Section Ⅰ Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. The question of parenting has become of increasing interest to economists. At the American Economic Association's annual meeting in Denver this year, for example, there was a 1 on the effect of mothers' employment on their children, as well as household 2 and child development. Economists are 3 increasingly on studies from epigenetics, which demonstrate the way parenting and other 4 factors transform genes. But 5 most debates regarding nature 6 nurture tend to look at what happens to people during childhood, Janet Currie, an economist at Columbia University, has looked at the effects that 7 might have on children even before they are born. In a paper 8 as the Richard T. Ely lecture at the A. E. A. meeting, she reviewed studies looking at 9 better maternal education and government food 10 can help raise birth weights among babies, an indicator that can 11 future health. Stopping smoking or taking drugs, not 12 , also improves birth weights. In examining the effects of pollution on birth weight, she 13 that one of the reasons poor, minority mothers tend to live 14 to polluted areas is that such neighborhoods tend to be viewed as blighted by more 15 and white residents, and that 16 home prices or rents are more 17 for those living on low incomes. She also posited the 18 that "some groups are less able to process and act on information about hazards." Ms. Currie 19 that because changes made by mothers or families while a baby is in the womb can affect birth weight, and in 20 , future health, "we cannot assume that differences that are present at birth reflect unchangeable, genetic factors."
[解析] 上下文语义题。前半句说“在验证污染对出生重量的影响时”，空格后为that引导的宾语从句that one of the reasons... is that...“……的一个原因是……”，其内容为Janet Currie的观点，B选项意为“提出，建议”，是单纯表达观点，最符合语境，故为正确答案。A选项意为“预料，期望”；C选项意为“打算，准备”；D选项意为“推荐”，均不符合文意，故排除。
[解析] 词汇辨析题。这里的more ______ and white residents与poor，minority mothers相对，因此空格处所填词应当是poor的反义词。A选项意为“丰富的，充裕的；盛产的”，指物质方面供应充足，其反义词是scarce，不能修饰人，故排除。B选项意为“富裕的，有钱的”，是poor的反义词，符合上下文语义，故为正确答案。C选项意为“舒服的；无忧无虑的”，也有“寓足的”之意，但用此意时，只作表语，不作定语，故排除。D选项意为“大量的，丰富的”，也指物质方面，同abundant是近义词，故排除。
16.
A.whereas
B.nevertheless
C.therefore
D.moreover
A B C D
C
[解析] 逻辑衔接题。空格处的句子较复杂，宾语从句的骨干是one of the reasons...is that...and that...，据此看出，两个that均引导表语从句，第一个表语从句提到，这样的社区通常被更为富裕的白人居民视为贫民区，第二个表语从句提到，房价或者租金对于靠低收入生活的人就更______，显然，从第一个表语从句的表述能够推出第二个表语从句的结论，两者为因果关系，C选项“因此，结果”正确。A、B项表转折，意为“然而；尽管如此”，D项意为“进而”，表递进，均不符合原文逻辑。
17.
A.affordable
B.prohibitive
C.luxurious
D.expensive
A B C D
A
[解析] 词汇辨析和上下文语义题。home prices or rents指的是polluted areas(blighted neighborhoods)的房价和租金，这种地方的房价或者租金对于靠低收入生活的人显然更能“负担得起”，故A选项“负担得起的”为正确答案。
Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.
Text 1 An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted—the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim "behavioral" ads at those most likely to buy. In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fin e-grained information: should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioral ads? Or should they have explicit permission? In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track" (DNT) option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed. Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT; Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests. On May 31st Microsoft set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear in Windows 8, would have DNT as a default. Advertisers are horrified. Human nature being what it is, most people stick with default settings. Few switch DNT on now, but if tracking is off it will stay off. Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers, one of the groups in the DAA, says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences. "People will not get fewer ads," he says. "They'll get less meaningful, less targeted ads." It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioral ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft's default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway. Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on advertising, it has chosen an indirect method: there is no guarantee that DNT by default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for Windows 8—though the firm has compared some of its other products favorably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, blogged: "we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?
