果没有这些管理及手续费用，那么顾客每年能节省360多美元。同时根据第三段的首句The penurious payout banks offer makes the fat fees they charge even more egregious 低额的支付费用反衬出银行的管理费用高的“让人震惊、异乎寻常”，这句话里面的penurious(吝啬的，小气的)和egregious(通常用作贬义，异于寻常的)，这两个单词也能推测出作者的态度。由此可知，作者对银行账户收益比较低持有消极的态度。故答案选B。
If you use your commute to catch up on work email, that time "should be counted as part of the working day," according to a new study by researchers who analyzed thousands of commuters'online habits. "If travel time were to count as work time, there would be many social and economic impacts," said Juliet Jain, one of the academics from the University of the West of England who surveyed several thousand commuters on trains in and out of London. "Most respondents expressed how they consider their commute as time to 'catch up'with work, before or after their traditional working day," according to a summary of the study. "This transitional time also enabled people to switch roles, for example from being a parent getting the kids ready for school in the morning to a business director during the day."The study quotes a working mother named Katheryn saying, "It's really important to my sanity that I can get work done on the train. I am a busy mum and I rely on that time, so I can get things done." Another commuter, Andrew, told the researchers, "It's dead time in a way so what it allows me to do is finish stuff and not work in the evenings." The study notes that while work rules vary around the world, some commuters in Norway are already "able to count travel time as part of their working day." The findings on workers' use of smartphones and other devices to stay plugged in highlight the importance of providing Wi-Fi to commuters, according to the academics, who presented their study at the Royal Geographical Society. To collect the data, they focused on two train lines that boosted the amount of free Wi-Fi they offered. On the Birmingham to London line, 60 percent of commuters connected to the enhanced network. The results hint at what are likely to be increasingly complicated work-life discussions, in which employees and their bosses debate what qualifies as "work" and where the line between personal and professional time should be drawn. Discussing the results in a news release, Jain said, "It may ease commuter pressure on peak hours and allow for more comfort and flexibility around working times. However it may also demand more surveillance and accountability for productivity." In addition to potential ramifications for mass transit that the British researchers highlighted, the idea of claiming commuting time on the clock could also appeal to workers who use other means of travel. Take, for instance, people who rely on ride-share companies to get to their jobs. And the discussion seems certain to widen in the near future, to include a looming wave of self-driving cars that — in theory, at least — promises to free up more travel time for drivers. As for rail commuters, the researchers said their work shows it's important that trains "offer a good working environment including tables, power, space and good continuous connectivity for internet and phone calls."
11. What can be the best title of the passage?______
A.Emailing on your commute? Best time for role switching!
B.Emailing on your commute? More needs to be offered!
C.Emailing on your commute? That's overwork!
D.Emailing on your commute? That's work!
A B C D
D
[解析] 主旨题。本文的主旨句出现在文章开头第一句“If you use your commute to catch up on work email, that time “should be counted as part of the working day,” according to a new study by researchers who analyzed thousands of commuters'online habits.”如果你在通勤路上也会处理工作邮件，这段时间应该算在工作时间内，这是一项研究的结果，而本文主要就是围绕这项研究展开的，下文讲了受访者是如何珍视这段时间，在这段时间完成角色的转换，处理工作未完成的事项，以及交通工具为通勤者提供网络等工作条件的重要性，所以正确答案是 D“在通勤路上发邮件?这也是工作!”。本题易误选C项，原文并没有强调通勤路上工作是加班，只说是工作的一部分，故排除。
12. How do most respondents think of the transitional time in their commutes?______
13. Norway serves as an example to show how workers'time during their commutes _____.
A.can be counted as part of their work
B.is becoming increasingly popular
C.benefits workers and their bosses
D.save both money and labor
A B C D
A
[解析] 细节题。根据题干关键词 Norway 定位到文章第二段最后一句 The study notes that while work rules vary around the world, some commuters in Norway are already 'able to count travel time as part of their working day.'，由此可知，在挪威，一些人的通勤时间已经可以算在工作时间内了，故答案选A。其他选项在文中没有提及，故排除。
