银符考试题库-在线练习-北京邮电大学考博英语真题2021年

北京邮电大学考博英语真题2021年

Part Ⅰ Translation and Editing
Directions: Read the following paragraphs carefully and translate the underlined parts into fluent and idiomatic Chinese. Write your answers in the proper space on the Answer Sheet.
When most organizations try to increase their innovation efforts, they always seem to start from the same assumption: "we need more ideas". They'll start talking about the need to "think outside the box" or "blue sky" thinking in order to find a few ideas that can turn into viable new products or systems. However, in most organizations, innovation isn't hampered by a lack of ideas, but rather a lack of noticing the good ideas already there.
It's not an idea problem; it's a recognition problem. Actually, we all share a bias against new and creative ideas when we're faced with even small amounts of uncertainty. That's the implications of a study published last year by a team of researchers led by Wharton's Jennifer Mueller. The researchers found that those exposed to a small amount of uncertainty said they valued creativity, but actually favored the practical word pairings over the creative pairings. In a follow-up experiment published in the same paper, participants in the uncertainty condition were even presented a prototype for an innovative new running shoe and rated it as significantly less viable than the control group.
If such a negative bias against creativity is present in times of uncertainty, it might explain why so many notable innovations were initially rejected. The implications for today are particularly relevant, as few executives would claim that they're not working in an uncertain industry. The same uncertainty that triggers the need for companies to innovate may also be triggering executives to be rejecting the discoveries that could help them gain a competitive advantage. The ideas that could keep companies alive are being killed too quickly.
One possible solution to this "idea killing" problem is to change the structure ideas have to move through. Instead of using the traditional hierarchy to find and approve ideas, the approval process could be spread across the whole organization. That's the approach Rhode Island-based Rite-Solutions has taken for almost a decade. Rite-Solutions has set up an "idea market" on their internal website where anyone can post an idea and list it as a "stock" on the market, called "Mutual Fun". Every employee is also given $10,000 in virtual currency to "invest" in ideas. In addition to the investment, employees also volunteer to work on project ideas they support. If an idea gathers enough support, the project is approved and everyone who supported it is given a share of the profits from the project. In just a few years, the program has already produced huge gains for the company, from small incremental changes to products in whole new industries. In its first year alone, the Mutual Fun accounted for 50 percent of the company's new business growth. More important than the immediate revenue, the idea market has created a culture where new ideas are recognized and developed throughout the entire company, a democratization of recognition.
In addition, it's a system based on the assumption that everyone in the company already has great ideas and the market just makes them better at finding those ideas. It's not an idea-solution; it's a recognition-solution.