1. It is suggested in Paragraph 1 that "behavioral" ads help advertisers to
[解析] 含义题。the industry在第三段，指代前面出现过的内容，而前面提到的Microsoft Internet Explorer、Apple's Safair和Google's Chrome都是D项中的“internet browser developers(浏览器开发商)”。A项“网上广告商”、B项“电子商务主导者”、C项“数字信息分析”，均与原文不符。
3. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default
A.many cut the number of junk ads.
B.fails to affect the ad industry.
C.will not benefit consumers.
D.goes against human nature.
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节题。根据关键词Bob Liodice、setting DNT as a default可以定位到第五段。文章最后提到：如果浏览器开发商不能搜集用户的喜好信息，消费者的境况只会更糟。人们收到的广告并不会减少，少的是那些有意义、有针对性的广告。也就是说，消费者并不会因此受益，因此选C项。A项“大大减少垃圾广告”与原文表述相反。B项“不会影响广告行业”原文未提。D项“与人类的天性相反”是对原文的曲解。
4. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 6?
A.DNT may not serve its intended purpose.
B.Advertisers are willing to implement DNT.
C.DNT is losing its popularity among consumers.
D.Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioral ads.
5. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of
A.indulgence.
B.understanding.
C.appreciation.
D.skepticism.
A B C D
D
[解析] 态度题。根据关键词Brendon Lynch、blog定位到最后一段。Brendon Lynch在博客中评论道：“我们认为消费者应该有更多的掌控权”。解题关键在于最后一句“Could it be really that simple?”，从中可明显看出作者的怀疑态度。A项“纵容”，B项“理解”，C项“欣赏”，均不符合原文。
Text 2 Science and its practical applications in the form of technology, or the "science" of the industrial arts, as Webster defines the term, have had an enormous impact on modem society and culture. For generations it was believed that science and technology would provide the solutions to the problem of human suffering disease, famine, war, and poverty. But today these problems remain; in fact, many argue that they are expanding. Some even conclude that science and technology as presently constituted are not capable of meeting the collective needs of mankind. A more radical position is that modem scientific methods and institutions, because of their very nature and structure, thwart basic human needs and emotions; the catastrophes of today's world, and the greatest threat to its future, some claim, are the direct consequences of science and technology. A major paradox has been created: scientific rationality taken as the supreme form of the application of the rational faculties of human beings and which, along with its practical applications in the form of technological development, have liberated man from ignorance, from the whims and oppressions of a relentless nature and while having subordinated the earth to man, has become the potential instrument of the self-destruction of the human species. War, pollution, and economic oppression are seen as the inevitable results of scientific advance by large sections of the public. The atomic disaster of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings are seen as the products of an uninterested scientific rationality. In recent decades in the West there has emerged a wave of anti-scientific, antirational moods, especially among the young people, which threatens a complete rejection not simply of the technological fruits of science, but of scientific rationalism as well, in favor of one or another version of mysticism, irrationalism, and primitivism-or as one philosopher of science has called it, of blood and soil philosophy. Wartovsky has described the argument of the anti-science people as one in which we are warned to "listen to the blood, get back to our roots, and cast out the evil demons of a blind and inhuman rationality, and thereby we will save ourselves". The only "reasonable thing" to do, according to the oppositionist, is to reject reason itself-at least in its scientific form. The very rejection of that reason, in "reasonable" terms, is in itself a paradox.
1. According to Paragraph 1, science and technology hindered humans' needs and emotions in that ______
A.science and technology are not capable of meeting all human needs.
B.the problems of human sufferings still remain today.
C.the nature and the structure of modern science is inappropriate.
D.science and technology cause many catastrophes and pose a great threat to future.
3. For the anti-science people, the results of the scientific development has been caused by ______
A.an increase in human problems.
B.the atomic disaster.
C.natural and economic oppression.
D.the scientific rationalism.
