银符考试题库-在线练习-GRE真题汇编4

GRE真题汇编4

Verbal Reasoning
Echolocating bats emit sounds in patterns—characteristic of each species—that contain both frequency-modulated (FM) and constant-frequency (CF) signals. The broadband FM signals and the narrowband CF signals travel out to a target, reflect from it, and return to the hunting bat. In this process of transmission and reflection, the sounds are changed, and the changes in the echoes enable the bat to perceive features of the target.
The FM signals report information about target characteristics that modify the timing and the fine frequency structure, or spectrum, of echoes—for example, the target's size, shape, texture, surface structure, and direction in space.Because of their narrow bandwidth, CF signals portray only the target's presence and, in the case of some bat species, its motion relative to the bat's. Responding to changes in the CF echo's frequency, bats of some species correct in flight for the direction and velocity of their moving prey.

1. According to the passage, the information provided to the bat by CF echoes differs from that provided by FM echoes in which of the following ways? ______

A.Only CF echoes alert the bat to moving targets.
B.Only CF echoes identify the range of widely spaced targets.
C.Only CF echoes report the target's presence to the bat.
D.In some species, CF echoes enable the bat to judge whether it is closing in on its target.
E.In some species, CF echoes enable the bat to discriminate the size of its target and the direction in which the target is moving.

[考点] 对比逻辑关系
[解析] 1．做题分析
①Echolocating bats emit sounds in patterns—characteristic of each species—that contain both frequency-modulated (FM) and constant-frequency (CF) signals. ②The broadband FM signals and the narrowband CF signals travel out to a target, reflect from it, and return to the hunting bat. ③In this process of transmission and reflection, the sounds are changed, and the changes in the echoes enable the bat to perceive features of the target.
④The FM signals report information about target characteristics that modify the timing and the fine frequency structure, or spectrum, of echoes—for example, the target's size, shape, texture, surface structure, and direction in space. ⑤Because of their narrow bandwidth, CF signals portray only the target's presence and, in the case of some bat species, its motion relative to the bat's. ⑥Responding to changes in the CF echo's frequency, bats of some species correct in flight for the direction and velocity of their moving prey.
2．文章结构
文章讨论的是：蝙蝠释放的两种信号以及这两种信号的相同点和不同点。
主旨：蝙蝠释放两种类型的信号。
细节1：两种信号的工作方式以及蝙蝠如何利用这些信号。
细节2：两种信号帮助蝙蝠确定的信息类型。
3．文章精析
①这句话是文章主旨，两个破折号中间是细节可以不看，所以主旨的内容简单来说就是：蝙蝠会释放两种类型的信号，分别是FM和CF。至于蝙蝠的类型(Echolocating bats)，以及FM和CF(FM是频率会发生变化的信号；CF是频率固定的信号)具体是什么我们不需要细读。
②没有取反词，这句话是细节，讲述了两种信号的基本特征。这句话有两个重要细节：(1)FM和CF分别的特征：FM带宽较宽(broadband)而CF带宽较窄(narrowband)，可看成它们的第一个不同点；(2)两种信号的工作方式都是通过先到达物体(travel out to a target)，再反射回来(reflect from it)被蝙蝠接收(return to the hunting bat)，可以看作两种信号的共同点。
③没有取反词，这句话是细节，讲述了这两种信号如何工作(蝙蝠如何利用这两种信号)。这里this指的是前面描述两种信号从travel out to a target到return to the hunting bat这一系列过程，transmission是travel的同义替换，reflection是reflect的名词形式。所以在这个过程中，这些信号会发生变化，蝙蝠就利用这些变化感知目标的特征(perceive features of the target)。这里sound就是指两种信号，echoes的意思是“回声”，对应reflect from it的信号，这两个词在本文中都是signal的同义替换。
④没有取反词，这句话是细节，讲FM的特征，主句是The FM signals report information about target characteristics，即FM信号提供目标的特征，是一个很笼统的说法。that从句修饰target characteristics，这些特征改变了(modify，对应上一段的change)发出信号回声的时间和频率模式，以及频谱，改变的具体方面属于细节，可以略读，只需理解到“物体的一些特征使回声改变”即可。破折号表示补充，说明了可以感知的具体特征：大小、形状、纹理、表面特征以及位置(size，shape，texture，surface structure，and direction in space)。
⑤没有取反词，这句话是细节，讲CF的特征。Because of表示因果逻辑，表示CF的特征源于它“带宽窄”的特点。虽然没有明确的对比逻辑，但是我们知道这里说的是两种信号的不同点：CF只能感应到目标的存在(the target's presence)，某些蝙蝠也可以感知到目标相对它们的运动情况(motion relative to the bat's)。所以我们可以发现能够根据CF确定的信息少于FM。
⑥没有取反词，这句话是上一句话的细节，讲述某些蝙蝠如何利用CF信号：这些蝙蝠可以根据回声改变它们的飞行方向和速度(correct in flight for the direction and velocity)来捕捉猎物。这里direction and velocity是motion的具体表现形式。
题型：细节内容改写题
题目问两种信号的不同点，定位到第二段，两者主要的区别在于确定信息的范围不同：可以根据CF确定的信息少于FM。A，B，C选项中提到的三个功能FM也具有，所以错误，D选项刚好对应原文：correct in flight for the direction and velocity of their moving prey，根据猎物调节自己的飞行方向和速度，正确。E选项写的功能是FM的，错误。答案是D。

2. According to the passage, the configuration of the target is reported to the echolocating bat by changes in the ______.

A.echo spectrum of CF signals
B.echo spectrum of FM signals
C.direction and velocity of the FM echoes
D.delay between transmission and reflection of the CF signals
E.relative frequencies of the FM and the CF echoes

[考点] 题目的理解、细节的定位及理解
[解析] 题型：题型内容改写题
要做对首先要知道题目中configuration是characteristics的同义替换，这道题问蝙蝠通过什么确定目标的特征，对应第二段第一句The FM signals report information about target characteristics，答案是B，这道题很简单。

3. The author presents the information concerning bat sonar in a manner that could be best described as ______.

A.argumentative
B.commendatory
C.critical
D.disbelieving
E.objective

[考点] 文章情感色彩的判断
[解析] 题型：态度题
这篇文章仅仅是一篇科普性文章，用来介绍一种自然现象，所以是没有任何感情色彩的，这类文章对应的情感色彩一般是“客观的”，答案是E。

4. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage? ______

A.A fact is stated, a process is outlined, and specific details of the process are described.
B.A fact is stated, and examples suggesting that a distinction needs correction are considered.
C.A fact is stated, a theory is presented to explain that fact, and additional facts are introduced to validate the theory.
D.A fact is stated, and two theories are compared in light of their explanations of this fact.
E.A fact is stated, a process is described, and examples of still another process are illustrated in detail.

[考点] 文章结构的判断
[解析] 题型：结构题
文章结构很清晰：(1)蝙蝠发出两种信号；(2)两种信号如何工作；(3)两种信号各自的特点是什么。对应到选项中只有A最符合。B选项中这样的例子文章没有提及，错误；C选项，文章没有试图证明什么(validate)，而是一直在摆事实，错误。D选项，不存在两种理论的比较，错误；E选项，文章只描述了一个过程，不存在其他的，错误。答案是A。

All of Francoise Duparc's surviving paintings blend portraiture and genre. Her subjects appear to be acquaintances whom she has asked to pose; she has captured both their self-consciousness and the spontaneity of their everyday activities, the depiction of which characterizes genre painting. But genre painting, especially when it portrayed members of the humblest classes, was never popular in eighteenth-century France. The Le Nain brothers and Georges de La Tour, who also chose such themes, were largely ignored. Their present high standing is due to a different, more democratic political climate and to different aesthetic values: we no longer require artists to provide ideal images of humanity for our moral edification but rather regard such idealization as a falsification of the truth. Duparc gives no improving message and discreetly refrains from judging her subjects. In brief, her works neither elevate nor instruct. This restraint largely explains her lack of popular success during her lifetime, even if her talent did not go completely unrecognized by her eighteenth-century French contemporaries.

