银符考试题库-在线练习-考研英语(二)阅读理解题分类模拟题124

考研英语(二)阅读理解题分类模拟题124

Reading Comprehension

Text 1
Manufacturers of everything from running shoes to deodorants, a substance to remove unpleasant odors, design products specifically for women. One of the latest entries: the first artificial joint created for—and heavily advertised to—females. Doctors say it's too soon to tell whether the Gender Knee represents a giant leap for womankind or if it gives its maker, Zimmer Holdings Inc., a leg up in the market.
In the case of the knees, according to Zimmer, here's how men and women are different: First, the kneecap, is thinner in women. Also, women's wider hips create a different angle between the knee and pelvis—the wide, curved group of bones at the level of hips, which can mean the kneecap gets pulled to the side when the muscles contract. And the end of the thighbone is typically narrower in men. Most artificial knees were modeled on the male anatomy—which may explain why knee replacements in women aren't as successful when measured by reported pain and do-over rates.
But will the new (and more expensive) replacement actually serve women better? "In theory, yes, but the evidence isn't there," says Kimberly Templeton, an associate professor of orthopedic surgery (prevention or correction of disorders of the bones and associated muscles and joints) at the University of Kansas Medical Center and a spokesperson for the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons. Sheryl Conley, Zimmer's chief marketing officer, says seven studies now underway will look at patient satisfaction and range of motion. Preliminary data will be available in a year or so. Anatomical differences aside, Templeton says, replacement knees may not perform well in women in part because females tend to delay surgery—sometimes until they're bound to the house by disability.
In addition, it's not clear that the manufacturer's specialized design will translate to less pain, says Steven Haas, an orthopedic surgeon and chief of the knee service at the Hospital for Special Surgery in New York. For example, making the front of the replacement knee thinner by one twenty-fifth of an inch won't necessarily make a noticeable difference to recipients. Having a correctly fitted device is clearly important, says Haas, who notes that other companies have modified their smaller knees to account for gender differences in anatomy. (Haas has consulted with Smith ＆ Nephew, a rival to Zimmer.)
More important, says Haas, is to find a skillful surgeon. Differences between implants, he argues, are relatively minor compared to the technique of the surgeon putting them in.

1. What can we learn from the first paragraph? ______

A.A lot of products are designed and manufactured specifically for men.
B.It is unclear whether the Gender Knee will help its maker more successful.
C.It is clear that the Gender Knee will make its maker suffer great losses.
D.It is clear that the first artificial joint created for females represents a giant leap.