A B C D
D
[解析] 推理判断题。与题干中的anti-science有关的信息可在原文第三段找到，the results of the scientific development则是第二段倒数第二句results of scientific advance的同义替换，可以猜测可能需要结合这两段某些句子解题。第三段提到西方反科学主义的主要观点，即不仅是简单地拒绝科技成果，更是拒绝科学理性。而第二段最后两句提到，在广岛和长崎投下的原子弹被视为科学理性的无情产品。结合以上两方面可知，反科学主义认为，科学理性是造成这些结果的原因，故选D。A、B项和C项是科技进步所带来的结果而非原因。
4. Which of the following is true of the anti-science people? ______
A.They argue about that famine, war, and poverty are increasing.
B.They are still not too disillusioned on human situations.
C.They do not believe anything at all.
D.They are most eager to reject scientific application.
Text 3 Charles Darwin and Abraham Lincoln were born in the same year, on the same day: Feb.12, 1809. How's this for a coincidence? Instinctively, we want to say that they belong together. It's not just because they were both great men, and not because they happen to be exactly at the same age. Rather, it's because the scientist and the politician each touched off a revolution that changed the world. Lincoln and Darwin were both revolutionaries, in the sense that both men upended realities that prevailed when they were born. They seem—and sound—modern to us, because the world they left behind them is more or less the one we still live in. So, considering the joint magnitude of their contributions—and the coincidence of their conjoined birthdays—it is hard not to wonder: who was the greater man? It's an apples and oranges—or Superman vs. Santa—comparison. But if you limit the question to influence, it bears pondering, all the more if you turn the question around and ask, what might have happened if one of these men had not been born? Very quickly the balance tips in Lincoln's favor. Great as Darwin's book on evolution is, it does no harm to remember that be hurried to publish "The Origin of Species" because he thought he was about to be scooped(抢先)by his fellow naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace, who had independently come up with much the same idea of evolution through natural selection. In other words, there was a certain inevitability to Darwin's theory. Ideas about evolution surfaced throughout the first part of the 19th century, and while none of them was as conclusive as Darwin's, it was not as though he was the only man who had the idea. Lincoln, in contrast, is Unique. Take him out of the picture, and there is no telling what might have happened to the country. True, his election to the presidency did provoke secession and, in turn, the war itself, but that war seems inevitable—not a question of if but when. If Darwin were not so irreplaceable as Lincoln, that should not deny his accomplishment. No one could have formulated his theory any more elegantly—or anguished more over its implications. Like Lincoln, Darwin was brave. He risked his health and his reputation to advance the idea that we are not over nature but a part of it. Lincoln prosecuted a war—and became its ultimate casualty—to ensure that no man should have dominion over another. Their identical birthdays afford us a superb opportunity to observe these men in the shared context of their time—how each was shaped by his circumstances, how each reacted to the beliefs that steered the world into which he was born and ultimately how each reshaped his comer of that world and left it irrevocably changed.
1. What is the major reason for the author to put Lincoln and Darwin into the same sort? ______
A.They both changed the world irrevocably.
B.They were born at the same age.
C.Their birthdays are coincidently the same.
D.They were both great men at their age.
A B C D
A
2. Why does the author think Lincoln is greater than Darwin? ______
A.Because Lincoln was more high-minded.
B.Because Lincoln was more courageous.
C.Because Lincoln's influence is greater.
D.Because Lincoln died for the nation.
A B C D
C
3. What does the author think of Darwin's evolution theory? ______
A.He thinks it was a unique production by Darwin.
B.He thinks it should have been published by Wallace.
C.He thinks it was as convincing as Wallace's theory.
D.He thinks it was published in pursuit of fame.
A B C D
D
4. What does the author think of the role Lincoln played in America history? ______
A.Lincoln is famous for his belief that human is a part of nature.
B.Without Lincoln the American history might have been rewritten.
C.Without Lincoln the American Civil War wouldn't have broken out.
D.Lincoln solved the problem of racial equality in America completely.