5. According to the passage, modern viewers are not likely to value which of the following qualities in a painting? ______

A.The technical elements of the painting
B.The spontaneity of the painting
C.The moral lesson imparted by the painting
D.The degree to which the painting realistically depicts its subject
E.The degree to which the artist's personality is revealed in the painting

[考点] 细节的定位和理解
[解析] 1．做题分析
①All of Francoise Duparc's surviving paintings blend portraiture and genre.②Her subjects appear to be acquaintances whom she has asked to pose; she has captured both their self-consciousness and the spontaneity of their everyday activities, the depiction of which characterizes genre painting.③But genre painting, especially when it portrayed members of the humblest classes, was never popular in eighteenth-century France.④The Le Nain brothers and Georges de La Tour, who also chose such themes, were largely ignored.⑤Their present high standing is due to a different, more democratic political climate and to different aesthetic values: we no longer require artists to provide ideal images of humanity for our moral edification but rather regard such idealization as a falsification of the truth.⑥Duparc gives no improving message and discreetly refrains from judging her subjects.⑦In brief, her works neither elevate nor instruct.⑧This restraint largely explains her lack of popular success during her lifetime, even if her talent did not go completely unrecognized by her eighteenth-century French contemporaries.
2．文章结构
文章结构比较简单，主要结合时代背景讨论一位艺术家的创作。文章开头交代背景，写艺术家Francoise Duparc(简称D)的创作特点，接下来写这种创作方法在当时社会背景的情况，最后回到D作品的情况。
背景：D的作品结合了肖像画和风俗画的特点。
主旨：风俗画在18世纪的法国并不盛行。
细节1：画风俗画的艺术家the Le Nain brothers(简称L)和Georges de La Tour(简称G)的作品在当时不流行。
细节2：D的作品在她在世时也不被欣赏。
3．文章精析
①这句话看似是文章的主旨，但实际上是作为文章的背景，因为文章的大部分内容都与它关系不大，主要是介绍了艺术家D作品的基本情况，即她的作品结合了肖像画和风俗画的特点(blend portraiture and genre)，其实portraiture和genre不知道是什么也没关系，后面的内容介绍了这两种画的特点。
②没有取反词，这句话是细节，用来证明第一句话，从细节讲述了D作品的特点。首先D画中的人物与她的模特相似，即体现了肖像画的特点。这句话是意译，acquaintance直译是“熟人”，也就是两者相似的意思，体现了“写实”，分号表示并列，她的作品也描写了“个人意识(self-consciousness)”和“动作的自发性(spontaneity of their everyday activities)”，而这两者都是属于风俗画的元素(characterizes genre painting)。
③出现取反词But，这句话是文章的主旨，紧接着上一句末尾的genre painting，提出这种画在18世纪的法国是不流行的(never popular in eighteenth-century France)。插入语是细节，补充说明这些风俗画的题材是底层人民时(humblest classes)，这样的画尤其不受欢迎。
④没有取反词，这句话是细节，用两个例子证明主旨。这里说明作品同样为风俗画的L和G，在当时都被忽视了(largely ignored)，也就是“不流行”。
⑤没有取反词，这句话是细节，说明他们之所以现在地位很高(present high standing)的原因。即政治环境(different，more democratic political climate)和审美观的改变(different aesthetic values)，冒号表示解释，具体说明了这种改变，可以略读：我们不再希望艺术家描述理想化的形象(provide ideal images of humanity)实现对我们道德上的启迪(moral edification)，而认为这种描写方法是对事实的篡改(falsification of the truth)。说明现在的观众更想看到“真实的东西”，这里联系到第二句话描写的风俗画的特点可知，由于风俗画描写了“个人意识”和“动作的自发性”，所以这两者都是符合“真实性”这一特点的。
⑥、⑦没有取反词，细节，写D作品的情况。这里improving指的是“有启发的；有教育意义的”，说明D在作品里不提供“教育性的”信息，也不“评论她的描述对象(judging her subjects)”，所以我们可以看出来D的作品是完全“写实”的，符合上一句对这类作品的评价。下一句简单概括了这一特点，refrain的意思是“抑制”，D的作品既不“升华(elevate)”也不“教育(instruct)”，instruct对应上文的improving和edification，进一步证明了这一点。
⑧没有取反词，这句话是细节，this表示指代，restraint是refrain的同义替换，说明这是D的作品在当时不受欢迎的原因(explains her lack of popular success)。even if表示让步，即使D的才能被当时的人认可，她的作品也不受欢迎。这里did not go completely unrecognized是双重否定，去掉两个否定词就是her talent go completely recognized by her eighteenth-century French contemporaries，也就是“得到了认可”。
题型：细节内容改写题
题目问“现代观众不喜欢什么”，则可以立刻根据modern viewers定位到we no longer require artists...but rather regard such idealization as a falsification of the truth. 这里说明当代观众喜欢“写实”而不是“理想化或教诲的”，对应到选项中只有C选项体现了这方面内容，moral lesson imparted是moral edification的同义替换，答案是C。

6. If the history of Duparc's artistic reputation were to follow that of the Le Nain brothers and Georges de La Tour, present-day assessments of her work would be likely to contain which of the following? ______

A.An evaluation that accords high status to her work
B.Acknowledgement of her technical expertise but dismissal of her subject matter as trivial
C.Agreement with assessments made in her own time but acknowledgements of the exceptional quality of a few of her paintings
D.Placement of her among the foremost artists of her century
E.A reclassification of her work as portraiture rather than genre painting

[考点] 细节的定位和理解
[解析] 题型：细节内容改写题
虽然题目问得很复杂，假设D是L或G会怎么样，实际上就是让我们找L和G的情况，这样可以直接定位到第四、五两句，L和G在当时不受欢迎，但是在现代确有很高的地位。对应选项，A选项体现了后者，正确，high status对应present high standing，其他的选项提及的内容原文都没有对应，答案是A。

7. It can be inferred from the passage that the term "genre painting" would most likely apply to which of the following? ______

A.A painting depicting a glorious moment of victory following a battle
B.A painting illustrating a narrative from the Bible
C.A portrayal of a mythological Greek goddess
D.A portrayal of a servant engaged in his work
E.A formal portrait of an eighteenth-century king

[考点] 细节的理解
[解析] 题型：细节内容改写题
题目问“genre painting”会被应用到什么地方，这要结合全文的信息判断。从文章中我们可以总结出“genre painting”的特点是“写实的”“无教诲意义的”“描写日常的”，只有D选项符合这些条件，不管是glorious moment，Bible，Greek goddess，eighteenth-century king都不符合，答案是D。

8. The argument of the passage best supports which of the following contentions concerning judgments of artistic work? ______

A.Aesthetic judgments can be influenced by the political beliefs of those making the judgment.
B.Judgments of the value of an artist's work made by his or her contemporaries must be discounted before a true judgment can be made.
C.Modern aesthetic taste is once again moving in the direction of regarding idealistic painting as the most desirable form of painting.
D.In order to be highly regarded, an artist cannot be solely identified with one particular kind of painting.
E.Spontaneity is the most valuable quality a portrait painter can have.