A B C D

[解析] 读懂文章：
   不管是跑鞋制造厂还是除臭剂(帮助祛除异味的商品)生产商，各类制造商总少不了专门为女性设计产品。而最新的一款专为女性设计的产品就是人造关节，制造商为此在女性中进行了大量的广告宣传。难句1然而，“女性膝盖”这一产品能否代表女性界的一大飞跃，以及能否在市场上助捷迈控股公司(“女性膝盖”的制造商)一臂之力，医生们认为现在判断还言之过早。
   捷迈公司说，就膝盖本身而言，男人和女人之间有以下不同：首先，女人的膝盖骨要比男人薄。而且，女人臀部较宽，因此骨盆(在臀部水平的一组宽而弯曲的骨骼)和膝盖之间会形成一个与男人不一样的角度，这就意味着当女人的肌肉收缩时，膝盖骨就朝着两边拉伸。男人大腿骨的根部却比女人窄很多，难句2而大部分的假体膝盖都是依照男性的骨骼构造制作的——这就解释了女性膝关节置换手术的成功率比男性低的原因，女性术后的疼痛感更强，且手术重做比例高。
   然而，这款新型的(价格也更加昂贵的)人工置换膝盖是否真的能更好地为女性服务呢?“理论上来说是这样，但是没有证据证明。”金伯利·坦普尔顿说道，他是堪萨斯大学医学中心的矫形外科(防止或修复骨骼、肌肉和关节疾病的手术)的副教授和美国矫形外科医师协会的发言人。而捷迈的首席市场专员谢丽尔·康利说他们现在正在进行7项研究，这些研究将会着眼于使用该产品的病人满意程度以及活动范围大小，大约一年之后将能获得初步数据。难句3坦普尔顿还说，除了解剖学上的差异，女性容易延误最佳手术时间也是女性实施膝关节置换手术效果不佳的原因之一，女性常常拖延到几近残疾、困居家中时才会考虑做手术。
   难句4另外，纽约的特种外科医院的矫形外科医师和膝盖科主任史蒂文·哈斯说，尚不清楚制造商这款专门的设计是否能够减轻患者的疼痛感。比如这款人工置换膝盖的正面虽然薄了1/25英寸，但并不一定会在病人身上产生明显差异。哈斯发现其他公司已经对他们较小的人工膝盖进行了修改，使之能够适应男女间骨骼构造上的不同，(就这一点哈斯已经和捷迈的对手施乐辉公司交换过意见)，他说找到一个合适的设备显然是很重要的。
   哈斯最后说，更重要的还是找到一个技术娴熟的外科医生。他认为，不同的植入物之间的差别相比而言倒不是大问题，而从事植入手术的外科医生的技术才是最关键的。
   难句分析：
   1. Doctors say it's too soon to tell whether the Gender Knee represents a giant leap for womankind or if it gives its maker, Zimmer Holdings Inc., a leg up in the market. (Para. 1)
   分析：本句主句主干部分的意思是“医生们认为……”。say后面是省略了that的宾语从句it's too soon...，作say的宾语。在这个宾语从句中，又嵌入由并列连词or连接的两个宾语从句，分别由whether和if引导，同时作tell的宾语，说明这两种说法(“女性膝盖”这一产品能否代表女性界的一大飞跃，以及能否在市场上助捷迈控股公司一臂之力)现在判断还言之过早。
   2. Most artificial knees were modeled on the male anatomy—which may explain why knee replacements in women aren't as successful when measured by reported pain and do-over rates. (Para. 2)
   分析：本句主句主干部分的意思是“大部分的人造膝盖都是依照(男性的骨骼构造)制作的”。which引导定语从句，修饰前面所述事实；why引导的宾语从句作may explain的宾语，表示“以上事实解释了女性膝关节置换手术的成功率比男性低的原因”；该句最后还有一个由when引导的条件状语，表示“从术后的疼痛感以及手术重做比例等方面来衡量”这一条件。
   3. Anatomical differences aside, Templeton says, replacement knees may not perform well in women in part because females tend to delay surgery—sometimes until they're bound to the house by disability. (Para. 3)
   分析：本句主句主干部分的意思是“实施膝关节置换手术效果可能不佳”。aside指“除了……”，这里表示“除了解剖学上的差异”；Templeton says可以看做插入语；because引导的原因状语从句解释说明女性手术效果不佳的原因：女性常常推迟做手术的时间：破折号后面的内容是对女性延迟做手术的进一步描述。
   4. In addition, it's not clear that the manufacturer's specialized design will translate to less pain, says Steven Haas, an orthopedic surgeon and chief of the knee service at the Hospital for Special Surgery in New York. (Para. 4)
   分析：本句主句主干部分的意思是“……尚不明确”。it是形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句；an orthopedic surgeon...New York具体说明Steven Haas的身份。
   正确选择：推理判断题。第一段第三句it's too...to“太……而不能”结构表明，“女性膝盖”是否会在市场上取得成功，现在还言之过早，故B项正确。
   干扰项排除：A项与原文第一句相反；C项没有原文依据；D项的It is clear“很显然”与原文it's too soon to tell“还为时过早”相悖。

2. According to Paragraph 2, knee replacements in women haven't achieved great success in that ______.

A.women have thinner kneecap or patella than that of men
B.women's wider hips make the artificial knee pulled to the side
C.artificial knees are designed based on the features of men's body
D.women have wider end of the thighbone than that of men

A B C D

[解析] 正确选择：事实细节题。题目问原因，寻找答案时要特别留意why或because等字眼。第二段第四句why表明原因：女性膝关节置换手术的成功率比男性低是因为大部分的人造膝盖都是依照男性的骨骼构造制作的，故C项正确。
干扰项排除：A、B、D项说明男人和女人在身体结构上的不同，仅为事实，不是题干所考查的原因。

3. To which of the following statements would Kimberly Templeton most likely agree? ______

A.The new knee replacement will serve women better clinically.
B.The underperformance of replacement knees may be found in women.
C.Women sometimes may refuse to receive the knee replacement surgery.
D.The replacement knees make a good performance in women.

A B C D

[解析] 正确选择：观点态度题。Kimberly Templeton在第三段说了很多话，其中第五句提到，女性实施膝关节置换手术效果不佳(may not perform well)，由此判断，B项为正确答案。
干扰项排除：A项的“更好地在临床方面服务女性”、D项的“有好的效果”与第二句“理论上来说是可以的，但是没有证据证明”相悖；C项的refuse to含有主观拒绝之意味，是对原文tend to delay“常常拖延”的曲解，拒绝治疗和延误治疗是两个不同的概念。

4. The example of the change of replacement knee cited in Paragraph 4 shows that ______.

A.the new replacement knee may or may not relieve the pain
B.the front of replacement knee will be made thinner a little bit
C.the change of replacement knee won't bring changes to the recipients
D.the new replacement knee is of great importance to the recipients

A B C D

[解析] 正确选择：事实细节题。举例一般是为了说明某个观点。第四段第一句的观点是：尚不能确定这款新设计是否能够减轻患者的疼痛感，随后第二句举例论证该观点，可见A项与题意相符。
干扰项排除：B项是例证本身的内容，并不是其要说明的观点；C项的won't bring changes“不会带来变化”太绝对化，故意曲解“不一定会在病人身上产生明显差异”；D项的of great importance张冠李戴，例证所要表达的不是置换膝盖的重要性，而是“找到一个合适的设备”的重要性。