他们将开始谈论需要“跳出框框的思考”或“天马行空的思考”，以便找到一些可以转化为可行的新产品或系统的想法。

研究人员发现，那些暴露在少量不确定性中的人表示他们重视创造力，但实际上他们更喜欢用实用的词汇搭配而不是创造性的词汇搭配来表达。

引发公司创新需求的相同不确定性也可能促使高管拒绝那些有助于他们获得竞争优势的发现。那些能让公司生存的想法被扼杀得太快了。

除了投资，员工还自愿参与他们支持的项目创意。如果一个想法得到了足够的支持，那么这个项目就会被批准，并且每位支持者都会从这个项目中获得一份利润。

比直接收入更重要的是，创意市场创造了一种文化，在这种文化中，新创意在整个公司得到了认可和发展，这是一种认可的民主化。

Part Ⅱ Skimming and Scanning

Passage 1
When we talk about how films convey meaning we tend to refer to acting, music, dialogue, props and narrative developments, but often forgotten is the visual essence of a film itself, which is the cutting together of moving images—"motion pictures"—each one carefully tailored to meet a particular need or purpose.
Most films and many important scenes within them open with an establishing shot. Typically, this shot precedes our introduction to the main characters by presenting us with the locale in which the scene's action or dialogue is about to occur. Occasionally, however, a director will use an establishing shot with another goal in mind. An opening view of a thousand soldiers parading in synchronized fashion might have little to reveal about the film's geography, for example, but it does inform the audience that ideas about discipline and conformity are likely to arise in the material that follows. In this way, establishing shots can also introduce a film's theme.
After an establishing shot, most directors choose a long shot in order to progress the narrative. This type of shot displays the entire human physique in relation to its surroundings, so it is ideal for bridging the narrative divide between location and individual activity. A long shot is therefore often used to center on a pivotal character in the scene. A film might begin with an establishing shot of bleak, snowy mountains, and then cut to a long shot of a lone skier, for example, or a sweeping panorama of a bustling metropolis could segue into a street view of someone entering a building.
From here the door is wide open for directors to choose whichever shots will enhance the narration. Close-up shots are popular in suspense sequences—a handgun being loaded, a doorknob being turned, the startled expression of someone freshly roused from sleep. Confining the visual field in this way adds to the viewer's apprehension. Dramatic films will probably want to emphasize character interaction. The third-person shot—in which a third of the frame consists of a rear view of a person's upper body and head—can be effectively utilized here. This shot encourages us to actually slip into the persona of that character, and vicariously live through their experiences.
A number of special-purpose shots are used quite rarely—once, if at all, in most films. One such type is the money shot. A money shot has no specific technical features or content, but is typically the most expensive element of a film's production values and comes with a cost massively disproportionate to its screen time (which may be limited to just a brief glimpse). Because of its spectacular, extravagant nature, however, the money shot is a major revenue generator and is widely exploited for use in promotional materials. Money shots are most popular amongst—but not limited to—high visual-impact genres such as action, war, thriller and disaster films.
But more affordable shots can also add an interesting twist to the story. The Dutch tilt can depict a character in a state of psychological unease by shooting them from a jaunty angle. In this way they appear literally and metaphorically unbalanced. A trunk shot often shows a small group of characters peering into the trunk of a vehicle. It is filmed from a perspective within the trunk itself, although frequently to avoid camera damage directors will simply place a detached piece of trunk door in the comer of the frame. This shot was a favourite of Quentin Tarantino and has been used in many crime and gangster films, often as a first-person shot through the eyes of someone who is tied up and lying inside the vehicle. A shot that has gained traction in avant-garde circles is the extreme close-up. This is when a single detail of the subject fills up the entire frame. Alfred Hitchcock famously used an extreme close-up in Psycho, when he merged a shot of a shower drain into a view of a victim's eye. It has also been used in Westerns to depict tension between duelling gunmen eyeing each other up before a shoot-out.
Not all types of shots are used in order to enhance the narrative. Sometimes financial restrictions or technical limitations are a more pressing concern, especially for low-budget film makers. In the early murder mysteries of the 1920s and 1930s, the American shot—which acquired its name from French critics who referred to a "plan américain"—was used widely for its ability to present complex dialogue scenes without alterations in camera position. Using the American shot, directors have their cast assemble in single file while discussing key plot points. The result is an efficiently produced scene that conveys all relevant information, but the trade-off is a natural tone. Because few people in real life would ever associate in such an awkward manner, American shots tend to result in a hammy, stiff feel to the production.
List of Terms
A. Trunk shot
B. Dutch tilt
C. Establishing shot
D. Money shot
E. American shot
F. Long shot
G. Extreme close-up
H. Third-person shot
I. First-person shot
J. Close-up

1. Look at the following descriptions (Questions 6-11) and the List of Terms below. Match each description with the correct term, A-J.
A group of people, full length body shot ______

[解析] 根据第二段第三、四句可知，导演会在考虑不同拍摄目的时使用远景镜头。例如，1000名士兵同步列队行进的开始场景可能没有揭示电影中的地理位置，但它确实向观众传达了纪律和服从的思想。本题“一群人的全身镜头”与此相符，因此C项为正确答案。

2. Two people, only one facing camera, head and shoulders shot ______

[解析] 根据第四段倒数第二句可知，在第三人称镜头中，三分之一的画面是由一个人的上半身和头部后视图构成的。本题“拍摄了头部和肩部的两个人，只有一个人面对镜头”与此相符，因此H项为正确答案。

3. Distance shot of central city, from the air ______

[解析] 根据第三段第四句可知，一部电影可能以荒凉的雪山远景作为开始，然后切换到一个单人滑雪者的长镜头，或者由繁华大都市的全景转换成某人进入建筑物的街景。据此可知，繁华大都市的全景属于远景镜头，本题“从空中远距离拍摄市中心”与此相符，因此C项为正确答案。

4. A single person, head and shoulders, off-center angle shot ______

[解析] 根据第六段第二句可知，斜角镜头通过从倾斜的角度拍摄，可以刻画心理处于不安状态的人物角色。本题“偏离中心角度拍摄一个人的头部和肩部”与此相符，因此B项为正确答案。

5. A lone pedestrian, walking in a city street ______

[解析] 根据第三段第三、四句可知，长镜头通常着重用于场景中的关键人物。一部电影可能以荒凉的雪山远景作为开始，然后切换到一个单人滑雪者的长镜头。本题“独自行走在城市街道上的行人”与此相符，因此F项为正确答案。

6. A flaming bus, about to crash ______

[解析] 根据第五段最后一句可知，昂贵镜头在动作片、战争片、惊悚片和灾难片等高视觉冲击类型的电影中最受欢迎。本题中“一辆燃烧且即将发生碰撞的公共汽车”与此相符，因此D项为正确答案。

7. Answer the questions below—choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Passage 1 for each answer.
Which two aspects of a story can be shown with an establishing shot?

The locale of upcoming behaviour or conversation can be shown. Besides, a film's theme is able to be presented.

[解析] 根据第二段第二句可知，远景镜头会在介绍主要人物之前，向我们展示动作或对话即将发生的场景。根据第二段最后一句可知，远景镜头也可以呈现电影的主题。

8. What does a long shot focus our attention on?

It focuses our attention on a vital character in the scene.

[解析] 根据第三段第三句可知，长镜头通常着重用于场景中的关键人物。

9. What do close-ups restrict in order to make audiences nervous?

They restrict the visual field in order to make audiences nervous.

[解析] 根据第四段第三句可知，特写镜头用限制视野的方式增强观众的紧张感。

10. What does a third-person shot place importance on?

It places importance on character interaction.