[考点] 细节的定位和理解
[解析] 题型：逻辑推理题
题目问的是“根据文章的观点，对于艺术作品的评价哪个是正确的”，这道题根据judgments of artistic work很容易联想到aesthetic values，因为它本身就是aesthetic values的意思，这样我们可以很快定位到第五句，这里说明了在一个民主的社会里，大众的审美是喜欢“写实”的，根据对比(different)，则18世纪“写实”之所以不受欢迎，是因为政治环境的不同，所以可以得出“政治环境影响审美”的结论，A选项正确。其他选项中的discounted before a true judgment can be made, the most desirable form of painting, solely identified with one particular kind of painting, the most valuable quality文章都没有体现。答案是A。

Thomas Hardy's impulses as a writer, all of which he indulged in his novels, were numerous and divergent, and they did not always work together in harmony. Hardy was to some degree interested in exploring his characters' psychologies, though impelled less by curiosity than by sympathy. Occasionally he felt the impulse to comedy (in all its detached coldness) as well as the impulse to farce, but he was more often inclined to see tragedy and record it. He was also inclined to literary realism in the several senses of that phrase. He wanted to describe ordinary human beings; he wanted to speculate on their dilemmas rationally (and, unfortunately, even schematically); and he wanted to record precisely the material universe. Finally, he wanted to be more than a realist. He wanted to transcend what he considered to be the banality of solely recording things exactly and to express as well his awareness of the occult and the strange.
In his novels these various impulses were sacrificed to each other inevitably and often. Inevitably, because Hardy did not care in the way that novelists such as Flaubert or James cared, and therefore took paths of least resistance. Thus, one impulse often surrendered to a fresher one and, unfortunately, instead of exacting a compromise, simply disappeared. A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give way abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower. In this instance, the new impulse was at least an energetic one, and thus its indulgence did not result in a relaxed style. But on other occasions Hardy abandoned a perilous, risky, and highly energizing impulse in favor of what was for him the fatally relaxing impulse to classify and schematize abstractly. When a relaxing impulse was indulged, the style—that sure index of an author's literary worth—was certain to become verbose. Hardy's weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones. He submitted to first one and then another, and the spirit blew where it listed; hence the unevenness of any one of his novels. His most controlled novel, Under the Greenwood Tree, prominently exhibits two different but reconcilable impulses—a desire to be a realist-historian and a desire to be a psychologist of love—but the slight interlockings of plot are not enough to bind the two completely together. Thus even this book splits into two distinct parts.

9. The passage suggests that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about literary realism? ______

A.Literary realism is most concerned with the exploration of the internal lives of ordinary human beings.
B.The term "literary realism" is susceptible to more than a single definition.
C.Literary realism and an interest in psychology are likely to be at odds in a novelist's work.
D."Literary realism" is the term most often used by critics in describing the method of Hardy's novels.
E.A propensity toward literary realism is a less interesting novelistic impulse than is an interest in the occult and the strange.

[考点] 细节的定位和同义替换
[解析] 1．做题分析
①Thomas Hardy's impulses as a writer, all of which he indulged in his novels, were numerous and divergent, and they did not always work together in harmony. ②Hardy was to some degree interested in exploring his characters' psychologies, though impelled less by curiosity than by sympathy.③Occasionally he felt the impulse to comedy (in all its detached coldness) as well as the impulse to farce, but he was more often inclined to see tragedy and record it. ④He was also inclined to literary realism in the several senses of that phrase.⑤He wanted to describe ordinary human beings; he wanted to speculate on their dilemmas rationally (and, unfortunately, even schematically); and he wanted to record precisely the material universe.⑥Finally, he wanted to be more than a realist.⑦He wanted to transcend what he considered to be the banality of solely recording things exactly and to express as well his awareness of the occult and the strange.
⑧In his novels these various impulses were sacrificed to each other inevitably and often.⑨Inevitably, because Hardy did not care in the way that novelists such as Flaubert or James cared, and therefore took paths of least resistance.⑩Thus, one impulse often surrendered to a fresher one and, unfortunately, instead of exacting a compromise, simply disappeared.⑪A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give way abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower.⑫In this instance, the new impulse was at least an energetic one, and thus its indulgence did not result in a relaxed style.⑬But on other occasions Hardy abandoned a perilous, risky, and highly energizing impulse in favor of what was for him the fatally relaxing impulse to classify and schematize abstractly. ⑭When a relaxing impulse was indulged, the style—that sure index of an author's literary worth—was certain to become verbose.⑮Hardy's weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones.⑯He submitted to first one and then another, and the spirit blew where it listed; hence the unevenness of any one of his novels.⑰His most controlled novel, Under the Greenwood Tree, prominently exhibits two different but reconcilable impulses—a desire to be a realist-historian and a desire to be a psychologist of love—but the slight interlockings of plot are not enough to bind the two completely together.⑱Thus even this book splits into two distinct parts.
2．文章结构
文章比较难，因为它的题材是文学评论而且比较长，相对来说比其他话题抽象晦涩。但是文章结构清晰，两段都是总—分的结构。文章主要对作家哈代的作品特点进行了说明和评价，第一段主要讲哈代作品的特点是融合了多种不相容的创作冲动，第二段讲这个特点造成的影响以及成因。
第一段：
主旨：引起哈代创作的冲动有很多种且差别很大，并且它们在大多数情况下不兼容。
细节：哈代想描写的各种东西和想用的各种创作手法。
第二段：
主旨：哈代的创作冲动难免而且经常会发生为另一个冲动牺牲的情况。
细节1：发生这种情况的原因之一。
细节2：发生这种情况的原因之二。
细节3：这种情况对哈代的作品造成的影响。
3．文章精析
第一段：
①这是本段以及全文的主旨，主要写作家哈代的创作冲动/突然的想法(impulses as a writer)多样而且常常互不相容。插入语是细节，可以略读。像这种主题句就出现了抽象名词复数的情况，这一段往往就是并列结构。也就是这一段会出现很多impulses的同义替换词，例如：interested, felt the impulse to, inclined to, wanted to等。
②、③、④没有取反词，细节。从细节写哈代多样而不相容的各种创作冲动，这里更多的描写他的写作风格。首先哈代喜欢探索角色的心理(characters' psychologies)，但是这更多的是出于同情而不是好奇(less by curiosity than by sympathy)，注意常见的比较结构less...than...；他偶尔也想搞笑和嘲讽(impulse to comedy as well as the impulse to farce)；但是他更经常想看到悲剧(more often inclined to see tragedy)；他也倾向于写实(He was also inclined to literary realism)。
⑤没有取反词，这句话是细节，从细节写哈代多样而不相容的各种创作冲动，这里更多的描写他的写作内容。哈代喜欢写普通人(ordinary human beings)并分析他们遇到的困境(dilemmas)；他想准确地描写物质世界(material universe)。
⑥、⑦没有取反词，细节。finally说明还是具体的另一个impulse，对哈代写作特点进行了比较综合的评价。哈代不满足于做一个写实的作家(more than a realist)，后半句比较复杂，主句是一个and连接的并列句，前半部分是He wanted to transcend what he considered to be the banality，即哈代想超越自己认为是陈腐的东西，of后面补充说明了哈代认为的陈腐是什么：solely recording things exactly，即准确地描述事物，对应realist；后半部分是express as well his awareness of the occult and the strange (to对应的主句的want)，即自己对于神秘，奇怪事物的认识。这里occult是“神秘的”的意思，不认识也无所谓，由于and的并列关系，它的意思一定和strange类似。
注：本段后半部分出现大量同义替换和对应的部分，具体如下表：