A B C D
B
5. From the last paragraph, we can learn that ______.
A.Lincoln seemed to have made greater effort for his achievement
B.the author makes an objective comment on Darwin's accomplishment
C.the author holds a strong prejudice against Darwin's accomplishment
D.Darwin's accomplishment cannot be compared with that of Lincoln's
A B C D
B
Text 4 It is a familiar ritual for many: after a late night out you reach for your smartphone to hail an Uber home, only to find—disaster—that the fare will be three times the normal rate. Like many things beloved by economists, "surge pricing" of the sort that occasionally afflicts Uber-users is both efficient and deeply unpopular. From a consumer's perspective, surge pricing is annoying at best and downright offensive when applied during emergencies. Extreme fare surges often lead to outpourings of public criticism: when a snowstorm paralysed New York in 2013, celebrities, including Salman Rushdie, took to social media to rail against triple-digit fares for relatively short rides. Some city governments have banned the practice altogether: Delhi's did so in April. Surge (or dynamic) pricing relies on frequent price adjustments to match supply and demand. Such systems are sometimes used to set motorway tolls (which rise and fall with demand in an effort to keep traffic flowing), or to adjust the price of energy in electricity markets. A lower-tech version is common after natural disasters, when shopkeepers raise the price of necessities like bottled water and batteries as supplies run low. People understandably detest such practices. It offends the sensibilities of non-economists that the same journey should cost different amounts from one day or hour to the next—and more, invariably, when the need is most desperate. Yet surge fares also demonstrate the elegance with which prices moderate a marketplace. When demand in an area spikes and the waiting time for a car rises, surge pricing kicks in; users requesting cars are informed that the fare will be a multiple of the normal rate. As the multiple rises, the market goes to work. Higher fares ration available cars by willingness to pay: to richer users, in some cases, but also to those less able to wait out the surge period or with fewer good alternatives. Charging extra to those without good alternatives sounds like gouging, yet without surge pricing such riders would be less likely to get a ride at all, since there would be no incentive for all the other people requesting cars to drop out. Surge pricing also boosts supply, at least locally. The extra money is shared with drivers, who therefore have an incentive to travel to areas with high demand to help relieve the crush. Whether Uber remains a big part of the transport network in future, and whether it retains surge pricing, depends in part on how well local governments manage the transport system as a whole. In other words, surge pricing is really only as painful as local officials allow it to be.
1. It can be inferred from Paragraph 1 that Uber's pricing strategy ______.
3. The word "detest" (Line 5, Paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to ______.
A.protest.
B.resent.
C.oppose.
D.exclude.
A B C D
B
[解析] 词汇理解题。第二段第五句举例“It offends the sensibilities of non-economists(违反了非经济学家的情感)，每一天价格都不一样”，因此可推测detest意思最接近resent(厌恶)，B项是正确选项。 A项“反对”、C项“反抗”和D项“排斥”均和原文词义不符，可排除。