5. Which of the following is the best title for this text? ______

A.The Difference of Men and Women in Knees
B.The Importance of the Technique of the Knee Surgeon
C.A New Knee Built for Women Only
D.The Prospect of Gender Knee

A B C D

[解析] 正确选择：主旨大意题。从全文大意、第一段、最后一段可以推断出，全文围绕这种专门为女性所设计的膝盖展开讨论，故C项与之相符。
干扰项排除：A项仅在第二段提及，并非全文主旨；B项仅在全文最后一段提及，为次要信息；D项无法涵盖全文内容。

Text 2
Cambridge University closed down in the summer of 1665 when the plague broke out. Newton, a student there, went home to Lincolnshire. He stayed home for two years while the disease ran its course in the area around London. The 23-year-old Newton spent that time studying and laying the foundations for his greatest work, the Principia. One day he sat thinking in his garden, when an apple fell. Then he realized that the direction the apple fell, along with every other object on this round earth, was always toward Earth's center. It wasn't just that the apple fell, but that it tried to go to Earth's center. That was Newton's eureka moment. He realized that Earth had drawn the apple to it. He realized that every object in the universe draws every other object—probably in proportion to its mass. Newton didn't publish his Principia until 20 years later. But he formulated the Law of Universal Gravitation (LUG) there in his Lincolnshire garden. He showed us that was true of planets and moons as well.
Now enters a surprising character. The person who popularized the apple story was none other than the well-known French writer and philosopher Voltaire. Due to his outspoken views, in 1726 he was forcibly exiled to England where he spent the next three years. Newton died in 1727 so Voltaire would have been familiar with the many discoveries made by him. Voltaire was also acquainted with Newton's niece, Catherine Barton. Newton was a bachelor and she had agreed to manage his London home; therefore she would have been familiar with the apple story, which she related to Voltaire.
Voltaire sided with Newton in Newton's bitter fights with Leibnitz. In Candide, Voltaire ridiculed Leibnitz. The character Dr. Pangloss, who went about insisting that we live in the "best of all possible worlds", was Voltaire's version of Leibnitz.
We might chalk Voltaire's apple story up to "partisan license". But if you've ever done anything creative, you'll recognize the plausibility of the apple story. You'll remember your own moment when some small and commonplace event revealed a great truth to you. That's the way creativity works.

1. According to Paragraph 1, which of the following is true of Newton's Principia? ______

A.Newton was motivated to write the Principia after he saw the apple fell.
B.The Law of Universal Gravitation was originally included in the Principia.
C.Newton began to form the idea of the Principia when he was a college student.
D.The Law of Universal Gravitation was formulated long before the Principia.

A B C D

[解析] 读懂文章：
   1665年夏天剑桥大学因瘟疫爆发而关门，在那儿读书的牛顿回到了家乡林肯郡。由于瘟疫在伦敦周边地区肆虐，牛顿在家乡待了两年。23岁的他利用这段时间学习，并为他最伟大的著作《原理》奠定了基础。一天，他坐在自家的花园思考，突然一个苹果掉了下来。这时他发现，苹果坠落的方向与这个圆形地球上所有其他物体一样，总是朝向地心。苹果不只是落地，还试图要到达地心。这一刻牛顿心情激动，他意识到地球将苹果向自身吸引。他发现，宇宙中的每个物体都吸引其他所有物体——吸引力可能与其自身的质量成正比。牛顿20年后才出版《原理》，但他在林肯郡家中的花园里构想了万有引力定律。他向我们证明，该定律同样适用于行星和卫星。
   后来出现了一位不同寻常的人物。这个人让苹果落地的故事变得家喻户晓，他不是别人，正是著名的法国作家、哲学家伏尔泰。难句1他因为太直言不讳，于1726年被迫流亡到英国，在那里度过了三年。1727年牛顿逝世，因此伏尔泰可能熟知牛顿的种种发现。伏尔泰也认识牛顿的外甥女凯瑟琳·巴顿。牛顿终身未娶，凯瑟琳答应替他照顾伦敦的家，因此她可能熟知苹果落地的故事，又将它告诉了伏尔泰。
   当牛顿与莱布尼兹激烈论战时，伏尔泰站在了牛顿这一边。伏尔泰在作品《老实人》中嘲笑了莱布尼兹。难句2其主角潘格洛斯博士坚信我们生活在“可能存在的最美好的世界”里，他就是伏尔泰眼中的莱布尼兹。
   我们也许会说，苹果的故事是伏尔泰为学术之争而捏造出来的。但是如果你曾做过任何创造性的工作，你会承认，苹果落地的故事是有道理的。你会想起在某个时刻，某件细小、平常的事向你揭示某个伟大的真理。创造力就是这样起作用的。
   难句分析：
   1. Due to his outspoken views, in 1726 he was forcibly exiled to England where he spent the next three years. (Para. 2)
   分析：本句主句主干部分的意思是“他流亡到英国”。主语he指代前一句中提到的Voltaire（即法国作家、哲学家伏尔泰）。固定短语Due to表示“因为”，它引导的成分在句中充当原因状语；而in 1726则在句中充当时间状语。where引导定语从句，修饰先行词England。
   2. The character Dr. Pangloss, who went about insisting that we live in the "best of all possible worlds", was Voltaire's version of Leibnitz. (Para. 3)
   分析：本句主句主干部分的意思是“主角潘格洛斯博士就是伏尔泰眼中的莱布尼兹”。who引导非限制性定语从句，修饰主语The character Dr. Pangloss；该从句的主干意为“他坚信……”；insist常用于insist that...结构，意为“坚持认为……”，that引导宾语从句。version一词表示“版本”，句子宾语在此处意译为“伏尔泰眼中的莱布尼兹”。
   正确选择：事实细节题。从第一段第二句至第四句可以知道，牛顿趁着瘟疫肆虐、学校放假的时候在家里学习。第二句中的a student there表明他当时还是剑桥大学的学生，第四句中的laying the foundations表明那段时间他待在家里的学习为Principia奠定了基础，因此C项是正确的说法。
   干扰项排除：由第一段第四、五句可知，牛顿先想到要写Principia，被苹果砸中是之后发生的事因此A项中两件事的先后顺序与原文不一致；同样，万有引力定律是苹果给予牛顿的灵感，这也应该发生在他对Principia有想法之后，因此D项也不正确；原文第一段倒数第二、三句分别提到了Principia和万有引力定律，但这不能表明它们之间是有B项所表示的关系。