第二段：
⑧这句话是本段主旨，说明哈代这些创作冲动经常且难免相互牺牲(sacrificed to each other inevitably and often)，这里these various impulses指代上一段后半部分出现的所有创作冲动。
⑨没有取反词，这句话是细节。because表示因果逻辑，则这句话从inevitably的角度解释造成主旨说明现象的原因。因为哈代不在意Flaubert or Janes(简称F或J)创作时在意的东西，因此采用了最放松的方式(least resistance)，哈代的不在意(F或J的在意)会在下文交代。
⑩没有取反词，这句话是细节。thus表示因果逻辑，所以一种冲动就会被新的冲动代替(one impulse often surrendered to a fresher one)，而且由于作者不会调和两种冲动(instead of exacting a compromise)，其中一个经常就消失了(disappeared)。所以我们可以推断：其他作家(比如F或J)会试着调和他们的创作冲动，但是哈代不会。
⑪没有取反词，这句话是细节。这句话很长，但是句子结构很清晰，大体上的结构是A give way abruptly to B，即B代替了A。A指的是A desire to throw over reality a light (主句) that never was (从句)，主句的意思是“想描述现实”，从句的意思是“从来不是”，所以整体的意思就是“描写非真实的东西”。B部分的主语还是desire，一种“记录现实”的冲动，这里“记录现实”体现在record exactly and concretely，其他部分不用详细追究意思，大体上就是通过“仔细而具体描述花的形态和质地”体现出“写实”这一特点。所以整个句子简单来说就是“虚幻”让位于“真实”。
⑫没有取反词，这句话是细节。In this instance即“在这个例子里”，指的是上一句提到的内容；the new impulse指的是描述flower(真实的)的冲动是energetic的，但是使用(indulgence)这种冲动却没有形成一个放松的风格(relaxed style)。这句话想表达的意思是：虽然花是一个有活力的事物，由于这是写实，所以描述它就不会像描述虚幻的东西那么天马行空。
⑬出现取反词But，将开始一个新观点，这里是造成主旨说明现象的另一个原因。这句话也很长，大体框架是abandon A in favor of B，即为了B抛弃A，A指的是其他情况下，哈代会抛弃的那些危险的(perilous)、冒险的(risky)、激励的(energizing)冲动，B包含一个主语从句，指的是转而使用一种较为放松(relaxing)的冲动，具体就是描述“抽象(非真实)”。
⑭当作者应用“放松的冲动”时，两个破折号表示细节，可以略看，这时作品就会变得很啰唆(verbose)。
⑮没有取反词，这句话是细节，这里综合了前面提到的两个原因，写哈代的不足之处(weakness)。句子虽然很长，但只是简单的and并列句，主要结构是Hardy's weakness derived from A and B，即哈代的不足来源于A和B，A和B严格对应并总结了上文的两个原因。A指的是his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses(对应第一个原因)：无法控制这些创作冲动的来去：B指的是his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones(对应第二个原因)：不愿创作、保留有活力、冒险的冲动。
⑯没有取反词，这句话是细节，写这个现象造成的影响。由于哈代不断将一个冲动替换为另一个(submitted to，与sacrificed、surrendered是同义替换)，他作品的精神创造后马上就被毁灭了(blew where it listed)，hence表示因果逻辑，所以造就了他作品突兀(unevenness)的特点。
⑰没有取反词，这句话是细节，以哈代控制得最好的一次创作的小说Under the Greenwood Tree为例，这本书体现了两种不同但是却可以调和的(different but reconcilable)创作冲动，两个破折号之间是细节，可以不看(两种冲动分别是成为现实的历史学家和爱情心理学家)，但是由于情节之间缺少联系(slight interlockings)，我们很难将它们视为整体(所以unevenness)。
⑱没有取反词，这句话是细节，相当于一个总结，即使是控制得最好的这本书，内容还是割裂开的(splits into two distinct parts)，突出哈代所有作品都有这个问题，即unevenness。
题型：细节内容改写题
根据literary realism定位到He was also inclined to literary realism in the several senses of that phrase，后半句的意思是这个词有很多意思(several senses)，在选项找同义替换即可，more than a single对应several，definition对应senses，答案是B。
对应关系总结：

10. The author of the passage considers a writer's style to be ______.

A.a reliable means by which to measure the writer's literary merit
B.most apparent in those parts of the writer's work that are not realistic
C.problematic when the writer attempts to follow perilous or risky impulses
D.shaped primarily by the writer's desire to classify and schematize
E.the most accurate index of the writer's literary reputation

[考点] 细节的定位和同义替换
[解析] 题型：细节内容改写题
根据writer's style定位到the style—that sure index of an author's literary worth—was certain to become verbose. (还有一处出现了style，但是没有额外说明，对做这道题没有帮助)，这里需要看两个破折号之间的细节：“style体现了作者对文学的价值观”。找同义替换即可，means对应index，merit对应worth，答案是A。
对应关系总结：

11. Which of the following words could best be substituted for "relaxed" (line 18) without substantially changing the author's meaning? ______

A.informal
B.confined
C.risky
D.wordy
E.metaphoric

[考点] 词汇的理解和推理
[解析] 题型：词汇题
根据relaxed定位到In this instance... and thus its indulgence did not result in a relaxed style，这里是没有抛弃(abandon)的情况，下一句写abandon的情况(取反)：...the style—that sure index of an author's literary worth—was certain to become verbose，两句的主语都是style，所以relaxed就和verbose相对，选一个verbose的同义词，答案是D。

12. Which of the following statements about the use of comedy in Hardy's novels is best supported by the passage? ______

A.Hardy's use of comedy in his novels tended to weaken his literary style.
B.Hardy's use of comedy in his novels was inspired by his natural sympathy.
C.Comedy appeared less frequently in Hardy's novels than did tragedy.
D.Comedy played an important role in Hardy's novels though that comedy was usually in the form of farce.
E.Comedy played a secondary role in Hardy's more controlled novels only.

[考点] 细节的定位和理解
[解析] 题型：细节内容改写题
根据comedy定位到Occasionally he felt the impulse to comedy (in all its detached coldness) as well as the impulse to farce, but he was more often inclined to see tragedy and record it. 这里是一个和tragedy比较的关系，后者比前者用得多，所以与之对应的选项就是C选项，答案是C。

13. A person who agrees to serve as mediator between two warring factions at the request of both abandons by so agreeing the right to take sides later. To take sides at a later point would be to suggest that the earlier presumptive impartiality was a sham.
The passage above emphasizes which of the following points about mediators? ______

A.They should try to form no opinions of their own about any issue that is related to the dispute.
B.They should not agree to serve unless they are committed to maintaining a stance of impartiality.
C.They should not agree to serve unless they are equally acceptable to all parties to a dispute.
D.They should feel free to take sides in the dispute right from the start, provided that they make their biases publicly known.
E.They should reserve the right to abandon their impartiality so as not to be open to the charge of having been deceitful.

[考点] 语段逻辑的理解和相关因素的判断
[解析] 1．做题分析
1．①A person who agrees to serve as mediator between two warring factions at the request of both abandons by so agreeing the right to take sides later. ②To take sides at a later point would be to suggest that the earlier presumptive impartiality was a sham.
2．文章结构
本文比较简单，因此结构分析略。
3．文章精析
第一句提取主干后为：A person abandons the right to take sides later，即一个人放弃选择“站队”的权利。A person指的是双方找来充当中间调解员的人(mediator between two warring factions)。这样的结果导致早期假定的客观公正不再存在。was a sham表示“是假的”，所以就是“不偏袒，公正的”。也就是说：只有一个人不偏袒任何一方(通过放弃在一开始就选择立场的权利)，他才可以成为双方的中间人。
题型：细节内容改写题
题目问“对于中间人文章强调什么”，根据上述文章分析我们可以发现B选项符合表达内容，正确。由于本语段主要关注take sides at a later point和impartiality的关系，则A选项的form no opinions，C选项的acceptable to all parties，D选项的their biases publicly known都与语段主要内容无关，错误；E选项提出保留放弃公正的权利，这与语段的内容是相反的，错误。答案是B。

While most scholarship on women's employment in the United States recognizes that the Second World War (1939—1945) dramatically changed the role of women in the workforce, these studies also acknowledge that few women remained in manufacturing jobs once men returned from the war. But in agriculture, unlike other industries where women were viewed as temporary workers, women's employment did not end with the war. Instead, the expansion of agriculture and a steady decrease in the number of male farmworkers combined to cause the industry to hire more women in the postwar years.Consequently, the 1950s saw a growing number of women engaged in farm labor, even though rhetoric in the popular media called for the return of women to domestic life.