4. The cause of surge fares in automobiles lies in ______.
Part B Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. At the end of the fifteenth century, celestial navigation was just being developed in Europe, primarily by the Portuguese. Prior to the development of celestial navigation, sailors navigated by "deduced" (or "dead") reckoning, hereafter called DR. This was the method used by Columbus and most other sailors of his era. In DR, the navigator finds his position by measuring the course and distance he has sailed from some known point. Starting from a known point, such as a port, the navigator measures out his course and distance from that point on a chart, pricking the chart with a pin to mark the new position. Each day' s ending position would be the starting point for the next day's course-and-distance measurement. 1 The ship's speed was measured by throwing a piece of flotsam over the side of the ship. There were two marks on the ship's rail a measured distance apart. When the flotsam passed the forward mark, the pilot would start a quick chant, and when it passed the aft mark, the pilot would stop chanting. The pilot would note the last syllable reached in the chant, and he had a mnemonic that would convert that syllable into a speed in miles per hour. This method would not work when the ship was moving very slowly, since the chant would nm to the end before the flotsam had reached the aft mark. 2 Columbus was the first sailor (that we know of) who kept a detailed log of his voyages, but only the log of the first voyage survives in any detail. It is by these records that we know how Columbus navigated, and how we know that he was primarily a DR navigator. 3 If Columbus had been a celestial navigator, we would expect to see continuous records of celestial observations; but Columbus's log does not show such records during either of the transatlantic portions of the first voyage. It has been supposed by some scholars that Columbus was a celestial navigator anyway, and was using unrecorded celestial checks on his latitude as he sailed west on his first voyage. 4 In other words, if Columbus were a celestial navigator, we would expect to see a sense of small intermittent course corrections in order to stay at a celestially determined latitude. These corrections should occur about every three or four days, perhaps more often. But that is not what the log shows. 5 Only three times does Columbus depart from this course: once because of contrary winds, and twice to chase false signs of land southwest. In none of these cases does he show any desire to return to a celestially-determined latitude . This argument is a killer for the celestial hypothesis. A. Since DR is dependent upon continuous measurements of course and distance sailed, we should expect that any log kept by a DR navigator would have these records; and this is exactly what Columbus's log looks like. B. On his return voyage in 1493, Columbus started from Samaria Bay on the north coast of Hispaniola, and he made landfall at Santa Maria Island in the Azores. We know his entire DR courses and distances between these two points, since they're recorded in his log. C. In order for this method to work, the navigator needs a way to measure his course, and a way to measure the distance sailed. Course was measured by a magnetic compass. Distance was determined by a time and speed calculation: the navigator multiplied the speed of the vessel (in miles per hour) by the time traveled to get the distance. D. On the first voyage westbound, Columbus sticks doggedly to his magnetic westward course for weeks at a time. E. Could Columbus has corrected his compasses by checking them against the stars and thus avoids the need for course corrections? This would have been possible in theory, but we know that Columbus could not have actually done this. F. Speed (and distance) was measured every hour. The officer of the watch would keep track of the speed and course sailed every hour by using a peg-board with holes radiating from the center along every point of the compass. The peg was moved from the center along the course traveled, for the distance made during that hour. After four hours, another peg was used to represent the distance made good in leagues during the whole watch. At the end of the day, the total distance and course for the day was transferred to the chart. G. In that case, as magnetic variation pulled his course southward from true west, he would have noticed the discrepancy from his celestial observations, and he would have corrected it.
1.
C
[解析] 本题的关键在于理清文章的结构层次。本篇第一段提到了航位推算法(DR)，但只提到航海家通过在航海图上标出他航行的路线和距离来确定自己的位置，并未说明在海中航行时应该如何操作。第三段则讲到航海时用漂浮物测量船只每小时航行距离的具体办法。因此中间空白处肯定是有关在海中航行时应该如何测量船只航行的路线和距离的办法，而且应该为概要介绍。C项和F项都与此有关。但F项中的“the compass”出现的过于突兀，因上文并未提到。而根据下文，空白处肯定应出现"the compass"，C项中的“the compass"则引出的自然，能很好的衔接上下文。同时，"In order for this method to work"起到了承上启下的作用，因为"this method"指的是第一段所提到的"In DR，the navigator finds his． position by measuring the course and distance he has sailed from some known point"，因此C项正确。
2.
F
[解析] 空白处的上文提到了如何在航海时用漂浮物测量船只每小时航行距离的具体办法，下文谈到据哥伦布的航行日志记载，他曾采用过这种航位推算法。这表明空白处应该仍然是关于如何进行航位推算的内容。A、B、F项都提到了航位推算法(DR)，其中A、B项都提到了"log"和"records/recorded"。从下文"Columbus was the first sailor (that we know of)who kept a detailed log of his voyages，but only the log of the first voyage survives in any detail"可以看出这两个词在下一段应该是第一次出现，因此A、B项不符合题意。F项的"At the end of the day，the total distance and course for the day was transferred to the chart．"表明对航位推算法的原理已经介绍完毕，因此F项符合要求。 此外，根据第二段末句"Distance was determined by a time and speed calculation：the navigator multiplied the speed of the vessel(in miles per hour)b)r the time traveled to get the distance．"可知距离等于航行的时间乘以速度，第三段讲了航行速度的测量，那么空白处就应该是与时间有关的内容。F项符合此要求，故F项正确。
3.