14. According to Juliet Jain, the work-life discussions between employees and their bosses may _______.
A.draw a clear line between work and life
B.lead to distance working
C.ease employee pressure
D.promote productivity
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节题。根据题干关键词 work-life discussions 定位到文章第三段最后The results hint at what are likely to be increasingly complicated work-life discussions, in which employees and their bosses debate what qualifies as 'work' and where the line between personal and professional time should be drawn. Discussing the results in a news release, Jain said,'It may ease commuter pressure on peak hours and allow for more comfort and flexibility around working times.'，由此部分可知，关于工作和生活的讨论就是员工和老板关于个人生活时间和工作时间划分的讨论，Jain认为，如果把通勤时间算作工作时间的话，就可以减轻员工高峰时段的通勤压力，故答案选C，其中employee pressure是对commuter pressure的同义表述。
15. What is the author's attitude towards the study?______
In the early 1950's, historians who studied preindustrial Europe (which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) began, for the first time in large numbers, to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite: the kings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops, and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books. One difficulty, however, was that few of the remaining 97 percent recorded their thoughts or had them chronicled by contemporaries. Faced with this situation, many historians based their investigations on the only records that seemed to exist: birth, marriage, and death records. As a result, much of the early work on the none-lite was aridly statistical in nature; reducing the vast majority of the population to a set of numbers was hardly more enlightening than ignoring them altogether. Historians still did not know what these people thought or felt. One way out of this dilemma was to turn to the records of legal courts, for here the voices of the non-elite can most often be heard, as witnesses, plaintiffs, and defendants. These documents have acted as — a point of entry into the mental world of the poor. Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories, which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups (these attitudes include, but are not confined to, attitudes toward crime and the law) and have revealed how the authorities administered justice. It has been societies that have had a developed police system and practiced Roman law, with its written depositions, whose court records have yielded the most data to historians. In Anglo-Saxon countries hardly any of these benefits obtain, but it has still been possible to glean information from the study of legal documents. The extraction of case histories is not, however, the only use to which court records may be put. Historians who study preindustrial Europe have used the records to establish a series of categories of crime and to quantify indictments that were issued over a given number of years. This use of the records does yield some information about the non-elite, but this information gives us little insight into the mental lives of the non-elite. We also know that the number of indictments in preindustrial Europe bears little relation to the number of actual criminal acts, and we strongly suspect that the relationship has varied widely over time. In addition, aggregate population estimates are very shaky, which makes it difficult for historians to compare rates of crime per thousand in one decade of the preindustrial period with rates in another decade. Given these inadequacies, it is clear why the case history use of court records is to be preferred.
16. The author suggests that, before the early 1950's, most historians who studied preindustrial Europe did which of the following?
A.Failed to make distinctions among members of the preindustrial European political and social elite.
B.Used investigatory methods that were almost exclusively statistical in nature
C.Inaccurately estimated the influence of the preindustrial European political and social elite.
D.Confined their work to a narrow range of the preindustrial European population.