14. It can be inferred from the passage that the manufacturing and agricultural sectors in the United States following the Second World War differed in which of the following respects? ______

A.The rate of expansion in each sector
B.The percentage of employees in each sector who were men
C.The trend in the wages of men employed in each sector
D.The attitude of the popular media toward the employment of women in each sector
E.The extent to which women in each sector were satisfied with their jobs

[考点] 对比逻辑
[解析] 1．做题分析
①While most scholarship on women's employment in the United States recognizes that the Second World War (1939–1945) dramatically changed the role of women in the workforce, these studies also acknowledge that few women remained in manufacturing jobs once men returned from the war. ②But in agriculture, unlike other industries where women were viewed as temporary workers, women's employment did not end with the war. ③Instead, the expansion of agriculture and a steady decrease in the number of male farmworkers combined to cause the industry to hire more women in the postwar years. ④Consequently, the 1950s saw a growing number of women engaged in farm labor, even though rhetoric in the popular media called for the return of women to domestic life.
2．文章结构
本文探讨的话题是女性劳动力，重点谈论的是从事农业劳动的女性。
引入话题：对比第二次世界大战(简称二战)期间和战后女性劳动力的不同情况。
中心话题：二战后农业当中女性劳动力的情况。
细节1：指出为什么战后女性继续从事农业工作的原因。
细节2：指出以上原因导致的结果，即务农女性人数上升。
3．文章精析
①第一个词While是引导句内关系的逻辑词，它可以表示“在……时候”，也可以表示让步和对比，具体含义需要通过上下文句意来判断。While从句的主语是scholarship(研究)，主句主语是these studies，指的依然是从句当中的scholarship；从句和主句都提到women，不同点在于workforce女性劳动力和manufacturing jobs制造业岗位的女性，是整体和局部的对应；从句部分谈的是二战时期的情况，主句谈的是战后情况once men returned from the war(男性从战场回来)。因此，不难判断第一句是对比了战争期间和战后时期女性劳动力的情况：研究表明，尽管二战极大改变了女性在劳动力中的角色，但是战后继续留在制造业岗位工作的女性却非常少。也就是说，二战爆发让很多女性开始从事各行各业工作，但是二战之后很少有女性继续做制造业一行的工作。
②But逻辑转折词引导句间关系，因此第二句和前一句有转折。句内出现了表示对比关系的逻辑词unlike，句内对比了农业和其他行业：在其他行业，女性只是被看作临时工，但是女性从事农业的工作并没有随着战争的结束而结束。本句谈论的主体是从事农业工作的女性，结合逻辑转折词But以及第一句中的信息可以判断，第一、二句整体构成了对比关系，对比了二战结束之后，女性劳动力在制造业和农业出现的不同情况：战后，继续留在制造业岗位的女性非常少，但是女性却继续从事农业工作。第一、二句两句内部分别有句内对比，阅读时要注意区分句内对比和句间对比。
③Instead一词表示递进关系，因此得知这句话是前文的细节。再看句意：农业扩张以及从事农业劳动的男性数量持续下降这两个因素共同导致农业(the industry指的就是agriculture农业，定冠词the是特指前文出现过的内容)在战后时期雇佣的女性人数增加。本句指出了女性在战后继续从事农业工作的两个原因：农业扩张和男性务农人数下降。
④Consequently表示结果，本句和前文内容保持一致。再看句意，先读句子主干：20世纪50年代，从事农业劳动的女性人数上升。主干部分和第三句说的内容是重复的，由于第三句提出的两个原因从而出现了第四句的结果。再看从句部分，even though引导的是句内关系，不影响句间关系：尽管大众媒体呼吁女性回归家庭生活，但是从事农业劳动的女性人数依旧上升。
题型：细节内容题
题干问的是二战之后(following the Second World War)，农业和制造业在以下哪个方面不同。原文提到，二战后继续从事制造业的女性人数非常少，但是从事农业的女性人数上升，因此二者的差别是女性人数的差别。原文只提到这点，因此只能依次看选项比较。选项当中的each sector“每个行业”对应题干的农业和制造业。
A选项：每个行业的扩张速率。扩张速率rate原文当中没有提到，因此不能选。
B选项：每个行业男性劳动力的比例。这个选项虽然没有明确提到女性的人数，却是符合原文内容的：二战后继续从事制造业的女性人数非常少，即绝大部分从事制造业工作的人员都是男性，男性劳动力在战后制造业的比例非常高，非常接近100%；第三句提到二战后从事农业劳动的男性数量持续下降(a steady decrease in the number of male farmworkers)，务农女性的人数上升，因此在农业内部，男性劳动力的比例肯定不会接近100%。因此可以确定，农业和制造业劳动力当中男性的比例是不同的。
C选项：男性劳动力在每个行业中工资的趋势。工资wages原文中没提，因此不选。
D选项：大众媒体对每个行业当中从业女性的态度。原文第四句提到大众媒体的态度是呼吁女性回归家庭生活，因此不论对于农业还是制造业，大众媒体的态度都是相同的。题干问的是不同点，因此D选项错误。
E选项：每个行业当中，女性对工作的满意程度。满意度原文中没提，因此不选。

15. Which of the following statements about women's employment in the United States during and after the Second World War is most clearly supported by the passage? ______

A.Most women who joined the workforce during the Second World War wanted to return to domestic life when the war ended.
B.The great majority of women who joined the workforce during the Second World War were employed in manufacturing jobs.
C.The end of the Second World War was followed by a large-scale transfer of women workers from manufacturing to agriculture.
D.The increase in women's employment that accompanied the Second World War was longer lasting in agriculture than it was in manufacturing.
E.The popular media were more forceful in calling for women to join the workforce during the Second World War than in calling for women to return to domestic life after the war.

[考点] 主旨内容的理解
[解析] 题型：主旨题
题干问关于二战期间和二战之后女性工作情况，文章的内容支持以下哪个说法。全文讨论的话题都是战前和战后女性的工作，本题考查了这个主题，因此只看题干无法得知定位点，只能依次读选项的说法是否和原文内容一致。
A选项：二战期间加入劳动力的大部分女性在战争结束后都希望回归家庭生活。原文只提到了制造业的女性没有继续留在制造业工作，制造业并不能代表大部分most，而且女性自身回归家庭生活的态度(到底是不是希望回归家庭生活wanted to return)原文中没有提到，因此A选项错误。
B选项：二战期间加入劳动力的大部分女性都从事制造业。原文只提到二战期间很多女性都开始工作，但到底是不是大部分都加入了制造业原文是没有提到的，B选项错误。
C选项：二战结束后，有大规模制造业的女性工人转移到了农业。原文只是说从事农业的女性人数上升，但其来源到底是不是制造业的女性工人原文没提到，C选项错误。
D选项：伴随二战爆发出现的女性劳动力增加在农业持续的时间比在制造业持续的时间更久。原文提到，二战爆发导致女性开始从事工作，但是二战结束之后，继续留在制造业的女性非常少，二战结束就停止工作了，农业却出现了女性劳动力人数的上升，二战结束之后还在持续增长，因此女性劳动力增长在农业持续的时间的确比制造业更久，D选项正确。
E选项：大众媒体在战争期间对女性加入劳动力的呼吁比在战后对女性回归家庭生活的呼吁更加有说服力。原文没有提到大众媒体在战争时期和战后对女性呼声的对比，E选项错误。

The evolution of intelligence among early large mammals of the grasslands was due in great measure to the interaction between two ecologically synchronized groups of these animals, the hunting carnivores and the herbivores that they hunted. The interaction resulting from the differences between predator and prey led to a general improvement in brain functions; however, certain components of intelligence were improved far more than others.
The kind of intelligence favored by the interplay of increasingly smarter catchers and increasingly keener escapers is defined by attention — that aspect of mind carrying consciousness forward from one moment to the next. It ranges from a passive, free-floating awareness to a highly focused, active fixation. The range through these states is mediated by the arousal system, a network of tracts converging from sensory systems to integrating centers in the brain stem. From the more relaxed to the more vigorous levels, sensitivity to novelty is increased. The organism is more awake, more vigilant;this increased vigilance results in the apprehension of ever more subtle signals as the organism becomes more sensitive to its surroundings. The processes of arousal and concentration give attention its direction. Arousal is at first general, with a flooding of impulses in the brain stem; then gradually the activation is channeled. Thus begins concentration, the holding of consistent images. One meaning of intelligence is the way in which these images and other alertly searched information are used in the context of previous experience. Consciousness links past attention to the present and permits the integration of details with perceived ends and purposes.
The elements of intelligence and consciousness come together marvelously to produce different styles in predator and prey. Herbivores and carnivores develop different kinds of attention related to escaping or chasing. Although in both kinds of animal,arousal stimulates the production of adrenaline and norepinephrine by the adrenal glands, the effect in herbivores is primarily fear, whereas in carnivores the effect is primarily aggression. For both, arousal attunes the animal to what is ahead. Perhaps it does not experience forethought as we know it, but the animal does experience something like it. The predator is searchingly aggressive, inner-directed, tuned by the nervous system and the adrenal hormones, but aware in a sense closer to human consciousness than, say, a hungry lizard's instinctive snap at a passing beetle. Using past events as a framework, the large mammal predator is working out a relationship between movement and food, sensitive to possibilities in cold trails and distant sounds—and yesterday's unforgotten lessons. The herbivore prey is of a different mind. Its mood of wariness rather than searching and its attitude of general expectancy instead of anticipating are silk-thin veils of tranquillity over an explosive endocrine system