A
[解析] 空白处上下文均提到了哥伦布的“log”和“records”，下文又提到“continuous records of celestial observations”。空白处应该与"log"、“records"和"continuous records of DR"有关，只有A项符合题意。
4.
G
[解析] 空白处下文的"In other words"表明下文是对空白处的进一步解释，二者意思应该相近。下文提到了“course corrections”E、C项都与此有关。但E项中的第二句话"This would have been possible in theory，but we know that Columbus could not have actually done this．"与下文意思不符。而G项则与下文意思相近，故G项正确。
5.
D
[解析] 空白处上文提到如果哥伦布是靠天体导航的，在航海日志上就会有对航海路线不断修正的痕迹。但事实上，哥伦布的航海日志上并没有这种修正的痕迹。下文提到哥伦布只偏离了航线三次。那么空白处就应该是关于他一直沿着航线走的内容。D项符合要求。B项中"We know all of his DR courses and distances between these two points, since they' re recorded in his log. "与"Only three times does Columbus depart from this course"似乎也有逻辑关系，但"Only three times does Columbus depart from this course" 与D项" sticks doggedly to his (magnetic) westward course for weeks at a time" 逻辑关系更近一些，故选D。
Part C Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. 1 The relationship between humans and the land we live on has evolved over hundreds of thousands of years, but no period has involved such rapid change as the past century, when we began using land in new ways. A landmark U.N. report warns that humans now face a moment of reckoning over the way we use the planet's land: either we change our ways, particularly our diets, or risk devoting huge swaths of land to uses that spew far more carbon dioxide than we can afford. 2 The report, authored by more than 100 scientists from 52 countries found that emissions from land use—practices like agriculture and logging—cause nearly a quarter of human-induced greenhouse emissions. Still, land elsewhere on the planet has balanced the effects of those emissions. In the 10 years leading up to 2016, forests, wetlands and other land systems soaked up 11.2 billion metric tons more carbon dioxide per year than they emitted. That's more carbon than the world's coal-fired power plants release in a given year. But "this additional gift from nature is not going to continue forever," he says. 3 A series of practices like deforestation, soil degradation and the destruction of land-based ecosystems threaten to halt that trend, driving land to release more carbon dioxide than it absorbs. Adapting our diets can help. 4 Climate advocates are hoping this year's report can inspire a similar wake-up call to last year's, which warned of the extremely serious effects of more than 1.5℃ of warming. As global demand for food has grown, farmers have converted forests into agricultural land, leading to a release of carbon stored in trees. Soaring meat production, which requires other food products to feed livestock, has been especially damaging. A global shift from meat—to plant—based diets could yield big results, cutting as much as 8 billion metric tons of greenhouse gases per year. Eating less meat means lower emissions from livestock and the fertilizer needed to grow their food, and offers the chance to reforest land that farmers would have otherwise used for grazing. Changing the way we farm the remaining land would also make a difference. 5 Farmers can implement a range of practices—from changing livestock feed to adapting how soil is managed—that can significantly reduce emissions and even suck carbon out of the atmosphere. Some farmers, traditionally known as a conservative bunch, say they're open to new ways of doing business. "We are ready to solve this problem," says Matt Russell, a beef and produce farmer in central Iowa, adding, "if we're asked to."