2. We learn from Paragraph 2 that when Voltaire was in England, ______.

A.he got to know Catherine Barton
B.he popularized the apple story
C.he began to hear of Newton's discoveries
D.he went through Newton's death

A B C D

[解析] 正确选择：推理判断题。根据原文第二段第三句中的1726年和第四句中的1727年这两个年份所发生的事，可以推断，牛顿去世的时候，伏尔泰正在英国，他经历了牛顿去世这件事，因此D项是正确的说法。
干扰项排除：第二段第五句提到伏尔泰认识凯瑟琳·巴顿，仅从这句话无法判断他们相识于什么时候，因此A项不正确；B项与第二段第二句有关，但从这一句只知道伏尔泰使苹果故事家喻户晓，但他在什么时候做成这件事，却无从知晓；第二段第四句表明伏尔泰在英国期间有可能熟知牛顿的发现，但伏尔泰是否从那个时候才开始听说牛顿的发现，原文并没有任何暗示，因此C项的说法也不正确。

3. From Paragraph 3, we can infer that Dr. Pangloss is ______.

A.one of Leibnitz's followers
B.a fictional figure in Voltaire's book
C.the penname of Leibnitz
D.Voltaire's enemy

A B C D

[解析] 正确选择：推理判断题。从第三段第二句中的In Candide、最后一句中的character和version等词，再结合伏尔泰本身的作家身份，可以推断潘格洛斯博士是伏尔泰所写的书Candide中的一个角色，借以讽刺莱布尼兹，由此可见，B项为本题答案。
解题技巧：本题解题的关键在于抓住第三段中character和version等与文学创作有关的词，找出该段中各个专有名词之间的关系，答案就不难找到了。

4. According to the author, the apple story is ______.

A.fabricated
B.ridiculous
C.authentic
D.reasonable

A B C D

[解析] 正确选择：观点态度题。最后一段第二句开头的But表明这一句才是作者对苹果故事的看法，句中的plausibility表明作者认为这个故事合理，因此D项为本题答案。
干扰项排除：从全文来看，只有最后一段表明作者倾向于相信这个故事，全文多次使用表明推测的词语，如would have been和might等，由此可见，难以确定这个故事是真还是假，因此不能选A项或C项；最后一段表明作者认为像苹果落地这样的小事可以揭示真理，由此可见，他并不会认为这个故事荒谬可笑，因此B项不正确。

5. The most appropriate title for this text could be ______.

A.Voltaire and the Apple Story
B.Voltaire and Newton
C.The Controversy on the Apple Story
D.Newton and the Apple Story

A B C D

[解析] 正确选择：主旨大意题。本文一共有四段，基本都是围绕着牛顿和苹果落地的故事，第二段和第三段虽然提及了伏尔泰，但目的是说苹果落地的故事因为伏尔泰而家喻户晓，所以总的来说，本文讲的是牛顿与苹果的故事，因此D项最能概括主题。
干扰项排除：A项只概括了第二段的主要内容；伏尔泰和牛顿没有直接的关系，他们的联系还是在苹果落地的故事上，因此B项也不合适；C项只概括了最后一段的部分内容，不能作为全文的主题。