16. The author refers to a hungry lizard (line 26-27) primarily in order to ______.

A.demonstrate the similarity between the hunting methods of mammals and those of nonmammals
B.broaden the application of the argument by including an insectivore as an example
C.make a distinction between higher and lower levels of consciousness
D.provide an additional illustration of the brutality characteristic of predators
E.offer an objection to suggestions that all animals lack consciousness

[考点] 细节的目的
[解析] 1．做题分析
①The evolution of intelligence among early large mammals of the grasslands was due in great measure to the interaction between two ecologically synchronized groups of these animals, the hunting carnivores and the herbivores that they hunted. ②The interaction resulting from the differences between predator and prey led to a general improvement in brain functions; however, certain components of intelligence were improved far more than others.
③The kind of intelligence favored by the interplay of increasingly smarter catchers and increasingly keener escapers is defined by attention —that aspect of mind carrying consciousness forward from one moment to the next.④It ranges from a passive, free-floating awareness to a highly focused, active fixation.⑤The range through these states is mediated by the arousal system, a network of tracts converging from sensory systems to integrating centers in the brain stem.⑥From the more relaxed to the more vigorous levels, sensitivity to novelty is increased. ⑦The organism is more awake, more vigilant; this increased vigilance results in the apprehension of ever more subtle signals as the organism becomes more sensitive to its surroundings.⑧The processes of arousal and concentration give attention its direction. ⑨Arousal is at first general, with a flooding of impulses in the brain stem; then gradually the activation is channeled. ⑩Thus begins concentration, the holding of consistent images.⑪One meaning of intelligence is the way in which these images and other alertly searched information are used in the context of previous experience.⑫Consciousness links past attention to the present and permits the integration of details with perceived ends and purposes.
⑬The elements of intelligence and consciousness come together marvelously to produce different styles in predator and prey.⑭Herbivores and carnivores develop different kinds of attention related to escaping or chasing.⑮Although in both kinds of animal, arousal stimulates the production of adrenaline and norepinephrine by the adrenal glands, the effect in herbivores is primarily fear, whereas in carnivores the effect is primarily aggression.⑯For both, arousal attunes the animal to what is ahead.⑰Perhaps it does not experience forethought as we know it, but the animal does experience something like it.⑱The predator is searchingly aggressive, inner-directed, tuned by the nervous system and the adrenal hormones, but aware in a sense closer to human consciousness than, say, a hungry lizard's instinctive snap at a passing beetle.⑲Using past events as a framework, the large mammal predator is working out a relationship between movement and food, sensitive to possibilities in cold trails and distant sounds—and yesterday's unforgotten lessons.⑳The herbivore prey is of a different mind.

Its mood of wariness rather than searching and its attitude of general expectancy instead of anticipating are silk-thin veils of tranquillity over an explosive endocrine system.
2．文章结构
文章比较难，全文和每个段落都呈现总一分结构。第一段在整体上作为背景引入，讲述捕食者和被捕食者的关系导致双方智力的某一方面不断发展；第二段讲述这种智力的进步主要表现为注意力，以及它的发展过程；第三段讲述智力发展在捕食者和被捕食者中的不同形式。段内句子之间多次使用指代，非常连贯，各个事物之间的关系解释得非常清楚。但是文章出现了一些长难句和生词，而且出现了不少不太好理解的专业术语，增大了阅读理解的难度。
第一段：
背景：早期哺乳动物的智力进化是通过食肉动物和食草动物的相互作用实现的。
主题：智力的某些方面会比其他方面得到更多的发展。
第二段：
主题：这种因为捕食者和被捕食者相互作用而发展的智力主要体现在注意力上。
细节1：注意力变化的阶段。
细节2：注意力变化对生物的影响。
细节3：注意力的变化为什么可以称为智慧。
第三段：
主题：智力的发展在捕食者和被捕食者中是不同的。
细节1：相同的刺激在捕食者和被捕食者中带来的不同后果。
细节2：捕食者会因此变得更有进攻性。
细节3：被捕食者会因此变得更加小心。
3．文章精析
第一段：
①这是这一段的背景，句子比较长，是A was due to B的结构，即B是A的原因。A指的是草原上早期哺乳动物的智力进化，主体是智力进化(The evolution of intelligence)；in great measure(在很大程度上)是插入成分；B指的是不同族群的动物之间的相互作用，主体是相互作用(interaction)。逗号后面对前文的these animals做了补充说明，即食肉动物和食草动物(the carnivores and the herbivores)。总的来说就是：食肉动物和食草动物的相互作用导致了双方的智力发展。
②这是本段以及本文的主旨。前半部分相当于背景的重复，a general improvement in brain functions是The evolution of intelligence的同义替换，however表示转折逻辑，(智力)只有一些方面会比另一些方面得到更大的提升，则全文的重点将会放在具体得到提升的方面。
第二段：
③这是本段的主旨，前半句还是之前的重复，interplay是interaction的同义替换，catchers指的是前文的carnivores，而escapers指的是herbivores，这里说明这种智力上的进步主要表现为注意力(is defined by attention)。破折号表示解释说明，这种注意力指的是大脑把意识从一个瞬间转移到下一个瞬间的能力(carrying consciousness forward from one moment to the next)。
④、⑤没有取反词，细节。It指的是前面的attention，range from表示递进，则attention存在一个从神游(a passive，free-floating awareness)到集中(a highly focused，active fixation)的变化过程，而这个过程是由大脑(brain)控制的，这里不需要理解arousal system以及后面的补充信息，我们只需要看到brain，把控制的部分简单理解为大脑即可，其他信息都属于细节的细节，不需要细读。
⑥、⑦没有取反词，细节。讲变化过程中的细节。The more relaxed对应上面的a passive，free-floating awareness，the more vigorous levels对应a highly focused，active fixation，在这个过程中动物对新事物的敏感度(sensitivity to novelty)增加，机体变得更活跃(more awake)、更机警(more vigilant)，分号表示并列，this表示指代，这样的变化导致动物可以关注到更微弱的信号(more subtle signals)，as表示原因，因为动物变得对周边更敏感了(more sensitive to its surroundings)，对应前文的sensitivity。
⑧、⑨、⑩没有取反词，细节。the表示指代，直译过来就是这种变化会给注意力方向，也就是注意特定的事物。后面又重复了一遍注意力从神游到集中的过程，general对应The more relaxed，然后变得活跃(activation)、更加集中(begins concentration)，这样大脑中的形象就是连续的(consistent images)。
⑪没有取反词，这句话是细节，这里解释了注意力的变化为什么可以称为智力。再次出现指代：these images指的是上一句的consistent images，这些图像和收集到的信息可以让动物联系到它们过往的经验(previous experience)。这个句子比较复杂，框架是One meaning of intelligence is...，后半部分主语很长，框架是the way A is used，A指的是并列起来的两个名词(图像和信息)，in the context of previous experience是补充信息，即根据以往的经验使用感知到的图像和信息。
⑫没有取反词，这句话是细节，相当于对上一句的解释。大意是：注意力帮助动物把过去和现在联系起来(link past attention to the present)，把前因后果也连接起来(integration)。这个句子不需要细读。
注：本段出现的重要同义替换：