A B C D
D
[解析] 细节题。题目问：作者认为，在 20 世纪 50 年代早期之前，大多数研究前工业化欧洲的历史学家都做了以下哪些工作。由题干定位至文章第一句话In the early 1950's, historians who studied preindustrial Europe (which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) began, for the first time in large numbers, to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite: the kings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops, and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books.二十世纪五十年代早期，研究前工业化时代欧洲(此处我们可将其界定为约自 1300 年至1800年这一时期的欧洲)的史学家，首次以众多的人数，开始调查前工业化时代欧洲人口中的大多数，而非那些构成了政治与社会精英阶层的百分之二或三的人口，即国王、将军、法官、贵族、主教、以及地方上的达官显贵，而正是这部分人一直到那时为止普遍充斥于史学著作。由此可知，20世纪50年代早期对于前工业化时代的研究，针对的是欧洲大众，而不是精英阶层，但针对精英阶层的研究一直到那时为止，也就是在20世纪50年代早期之前，学者将他们的研究工作局限于一小部分精英。与D项的描述(将他们的工作限制在前工业时代欧洲人口的狭窄范围内)相符，因此答案选择 D。A项“未能区分欧洲前工业时代的政治和社会精英”，二十世纪五十年代前对欧洲前工业时代的人口研究就是针对政治和社会精英阶层的，选项与文意不符，错误；B项“使用的调查方法在统计属性上几乎是唯一的”，第一段只提到了关于非社会精英的资料非常匮乏，结合后文可知方法并不仅仅只有一个，B选项表述错误；C项“错误地估计了前工业时代欧洲政治和社会精英的影响力”，与文章内容不符，可排除。 [参考译文] 二十世纪五十年代早期，研究前工业化时代欧洲(此处我们可将其界定为约自1300年至1800年这一时期的欧洲)的史学家，首次以众多的人数，开始调查前工业化时代欧洲人口中的大多数，而非那些构成了政治与社会精英阶层的百分之二或三的人口，即国王、将军、法官、贵族、主教、以及地方上的达官显贵，而正是这部分人一直到那时为止普遍充斥于史学著作。然而，一个困难是占人口97%的那些人很少记录他们的思想，同时代的编年史中也少有提及。面对这种情况，许多历史学家只是将他们的研究建立在似乎存在的记载上：出生、婚姻以及死亡记录。结果，大量有关非社会精英的作品在数据统计属性上非常匮乏；将绝大多数人口简单归为一串数字几乎不比完全忽视他们有启发意义。历史学家还是不知道这些人所思所想。 解决这一问题的一个方法是转而研究法庭记录，在那些材料中经常可以听到大众的声音，作为证人、原告、被告听到。这些记录使我们“得以进入穷人的精神世界”。正如历史学家勒鲁瓦·拉迪里利用这些资料研究个案史，这些个案史表明不同社会群体的不同态度(包括但不限于针对犯罪和法律的态度)，同时这些个案史还显示了政府是如何执行法律的。在建立了警察系统并实行罗马法的社会，积累的文字卷宗的法庭记录产生的数据正是历史学家所需要的。在安格鲁萨克逊国家几乎无法获得这些，但是研究法律资料还是会有所收获。 然而，个案提取并不是法庭资料的唯一用途。研究前工业化时期欧洲的学者们用这些记录建立起一系列犯罪的类别，量化了一些特定年份的起诉。这一做法确实提供了一些非精英的信息，但是这些信息无法让我们了解他们的精神生活。我们还知道工业革命前欧洲社会起诉的数量和实际犯罪数量并无关系，不仅如此我们还怀疑二者关系不同时期波动很大。此外，总的人口数量也难于估量，导致历史学家们很难比较工业革命前一个年代每千人犯罪率和另一个年代每千人犯罪率。基于这些不足，为什么更倾向于用法庭资料进行个案历史就显而易见了。
17. According to the passage, the case histories extracted by historians have _____.
A.scarcely illuminated the attitudes of the political and social elite
B.indicated the manner in which those in power apportioned justice
C.focused almost entirely on the thoughts and feelings of different social groups toward crime and the law
D.been considered the first kind of historical writing that utilized the records of legal courts
A B C D
B
[解析] 细节题。题目问：根据文章，历史学者提取的讼案故事如何。由题干定位至文章第2段第3句“Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories, which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups (these attitudes include, but are not confined to, attitudes toward crime and the law) and have revealed how the authorities administered justice.历史学者比如勒鲁瓦·拉迪里从这些记录中提取了讼案故事，展示了不同社会群体的态度(包括且不仅限于对法律和犯罪的态度)，也揭示了权力机构如何执行正义”，由 have revealed how the authorities administered justice 可知 case histories 暗示了当政者如何分配正义，与B项的描述一致，故答案选择B。A.“几乎没有阐明政治和社会精英的态度”，文中提到的是展示了不同社会群体的态度，言外之意就是政治和社会精英的态度也有可能包含其中，且文中并没有明确提到“没有阐述政治和社会精英的态度”这一点，故 A 项错误；C.“几乎完全集中在不同社会群体对犯罪和法律的思想和感受”，文中指出态度不局限于针对犯罪和法律的态度，此项错误；D.“被认为是第一类利用法庭记录的历史著作”，文中并未提到这是第一次利用法庭记录，错误。
18. It can be inferred from the passage that much of the early work by historians on the European non-elite of the preindustrial period might have been more illuminating if these historians had _____.