Text 3
It may not be obvious, but hearing two languages regularly during pregnancy puts infants on the road to bilingualism by birth. According to new findings in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science, infants born to bilingual mothers exhibit different language preferences than infants born to mothers speaking only one language.
Psychological scientists Krista Byers-Heinlein and Janet F. Werker from the University of British Columbia along with Tracey Burns of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development in France wanted to investigate language preference and discrimination in newborns. Two groups of newborns were tested in these experiments: English monolinguals (whose mothers spoke only English during pregnancy) and Tagalog-English bilinguals (whose mothers spoke both Tagalog, a language spoken in the Philippines, and English regularly during pregnancy). The researchers employed a method known as "high-amplitude sucking-preference procedure" to study the infants' language preferences. This method capitalizes on the newborns' sucking reflex—increased sucking indicates interest in a stimulus. In the first experiment, infants heard 10 minutes of speech, with every minute alternating between English and Tagalog.
Results showed that English monolingual infants were more interested in English than Tagalog—they exhibited increased sucking behavior when they heard English than when they heard Tagalog being spoken. However, bilingual infants had an equal preference for both English and Tagalog. These results suggest that prenatal bilingual exposure may affect infants' language preferences, preparing bilingual infants to listen to and learn about both of their native languages.
To learn two languages, bilingual newborns must also be able to keep their languages apart. To test if bilingual infants are able to discriminate between their two languages, infants listened to sentences being spoken in one of the languages until they lost interest. Then, they either heard sentences in the other language or heard sentences in the same language, but spoken by a different person. Infants exhibited increased sucking when they heard the other language being spoken. Their sucking did not increase if they heard additional sentences in the same language. These results suggest that bilingual infants, along with monolingual infants, are able to discriminate between the two languages, providing a mechanism from the first moments of life that helps ensure bilingual infants do not confuse their two languages.
The researchers observe that, "Monolingual newborns' preference for their single native language directs listening attention to that language" and that, "Bilingual newborns' interest in both languages helps ensure attention to, and hence further learning about, each of their languages." Discrimination of the two languages helps prevent confusion. The results of these studies demonstrate that the roots of bilingualism run deeper than previously imagined, extending even to the prenatal period.

1. The purpose of the experiments in Paragraph 2 is to find out ______.

A.infants' sucking reactions to language stimulus
B.language likings and discerning ability of infants
C.children's ability to alternate between two languages
D.infants' sucking preference between different languages

A B C D

[解析] 读懂文章：
   有一个并非显而易见的现象，那就是胎儿时期经常听两种语言能让婴儿天生具有双语能力。心理科学协会期刊《心理科学》一项最新研究发现，双语母亲的孩子与单语母亲的孩子会表现出不同的语言偏好。
   难句1英属哥伦比亚大学的心理科学家克里斯塔·拜耳斯·赫内琳和简内特·F. 沃克尔及法国经济合作发展组织的特罗西·彭斯试图研究新生儿对语言的偏好和区分。实验中有两组新生儿，英语单语组的母亲怀孕时只说英语，他加禄-英语双语组的母亲怀孕时说他加禄语(在菲律宾说的一种语言)和英语。研究人员运用了一种叫做“高振幅吸吮程序”的方法来研究婴儿的语言偏好。这种方法利用了新生儿的吸吮反射(吸吮行为增多代表对刺激有兴趣)。第一次实验中，婴儿要听十分钟的讲话，英语和他加禄语每种语言隔一分钟交替出现。
   试验结果显示，英语单语组的婴儿对英语比对他加禄语更感兴趣，他们在听到英语时比听到他加禄语时吸吮频率更高。而双语组的婴儿则对英语和他加禄语表现出同等的偏好。研究结果表明，胎儿在孕期接触双语可能影响婴儿的语言偏好，能够帮助双语环境的婴儿听学两种母语。
   双语新生儿在学两种语言时必须能够区分两种语言。为了测试双语环境中的婴儿是否能够区分两种母语，研究人员让婴儿一直听其中一种母语的讲话，直到他们失去兴趣。然后再让他们听另一种母语的讲话或由不同的人说的第一种母语。当听到另一种母语的讲话时，婴儿吸吮增加了，而再听到第一种语言时吸吮动作没有出现变化。难句2研究结果表明，因为胎儿具有避免混淆两种母语的机制，双语环境中的婴儿(和单语环境中的婴儿一样)，能够区分两种语言。
   难句3研究人员发现，“单语新生儿对其母语的偏好使他们注意听自己的母语，而双语新生儿对其两种母语的兴趣帮助他们注意听，进而学习那两种语言。”对两种语言的区别能力能够防止婴儿混淆两种语言。这些研究结果表明，双语能力的根源比之前想象的还要深，已经追溯到了产前阶段。
   难句分析：
   1. Psychological scientists Krista Byers-Heinlein and Janet F. Werker from the University of British Columbia along with Tracey Burns of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development in France wanted to investigate language preference and discrimination in newborns. (Para. 2)
   分析：本句主干部分的意思是“心理科学家试图研究语言的偏好和区分”。本句为一个简单句。Krista Byers Heinlein....Columbia是对Psychological scientists的具体说明，表示心理科学家是谁，接着along with...in France又引出了一起研究的另一个成员。句末的介词短语in newborns点明了研究的对象。
   2. These results suggest that bilingual infants, along with monolingual infants, are able to discriminate between the two languages, providing a mechanism from the first moments of life that helps ensure bilingual infants do not confuse their two languages. (Para. 4)
   分析：本句主句主干部分的意思是“研究结果表明……”。suggest后的that引导宾语从句，作suggest的宾语；该宾语从句的主干意为“双语环境中的婴儿能够区分……”。along with monolingual infants作插入语，说明双语婴儿与单语婴儿一样。现在分词短语providing... languages起补充说明的作用；其中包含一个由that引导的定语从句，修饰mechanism，表示这是一个“帮助避免混淆两种母语的”机制；在该定语从句中又包含一个省略了引导词that的宾语从句，作ensure的宾语。
   3. The researchers observe that, "Monolingual newborns' preference for their single native language directs listening attention to that language" and that, "Bilingual newborns' interest in both languages helps ensure attention to, and hence further learning about, each of their languages." (Para. 5)
   分析：本句主句主干部分的意思是“研究人员发现……以及……”。两个that引导的是宾语从句，作observe的宾语。for their single native language作后置定语，修饰preference，表示“仅对他们母语的偏好”；短语interest in表示“对……的兴趣”；and hence further learning about是插入成分，其宾语也是each of their languages，表示“进而学习那两种语言”。
   正确选择：事实细节题。由第二段第一句可知，研究人员试图研究新生儿对语言的偏好和区分，故B项正确。
   干扰项排除：由第二段可知A项是研究方式，并非研究目的，故A项错误；由该段最后一句可知，让婴儿听双语交替出现的对话是实验的一种方法，C项在文中并未提及，属于过度推断；D项属于实验结果，通过实验结果分析出结论，也不是研究目的，故D项错误。