第三段：
⑬这是本段主旨，大意是智力和意识共同形成了捕食者和被捕食者不同的行为方式(different styles)。强调的部分在“不同”，阅读下文时要注意总结两者的不同点。
⑭没有取反词，这句话是细节，相当于进一步解释前一句话，different styles in predator and prey具体表现为一方专注于逃而另一方专注于追(escaping or chasing)。
⑮虽然有取反词Although，但是是句内转折，不是提出一个新观点，这个句子主要还是写different styles的具体形式。Although部分的句子写的是两者的共同点：两种动物的大脑都刺激产生adrenaline and norepinephrine，但是它们的影响却不同：在被捕食者中产生害怕的情绪(fear)，whereas表示对比，在捕食者中则是侵略性(aggression)。
⑯、⑰没有取反词，这句话是细节。大意是：大脑反应(arousal)会使两种动物做出与即将发生的事相应的行动，这可能不是我们所说的“预先考虑(forethought)”，但是动物存在类似的反应。这个句子里attunes...to...是“让……意识到”的意思，也就是“做出相应行动”的意思。
⑱没有取反词，这句话是细节，主要讲捕食者的情况。捕食者是有侵略性的(aggressive)，这来自它们的本能(inner-directed)，由本身的nervous system和the adrenal hormones引起。这个句子后半部分比较难理解，整体上是A is closer to B than C，即A比C更接近于B，A指的是but前的部分；C指的是a hungry lizard's instinctive snap at a passing beetle(蜥蜴吃昆虫)，B指的是human consciousness(人类的意识)。总的来说就是食肉动物的侵略性行为比蜥蜴吃昆虫的行为更接近人类。注意这里隐藏了物种高低级之间的差别，人是高级动物，蜥蜴是较低级的爬行类，食肉动物为哺乳类(开头提到的early large mammals)，介于两者之间。
⑲没有取反词，这句话是细节，从细节描述食肉动物的行为。大意是：根据过去的经验，食肉动物可以根据捕食对象采取行动(a relationship between movement and food)，对某些信号更敏感，包括过去的教训(yesterday's unforgotten lessons)。
⑳没有取反词，这句话是细节，讲食草动物的行为。这里a different mind指的是前文的fear，也是下文wariness的同义替换。后半部分是一个并列句，A and B are C。A和B结构相似，用rather than或instead of强调前半部分，后半部分是食肉动物的特征，在这里可以略看，则A指的是mood of wariness(谨慎)，B指的是attitude of general expectancy(一般的期望)，C指的是tranquility(平静)，其余部分都是补充信息。endocrine：内分泌的。
题型：细节目的题
细节的目的是为主旨服务，hungry lizard出现在一个有比较逻辑的句子，根据文章解析，是把两个相对高级的物种与一个较低级的物种比较，在此不再赘述，选项必须体现“比较”，只有C选项符合，答案是C。

17. It can be inferred from the passage that in animals less intelligent than the mammals discussed in the passage. ______

A.past experience is less helpful in ensuring survival
B.attention is more highly focused
C.muscular coordination is less highly developed
D.there is less need for competition among species
E.environment is more important in establishing the proper ratio of prey to predator

[考点] 细节的定位和理解
[解析] 题型：推断题
题目问“没有那些哺乳动物聪明的生物会怎样”，全文的讨论对象都是聪明的mammals，则需要根据文章内容取反。题目的定位比较难，既然要对“智慧”取反，就要根据“智慧”定位，因此对智慧做出解释的One meaning of intelligence is the way...are used in the context of previous experience. 是最合适的位置。这里智慧=利用经验，那么没有智慧=不使用经验，也就是经验不重要，答案是A。这道题根据排除法也可以轻松排除C，D，E。B提到的attention文中只提到从神游到集中的阶段性变化，不是说不同物种停留的阶段不同，错误。

18. According to the passage, improvement in brain function among early large mammals resulted primarily from which of the following? ______

A.Interplay of predator and prey
B.Persistence of free-floating awareness in animals of the grasslands
C.Gradual dominance of warm-blooded mammals over cold-blooded reptiles
D.Interaction of early large mammals with less intelligent species
E.Improvement of the capacity for memory among herbivores and carnivores

[考点] 因果逻辑关系
[解析] 题型：细节内容改写题
这道题方法是非常明显的同义替换法。根据early large mammals定位到第一句，前半部分的evolution of intelligence对应题目的improvement in brain function，所以给后半部分取同即可，答案是A。
对应关系一览表：

19. According to the passage, as the process of arousal in an organism continues, all of the following may occur EXCEPT ______.

A.the production of adrenaline
B.the production of norepinephrine
C.a heightening of sensitivity to stimuli
D.an increase in selectivity with respect to stimuli
E.an expansion of the range of states mediated by the brain stem

[考点] 全文细节的掌握。
[解析] 题型：排除题
arousal第二、三段都有提到，所以用排除法。A，B选项对应第三段第三句，没有换词；C选项对应sensitivity to novelty is increased，正确；D选项可以根据highly focused，active fixation推断出来，从神游到高度集中必然会经历注意对象的选择，正确；E选项，注意力的阶段仅包括ranges from a passive，free-floating awareness to a highly focused，active fixation，其范围是不会变化的，错误。答案是E。

Whether the languages of the ancient American peoples were used for expressing abstract universal concepts can be clearly answered in the case of Nahuatl. Nahuatl, like Greek and German, is a language that allows the formation of extensive compounds.By the combination of radicals or semantic elements, single compound words can express complex conceptual relations, often of an abstract universal character.
The tlamatinime (those who know) were able to use this rich stock of abstract terms to express the nuances of their thought. They also availed themselves of other forms of expression with metaphorical meaning, some probably original, some derived from Toltec coinages. Of these forms, the most characteristic in Nahuatl is the juxtaposition of two words that, because they are synonyms, associated terms, or even contraries, complement each other to evoke one single idea. Used metaphorically, the juxtaposed terms connote specific or essential traits of the being they refer to, introducing a mode of poetry as an almost habitual form of expression.

20. For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.
Which of the following can be inferred from the passage regarding present-day research relating to Nahuatl? ______

A.Some record or evidence of the thought of the tlamatinime is available.
B.For at least some Nahuatl expressions, researchers are able to trace their derivation from another ancient American language.
C.Researchers believe that in Nahuatl, abstract universal concepts are always expressed metaphorically

A B C

[考点] 全文的理解以及细节的定位
[解析] 1．做题分析
Questions 1 to 3 are based on the following reading passage.
①Whether the languages of the ancient American peoples were used for expressing abstract universal concepts can be clearly answered in the case of Nahuatl. ②Nahuatl, like Greek and German, is a language that allows the formation of extensive compounds. ③By the combination of radicals or semantic elements, single compound words can express complex conceptual relations, often of an abstract universal character.
④The tlamatinime (those who know) were able to use this rich stock of abstract terms to express the nuances of their thought.⑤They also availed themselves of other forms of expression with metaphorical meaning, some probably original, some derived from Toltec coinages.⑥Of these forms, the most characteristic in Nahuatl is the juxtaposition of two words that, because they are synonyms, associated terms, or even contraries, complement each other to evoke one single idea. ⑦Used metaphorically, the juxtaposed terms connote specific or essential traits of the being they refer to, introducing a mode of poetry as an almost habitual form of expression.
2．文章结构
文章两段都是总—分的结构，讲述Nahuatl是一种古老的语言，可以把它们的简单概念结合起来表达复杂的概念。
第一段：
主旨：Nahuatl是古代美洲人用来表达抽象概念的语言。
细节：Nahuatl的特点以及它如何表达抽象概念。
第二段：
主旨：懂Nahuatl的人可以用它表达自己的思想。
细节1：他们也可以用Nahuatl比喻。
细节2：Nahuatl中一种比较常见的用法。
3．文章精析
第一段：
①这是本段以及全文的主旨。这句话直译过来是：古代的美洲人能不能用他们的语言表达抽象概念(expressing abstract universal concepts)的问题可以通过Nahuatl的例子得到解答(can be clearly answered)，简单来说就是：古代的美洲人可以用语言表达抽象概念，这样解读要方便得多。
②没有取反词，这句话是细节，说明了Nahuatl的特点。插入语中把Nahuatl和Greek以及German做了比较(三者相似)，是细节，可以略读，则Nahuatl(还有Greek以及German)的特点是可以形成大量的复合词(allows the formation of extensive compounds)。
③没有取反词，这句话是细节，说明了这些复合词是怎么形成的。by表示手段，即形成复合词的方法是把一些元素结合起来(the combination of elements)，radicals or semantic是修饰成分，读的时候可以不管它们的具体意思；这样形成的复合词就可以表达复杂的关系(express complex conceptual relations)，也就是上文提到的abstract universal character。
第二段：
④这是本段的主旨句，讲述了Nahuatl的另一个功能。这句话this rich stock of abstract terms(丰富的抽象词语)指代上文的extensive compounds，这些复合词可以表达使用者思想的细微之处(the nuances of their thought)，后文将要如何实现这一点。
⑤没有取反词，这句话是细节，also表示并列，这里是Nahuatl的又一个不同的功能。句子里有一个结构avail sb. of sth. ，意思是使某人能做某事，在这里的意思是人们也可以用Nahuatl表达比喻(expression with metaphorical meaning)，后面都是关于比喻的补充信息：这些比喻可能是：(1)原创的(original)；(2)来自Toltec coinages(可能是某人或某地)。
⑥没有取反词，这句话是细节，写Nahuatl如何实现复杂含义的表达。这里给出了一个最常见的方法(the most characteristic)就是把两个词合并起来(the juxtaposition of two words)，that从句写并列的两个词的特点，是细节，这两个词可能是近义词(synonyms)，相关联的词(associated terms)，甚至是反义词(contraries)，它们相互补充(complement each other)，形成一个新词，表达一个新的意思。
⑦没有取反词，这句话是细节，写这种表达对使用者的影响。大意是：通过这种比喻性的表达，并列形成的词可以表达说明对象的一些特定的(specific)或本质上的(essential)特点，所以这样就造成了使用者类似写诗的表达习惯(poetry as an almost habitual form of expression)。
题型：不定项选择题
题目问“关于Nahuatl的现代研究哪个说法正确”，不定项选择题先看选项再一一排除：A选项，根据the thought of the tlamatinime定位到The tlamatinime (those who know) were able to use this rich stock of abstract terms to express the nuances of their thought. 既然可以下这个结论，则tlamatinime的想法一定有记录，正确；B选项，根据derivation可以定位到They also availed themselves of other forms of expression with metaphorical meaning, some probably original, some derived from Toltec coinages. 这里derivation是derived的名词形式，所以另一个来源是Toltec coinages，正确；C选项，文章并没有把abstract universal concepts和metaphorically联系起来，错误。答案是A，B。