[解析] we live on定语从句，修饰land；when we began using land in new ways定语从句，修饰the past century。
[参考译文] 人类和我们赖以生存的土地之间的关系已经发展了数十万年，但没有哪个时期像上个世纪那样经历了如此迅速的变化。从上个世纪开始，人类开始以新的方式利用土地。一项具有里程碑意义的联合国报告警告称，人类现在面临的灾难在于我们使用地球的土地的方式：要么我们改变我们生活的方式，尤其是我们的饮食；或冒险进一步开发大片地区使用，但是排放的二氧化碳将远超我们的承担能力。 这份报告，由来自52个国家的100多名科学家合著，发现农业和伐木等土地
使用行为产生的温室气体，占人类引起的温室气体排放的近四分之一。
尽管如此，地球上其他地方的土地已经抵消了这些排放的影响。在截至2016年的10年里，森林、湿地和其他土地系统每年吸收的二氧化碳比它们排放的二氧化碳多112亿公吨。这比世界上燃煤发电厂全年所排放的碳还要多。
但他表示，“这种来自大自然的额外馈赠不会永远持续下去。”砍伐森林、土壤退化和破坏土地生态系统等一系列做法可能会阻止这一趋势，导致土地释放的二氧化碳超过其吸收的量。
调整我们的饮食可以有所帮助。气候倡导者希望今年的报告能像去年一样敲响警钟。去年的报告警告称，全球平均气温上升超过1.5摄氏度将带来极其严重的影响。随着全球粮食需求的增长，农民们把森林变成了农田，导致释放出储存在树木中的碳。飙升的肉类产量尤其具有破坏性。肉类生产需要其它食品来喂养牲畜。
全球从肉类饮食转向植物性饮食可能会产生巨大的效果，每年可减少多达80亿吨的温室气体。少吃肉意味着牲畜和种植食物所需的肥料的排放量更低，同时也为农民提供了重新造林的机会，否则农民本来是用这些土地来放牧的。
改变我们耕种剩余土地的方式也会有所不同。农民可以采取一系列措施——从改变牲畜饲料到调整土壤管理方式——来显著减少碳排放，甚至从大气中吸收碳。一些传统上被称为保守派的农民说，他们对新的经营方式持开放态度。“我们已经准备好解决这个问题，”爱荷华州中部的一名牛肉和农产品农民马特?拉塞尔(Matt Russell)说，“如果我们被要求这么做的话。”
[解析] authored by more than 100 scientists from 52 countries定语，修饰the report；from land use定语，修饰emissions; practices like agriculture and logging同位语，解释说明land use。
[解析] that can significantly reduce emissions and even suck carbon out of the atmosphere定语从句，修饰 practices。
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
1. Directions: You lost a book you borrowed from your friend William. Write him a letter to make an apology, and state your reason(s). You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.
Dear William, I am terribly sorry to tell you that! have lost the valuable book you were so kind to lend me last week. I read it everyday and intended to finish it next month. Last night when I came to my room, it was nowhere to be found. I will try to recover it as soon as possible. If I fail to find it, I will buy a new one for you. But I am afraid it can never take the place of the old one. And for this irrecoverable loss, I am to blame, for I was so careless with my things. This is a warning to me to be more careful in the future.
Yours sincerely, Li Ming
Part B
1. Direction: Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay of 160～200 words. Your essay should meet the requirements below. 1) Describe the Cartoon. 2) Write out the messages conveyed by the cartoon. 3) Give your comment.
[范文] From the picture, we can see that a father collects many kinds of test materials for his child, and gives them a beautiful name as "tonic", but the child seems unhappy and exhausted. In the draw, the painter expresses his view on this phenomenon: the children lose their enthusiasm to study because of the heavy burden that their parents give them. We all know that our society is full of competition, and many parents hold the view that only their children possess all-around knowledge, can they stand firmly in our society. They, therefore, force their children to learn more, which gives the children so much burden. This phenomenon reveals the disadvantages of our Chinese education, namely, parents always use "forced duck" way to teach their children instead of paying much more attention to cultivate their all-around abilities. They believe firmly that only by studying hard, can their children have a bright future. I, in my view, believe that everything overdone is equal to naught, so is education. There is no doubt that to learn much knowledge is essential to the youth, but once it becomes a burden to a child, it will make the children feel tedious for study. So the parents should spare their no efforts to give them enough free room in their study, and make the studying process a happy one. For children, they should understand their parents, and study passionately.
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