2. In the "high-amplitude sucking-preference procedure", stronger language preference is shown by ______.

A.more sucking behaviors
B.greater speech attentiveness
C.more exposure to that language
D.longer sucking time

A B C D

[解析] 正确选择：事实细节题。根据题干中的high-amplitude sucking-preference procedure定位到第二段后半部分。由该段倒数第二句可知，吸吮行为增多就代表对该语言感兴趣，故A项正确。
干扰项排除：B项在文中并未提及，不能得出此结论；由第三段可知，出生前接触双语环境可影响儿童的语言偏好，这是语言偏好的影响因素而非表现，故C项错误；由第三段第一句可知，第二段中所提到的increased sucking是指吸吮的频率更高，而非时间更长，故D项错误。

3. According to Paragraph 3, language learning of an infant ______.

A.begins before it comes into the world
B.is decided by its mother's language preference
C.is influenced by its lingual environment before birth
D.depends on its language preference before birth

A B C D

[解析] 正确选择：推理判断题。第三段指出胎儿在孕期所接触的语言环境会影响婴儿的语言偏好，从而为之后婴儿的语言学习做准备，所以C项正确。
干扰项排除：根据以上分析可同时排除B项；文中未提及婴儿是从什么时候开始学习语言，故A项不正确；文中仅说语言偏好能为学习语言做准备，但无法由此就推断出语言学习取决于语言偏好，D项过度推断，故错误。

4. Which of the following is true of bilingual newborns? ______

A.They have a preference between the two languages.
B.They only notice a new language.
C.They have more advantage than monolingual newborns.
D.They can distinguish between the two languages.

A B C D

[解析] 正确选择：推理判断题。由第四段可知，双语婴儿与单语婴儿一样能区分两种语言，故选D项。
干扰项排除：由第三段可知双语婴儿对两种语言表现出同等偏好，故A项错误；第四段提到，双语婴儿在听到另一种母语时吸吮会增加，这表明婴儿能区分这两种语言，而并非表示他们只留意新语言，B项曲解了文意，故错误；C项在文中没有提到。

5. Bilingual newborns' interest in both languages is helpful because it enables them to ______.

A.focus on and better study both languages
B.keep the two languages apart
C.obtain longer listening attention
D.find out the roots of bilingualism

A B C D

[解析] 正确选择：推理判断题。根据题干定位到最后一段。由该段可知对两种语言的偏好使新生儿更好地注意听进而学习那两种语言，故A项正确。
干扰项排除：双语新生儿确实能区分两种语言，但并不是因为对两种语言的偏好导致的，故B项错误；文章只是说双语新生儿更加注意听，并没有说注意的时间更多，故C项错误；双语能力的根源是此研究的贡献，并不是双语新生儿对两种语言的兴趣的作用，故D项错误。