A.used different methods of statistical analysis to investigate the non-elite
B.been more successful in identifying the attitudes of civil authorities, especially those who administered justice, toward the non-elite
C.been able to draw on more accounts, written by contemporaries of the non-elite, that described what this non-elite thought
D.relied more heavily on the personal records left by members of the European political and social elite who lived during the period in question
A B C D
C
[解析] 推断题。题目问：从文章中可以推断，这些历史学家如何做，他们对前工业时代欧洲非精英的早期研究可能更具启发性。由题干定位至文章第3段第3句“This use of the records does yield some information about the non-elite, but this information gives us little insight into the mental lives of the non-elite.如此使用这些记录，确实给我们提供了关于平民的一些信息，但这不能使我们了解他们的精神世界”，言外之意这些记录不足以使历史学家们了解平民的精神生活，如果有其他描述平民思想的资料来补充，他们的研究将更有启发性。结合四个选项，只有C项(如果这些历史学家能够借鉴同时代非精英人士的著作，来描述这些非精英人士的想法)符合推断。因此，答案选择C。
19. The author mentions Le Roy Ladurie (line 15) in order to _____.
A.give an example of a historian who has made one kind of use of court records
B.cite a historian who has based case histories on the birth, marriage, and death records of the non-elite
C.identify the author of the quotation cited in the previous sentence
D.gain authoritative support for the view that the case history approach is the most fruitful approach to court records
A B C D
A
[解析] 推断题。题目问：作者提到 Le Roy Ladurie的用意是什么。由题干 定位至文章第2段第3句 “Historians such as Le Roy Ladurle have used the documents to extract case histories, which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups (these attitudes include, but are not confined to, attitudes toward crime and the law) and have revealed how the authorities administered justice.”可知，勒鲁瓦·拉迪里等历史学家曾经运用这些法律文件来抽取案宗史，阐明了不同社会群体的观点和态度(这些观点包括但不限于犯罪和法律)，还揭示了当局是如何执法的。再结合该段前两句话“……研究法庭记录，在那些材料中经常可以听到大众的声音……这些记录使我们‘得以进入穷人的精神世界’”。由此可知，作者提及历史学家勒鲁瓦·拉迪里意在为法庭记录的使用给出一个例子。据此判断，答案是 A。
20. It can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by better information about which of the following?______
A.The causes of unrest in the city during the two decades.
B.The aggregate number of indictments in the city nearest to the city under investigation during the two decades.
C.The number of people who lived in the city during each of the decades under investigation.
D.The mental attitudes of criminals in the city, including their feelings about authority, during each of the decades under investigation.
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节题。题目问：从文章中可以推断，下面哪项对于比较十五世纪一个欧洲城市不同的十年间每千人犯罪率更有帮助。根据题干定位至文章倒数第2 句“In addition, aggregate population estimates are very shaky, which makes it difficult for historians to compare rates of crime per thousand in one decade of the preindustrial period with rates in another decade.另外，总人口数量的估计也非常不可靠，导致学者们很难比较前工业化时期的欧洲不同的十年间每千人犯罪率”，可知由于总人口数量的估计不可靠，一个想比较犯罪率的学者，最可能寻求那种更精确的信息，因此可得C项(在调查的几十年中，每年居住在这座城市的人数)提供了实际的数据，故为正确答案。其他选项均不能为所被调查的城市提供准确、可靠的信息，故排除。
深色：已答题 浅色：未答题