21. Select the sentence in the passage in which the author introduces a specific Nahuatl mode of expression that is not identified as being shared with certain European languages.

Of these forms...single idea

[考点] 细节的定位和理解
[解析] 题型：句子选择题
题目问“哪个句子描述了Nahuatl这种语言的一种独特的表达方式，而且这种表达方式是某些欧洲语言所没有的”，也就是问Nahuatl的独特的语言表达特点，所以可以根据“独特的特点”，可以知道答案是“Of these forms...complement each other to evoke one single idea”。因为这句里面的characteristic在牛津字典和美国传统字典里面意思为：典型的；独特的；特有的(very typical of something or of somebody's character; being a feature that helps to distinguish a person or thing; distinctive)。此外，考生要注意到题目里面的mode of expression与原文的forms of expression为同义替换。这句“Of these forms, the most characteristic in Nahuatl is the juxtaposition of two words....”的意思是，在所有的这些表达方式里，Nahuatl最独特的特点是这种语言可以把两个单词放在一起，而这种表达方式(forms of expression)是其他语言所没有的。

22. In the context in which it appears, "coinages" (line 8) most nearly means ______.

A.adaptations
B.creations
C.idiosyncrasies
D.pronunciations
E.currencies

[考点] 词汇的掌握程度或根据上下文推断词义的能力
[解析] 题型：词汇题
coinage是coin的名词形式，是“创造”的意思，答案是B。
注：根据原文推断这个词意思的方法：这个词出现在some probably original, some derived from Toltec coinages，两者是并列关系，所以词义必然不会差太多。Original是“原创的”的意思，也就是“自己创造”，那么在知道Toltec可能代表某人或某地时，后一个词则必须对应“创造”这部分意思，所以选一个同义词，答案是B。

Arctic sea ice comes in two varieties. Seasonal ice forms in winter and then melts in summer, while perennial ice persists year-round. To the untrained eye, all sea ice looks similar, but by licking it, one can estimate how long a particular piece has been floating around. When ice begins to form in seawater, it forces out salt, which has no place in the crystal structure. As the ice gets thicker, the rejected salt collects in tiny pockets of brine too highly concentrated to freeze. A piece of first-year ice will taste salty. Eventually, if the ice survives, these pockets of brine drain out through fine, veinlike channels, and the ice becomes fresher; multiyear ice can even be melted and drunk.

23. For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.
The passage mentions which of the following as being a characteristic of seasonal ice? ______

A.It is similar in appearance to perennial ice.
B.It is typically filled with fine, veinlike channels.
C.It tastes saltier than perennial ice.

A B C

[考点] 细节的定位和理解
[解析] 1．做题分析
①Arctic sea ice comes in two varieties. ②Seasonal ice forms in winter and then melts in summer, while perennial ice persists year-round. ③To the untrained eye, all sea ice looks similar, but by licking it, one can estimate how long a particular piece has been floating around. ④When ice begins to form in seawater, it forces out salt, which has no place in the crystal structure. ⑤As the ice gets thicker, the rejected salt collects in tiny pockets of brine too highly concentrated to freeze. ⑥A piece of first-year ice will taste salty.⑦Eventually, if the ice survives, these pockets of brine drain out through fine, veinlike channels, and the ice becomes fresher; multiyear ice can even be melted and drunk.
2．文章结构
文章主要讲述北极冰的两个种类以及如何判断某块冰的年限。
3．文章精析
①这是文章的主题句，符合一般主体句的特征：(1)出现在开头；(2)句子简单清晰，大意是：北极冰有两个种类(comes in two varieties)，所以下文将对“两个种类”进行展开。
②没有取反词，这句话是细节，具体说明了两个种类分别是seasonal ice和perennial ice，各自的特点是：季节性冰冬天形成而夏天融化，while表示对比，永久性冰全年存在(persists year-round)。
③没有取反词，这句话是细节。大概意思是：对未经培训的人(untrained)，两种冰看起来是相似的，但是如果舔一下(by licking it)人们就能知道某块冰到底漂浮了多久(how long a particular piece has been floating around).
④没有取反词，这句话是细节，讲述我们怎么通过尝味道区分两种冰。大意是：当冰开始形成时，它会排除海水中的盐分(forces out salt)，which后面是补充信息，说明盐在冰的晶体结构中没地方存在。
⑤没有取反词，这句话是细节。大意是：当冰越来越厚时，这些排出去的盐形成了一种聚集体(这里是根据collects意译的，因为brine是一个生词)，这些聚集体中盐分浓度太大(too highly concentrated)而不能结成冰，这里是too...to...结构，意思是“太……而不能……”。
⑥、⑦没有取反词，细节。讲述由于上述物理现象，我们如何判断冰的年限。大意是：形成时(由于还没完全把盐分排出来)，它尝起来就是咸的(salty)，当这些冰存在久了，盐分就会慢慢排出，所以冰尝起来就变淡了，因此常年存在的冰是可以融化掉喝的。这里fresh的意思不是“新鲜的”，而是“淡水的not salt”。
题型：不定项选择题
题目问seasonal ice的特点，不定项选择题要看选项再排除：A选项，符合原文中all sea ice looks similar，正确；B选项，根据最后一句话，fine，veinlike channels是长期存在的冰才存在的，错误；C选项，符合原文的A piece of first-year ice will taste salty，正确。答案是A，C。

24. In the context in which it appears, "fine" (line 7) most nearly means ______.

A.acceptable
B.elegant
C.precise
D.pure
E.small

[考点] 词汇的掌握程度或根据上下文推断词义的能力
[解析] 题型：词汇题
fine作为形容词有“优良的；细小的；健康的”等多个意思，在原文中应该取第二个意思，答案是E。
注：根据原文推断这个词意思的方法：这个词出现在these pockets of brine drain out through fine, veinlike channels，fine是一个与veinlike并列的形容词，意思一定是类似的。veinlike是“血管一样的”的意思，所以应该是“小”或“细”的意思，选一个同义词，答案是E。

Verbal Reasoning

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