Text 4
On the heels of El

, its opposite, La

may soon arrive. In a Weekly Update, scientists at the NOAA Climate Prediction Center reported that as the 2006-2007 El

faded, surface and subsurface ocean temperatures have rapidly decreased. Recently, cooler-than-normal water temperatures have developed at the surface in the east-central equatorial Pacific, indicating a possible transition to La

conditions.
Typically, during the U.S. spring and summer months, La

conditions do not significantly impact overall inland temperature and precipitation patterns, however, La

episodes often do have an effect on Atlantic and Pacific hurricane activity.
"Although other scientific factors affect the hurricanes, there tends to be a greater-than-normal number of Atlantic hurricanes and fewer-than-normal number of eastern Pacific hurricanes during La

events," said retired Navy Vice Adm. Conrad C. Lautenbacher, Ph.D., under secretary of commerce for oceans and atmosphere and NOAA administrator. "During the winter, usual La

impacts include drier and warmer-than-average conditions over the southern United States."
"NOAA's ability to detect and monitor the formation, duration and strength of El

and La

events is enhanced by continuous improvements in satellite and buoy observations in the equatorial Pacific," Lautenbacher added. "These observing systems include the TAO/TRITON moored and Argo drift buoys, as well as NOAA's polar orbiting satellites."
La

conditions occur when ocean surface temperatures in the central and east-central equatorial Pacific become cooler than normal. These changes affect tropical rainfall patterns and atmospheric winds over the Pacific Ocean, which influence the patterns of rainfall and temperatures in many areas worldwide.
"La

events sometimes follow on the heels of El

conditions," said Vernon Kousky, research meteorologist at the NOAA Climate Prediction Center. "It is a naturally occurring phenomenon that can last up to three years. La

episodes tend to develop during March-June, reach peak intensity during December-February, and then weaken during the following March-May."
"The last lengthy La

event was 1998-2001, which contributed to serious drought conditions in many sections of the western United States," said Douglas Lecomte, drought specialist at the NOAA Climate Prediction Center.
NOAA will issue the U.S. Spring Outlook on March 15, and its Atlantic Hurricane Season Outlook in May. Both outlooks will reflect the most current La

forecast.
"While the status of El

is of vital importance to our seasonal forecasts, it is but one measure we use when making actual temperature and precipitation forecasts," said Kousky.

1. According to Paragraph 1, which of the following is true of La

? ______
A．It brings an end to El

B．It balances the effects of El

C．It follows a decrease of ocean temperature.
D．It causes the ocean temperature to drop rapidly.

A B C D

[解析] 读懂文章：
   在厄尔尼诺之后，与之相反的气候现象拉尼娜可能很快就会到来。难句1在《每周进展》中，美国国家海洋与大气管理局(NOAA)气象预报中心的科学家指出，随着2006到2007年间厄尔尼诺的退去，海洋表层和次表层温度急剧下降。最近，赤道附近中东太平洋水温异常下降，这预示着有可能会出现拉尼娜现象。
   一般来说，在美国春夏两季，拉尼娜现象对内陆整体气候和降水模式不会产生过于明显的影响，但通常会对大西洋和太平洋的飓风活动产生影响。
   难句2退役海军副行政管理专员，海洋大气商务副秘书长，美国国家海洋与大气局管理专员康拉德·C.劳顿班彻博士说：“尽管还有其他客观因素影响飓风的发生，但在拉尼娜状态下大西洋飓风发生的频率往往高于正常水平，而东太平洋飓风发生频率则低于正常水平”。“在冬天，拉尼娜典型的影响是，美国南部各地会较干旱，气温高出平均水平”。
   劳顿班彻补充说，“由于在赤道附近的太平洋地区使用不断改进的卫星和浮标观测，美国国家海洋与大气管理局探测和监测厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜现象的形成过程、持续时间和强度的能力不断提高。”“这些观测系统包括热带大气海洋/三角跨海洋浮标网系统(TAO/TRITON)锚系浮标阵列和地转海洋学实时观测阵(Argo)浮标组群，以及国家海洋与大气管理局极轨卫星”。
   当赤道附近太平洋中部和中东部海洋表面气温低于正常水平时，拉尼娜现象就会发生。这些变化会影响太平洋热带降雨模式和大气风场，进而影响世界上多个地区的气温和降水模式。
   美国国家海洋和大气管理局的气象预报中心的气象学家弗侬·考斯基说：“拉尼娜现象有时会紧随着厄尔尼诺现象而来”。“这是一种自然发生的现象，可能会持续3年。拉尼娜事件一般会在3月到6月开始，在12月到2月达到顶峰，在随后的3月到5月衰退。”
   美国国家海洋和大气管理局的气象预报中心干旱问题研究专家道格拉斯·勒孔特说：“上一次持续时间长的拉尼娜现象发生在1998-2001年，导致美国西部很多地区严重干旱。”
   美国国家海洋和大气管理局会在今年3月15日推出《美国春季展望》报告，在5月推出《大西洋飓风季展望》报告。这两个报告将反映最新的拉尼娜预报。
   难句3考斯基说：“虽然厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜现象对于我们的季节性天气预报影响很大，但它们也只不过是我们进行确切的气温、降水预报所使用的一个尺度而已”。
   难句分析：
   1. In a Weekly Update, scientists at the NOAA Climate Prediction Center reported that as the 2006-2007 El

faded, surface and subsurface ocean temperatures have rapidly decreased. (Para. 1)
分析：本句主句主干部分的意思是“科学家指出……”。In a Weekly Update作地点状语，限定范围。at the NOAA Climate Prediction Center作后置定语，表明是哪里的scientists。本句的宾语由that引导的从句构成；宾语从句的主干意为“温度急剧下降”；在该宾语从句中，还包含一个由as引导的表伴随的时间状语从句，as在此处译为“随着”。
2. "Although other scientific factors affect the hurricanes, there tends to be a greater-than-normal number of Atlantic hurricanes and fewer-than-normal number of eastern Pacific hurricanes during La

events," said retired Navy Vice Adm. Conrad C. Lautenbacher, Ph.D., under secretary of commerce for oceans and atmosphere and NOAA administrator. (Para. 3)
分析：本句主句主干部分的意思是“大西洋飓风发生的频率往往高于正常水平，而东太平洋飓风发生频率则低于正常水平”。本句的主干是there be句型，内有两个含比较级的并列名词性成分；tend to表示“倾向于”。Although引导让步状语从句，表示“尽管……”。said...为插入语；said后面的人名介绍特别长，Conrad C. Lautenbacher同时兼具多重身份；其中的under secretary意为“副秘书长”。
3. "While the status of El

is of vital importance to our seasonal forecasts, it is but one measure we use when making actual temperature and precipitation forecasts," said Kousky. (Para. 9)
   分析：本句主句主干部分的意思是“它们也只不过是一个尺度而已”。we use...为省略了引导词that的定语从句，修饰主句的宾语one measure；在该从句中包含一个由when引导的时间状语从句，表示我们在什么时候会用到。While引导让步状语从句。said Kousky为插入语。of importance的意思相当于important。
   正确选择：事实细节题。第一段最后两句都表明拉尼娜现象的预兆是海水温度下降，因此选C项。
   干扰项排除：第一段第一句虽然提到厄尔尼诺现象结束后可能会出现拉尼娜现象，但这并不等于拉尼娜现象导致厄尔尼诺现象结束，因此A项不正确；B项完全没有原文依据；D项的表述与第一段最后两句不符。

2. According to Conrad C. Lautenbacher, La

has the greatest influence on the ______ of the hurricanes.

A.frequency
B.strength
C.duration
D.route

A B C D

[解析] 正确选择：事实细节题。根据人名Conrad C. Lautenbacher可定位至第三、四段。第三段第一句反复提到了number一词，表明拉尼娜现象对飓风发生的频率影响最大，因此选A项。
干扰项排除：B项“强度”和C项“持续时间”在第四段第一句也有提到，但该段要说明的是对拉尼娜持续时间、强度等的预测，而非拉尼娜现象对飓风产生怎样的影响。D项为“线路”，文中未提及该因素，故可排除。

3. It can be inferred from the text that the equatorial Pacific is usually ______.
A．the area most seriously hit by La

B．the first area influenced by La

C．the only area monitored by satellites
D．the biggest area with a complex climate

A B C D

[解析] 正确选择：推理判断题。第五段第一句表明，拉尼娜现象生成于赤道附近太平洋地区。最后一句的定语从句表明拉尼娜现象首先影响太平洋地区的气候，进而影响全世界其他地区的气候，因此B项正确。
干扰项排除：文中并未提及拉尼娜现象对哪个地区影响最严重，也未提及卫星是否“只”监测赤道附近的太平洋地区，更未提及哪里是有着复杂气候的最大地区，A、C、D三项均无法从文中推断出来。

4. Douglas Lecomte most probably agrees that between 1998 and 2001 ______.
A．the number of hurricanes of the western U.S. soared
B．it was the first time when La

affected the U.S.
C．the rainfall of the western U.S. greatly reduced
D．it was the longest La

period in history

A B C D

[解析] 正确选择：事实细节题。根据人名Douglas Lecomte可定位至倒数第三段。该段提到了美国西部地区遭受严重干旱，将“干旱”与第五段提到的“拉尼娜现象会影响降雨和气温”结合起来，就可以推断当时美国的干旱应与降雨量减少有关，因此选C项。
干扰项排除：A项虽然也可能是拉尼娜现象导致的结果，但倒数第三段并没有提到“飓风”的情况，故可排除；原文只提到了1998年至2001年是上一次持续时间长的拉尼娜现象，至于当时是否是“第一次”或是否为“历史上持续时间最长”的拉尼娜现象，都没有在原文提及，故排除B项和D项。

5. According to the last paragraph, what would Kousky like to do with La

events? ______

A.To predict the climate conditions.
B.To measure the changes of climate.
C.To predict natural disasters.
D.To measure damage precisely.

A B C D

[解析] 正确选择：推理判断题。最后一段中的it is but one measure...表明考斯基认为拉尼娜现象只是用于预测降水、气温等天气条件的一个尺度，A项与此内容最为相近，故为本题答案。
干扰项排除：原文该段中的关键词是forecasts，表明拉尼娜现象主要用于“预测”天气，而不是测量天气的“变化”，因此，最具干扰性的B项是不正确的；关于预测或测量灾害、损害的话题，文中并未提及，故C项和D项也不正确。

Reading Comprehension

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深色：已答题浅色：未答题