[解析] 根据第四段第四、五句可知，戏剧性的电影可能希望强调角色的互动性，使用第三人称镜头可以达到这种效果。

Passage 2
A) In recent years we have all been exposed to dire media reports concerning the impending demise of global coal and oil reserves, but the depletion of another key non-renewable resource continues without receiving much press at all. Helium (氦)—an inert, odourless, monatomic element known to lay people as the substance that makes balloons float and voices squeak when inhaled—could be gone from this planet within a generation.
B) Helium itself is not rare; there is actually a plentiful supply of it in the cosmos. In fact, 24 percent of our galaxy's elemental mass consists of helium, which makes it the second most abundant element in our universe. Because of its lightness, however, most helium vanished from our own planet many years ago. Consequently, only a miniscule proportion—0.00052%, to be exact—remains in earth's atmosphere. Helium is the by-product of millennia of radioactive decay from the elements, thorium and uranium. The helium is mostly trapped in subterranean natural gas bunkers and commercially extracted through a method known as fractional distillation.
C) The loss of helium on Earth would affect society greatly. Defying the perception of it as a novelty substance for parties and gimmicks, the element actually has many vital applications in society. Probably the most well-known commercial usage is in airships and blimps (non-flammable helium replaced hydrogen as the lifting gas du jour after the Hindenburg catastrophe in 1932, during which an airship burst into flames and crashed to the ground killing some passengers and crew). But helium is also instrumental in deep-sea diving, where it is blended with nitrogen to mitigate the dangers of inhaling ordinary air under high pressure; as a cleaning agent for rocket engines; and, in its most prevalent use, as a coolant for superconducting magnets in hospital MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scanners.
D) The possibility of losing helium forever poses the threat of a real crisis because its unique qualities are extraordinarily difficult, if not impossible to duplicate (certainly, no biosynthetic substitute is close to approaching the point of feasibility for helium, even as similar developments continue rapidly for oil and coal). Helium is even cheerfully derided as a "loner" element since it does not adhere to other molecules like its cousin, hydrogen. According to Dr. Lee Sobotka, helium is the "most noble of gases, meaning it's very stable and non-reactive for the most part...it has a closed electronic configuration, a very tightly bound atom. It is this coveting of its own electrons that prevents combination with other elements'. Another important attribute is helium's unique boiling point, which is lower than that for any other element. The worsening global shortage could render millions of dollars of high-value, life-saving equipment totally useless. The dwindling supplies have already resulted in the postponement of research and development projects in physics laboratories and manufacturing plants around the world. There is an enormous supply and demand imbalance partly brought about by the expansion of high-tech manufacturing in Asia.
E) The source of the problem is the Helium Privatisation Act (HPA), an American law passed in 1996 that requires the U.S. National Helium Reserve to liquidate its helium assets by 2015 regardless of the market price. Although intended to settle the original cost of the reserve by a U.S. Congress ignorant of its ramifications, the result of this fire sale is that global helium prices are so artificially deflated that few can be bothered recycling the substance or using it judiciously. Deflated values also mean that natural gas extractors see no reason to capture helium. Much is lost in the process of extraction. As Sobotka notes: "The government had the good vision to store helium, and the question now is: Will the corporations have the vision to capture it when extracting natural gas, and consumers have the wisdom to recycle? This takes long-term vision because present market forces are not sufficient to compel prudent practice." For Nobel-prize laureate Robert Richardson, the U.S. government must be prevailed upon to repeal its privatisation policy as the country supplies over 80 percent of global helium, mostly from the National Helium Reserve. For Richardson, a twenty-to fifty-fold increase in prices would provide incentives to recycle.
F) A number of steps need to be taken in order to avert a costly predicament in the coming decades. Firstly, all existing supplies of helium ought to be conserved and released only by permit, with medical uses receiving precedence over other commercial or recreational demands. Secondly, conservation should be obligatory and enforced by a regulatory agency. At the moment some users, such as hospitals, tend to recycle diligently while others, such as NASA, waste massive amounts of helium. Lastly, research into alternatives to helium must begin in earnest.

1. Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F. Which paragraph contains the following information?
A use for helium which makes an activity safer ______

[解析] 根据文章中C段第四句可知，氦气在深海潜水中有着重要作用，它与氮气混合，以降低在高压下吸入普通空气的危险。本题“使用氦气使活动更安全”与此相符，因此C项为正确答案。

2. The possibility of creating an alternative to helium ______

[解析] 根据文章中D段第一句可知，永远失去氦的可能性会带来真正的危机，因为它的独特性难以复制。任何生物合成替代品都不可能具有氦的类似特性。本题“创造氦替代品的可能性”与此相符，因此D项为正确答案。

3. A term which describes the process of how helium is taken out of the ground ______

[解析] 根据文章中B段最后一句可知，氦主要被困在地下天然气库中，通过分馏法可进行商业提取。本题“描述氦从地下取出过程的术语”与此相符，因此B项为正确答案。

4. A reason why users of helium do not make efforts to conserve it ______

[解析] 根据文章中E段第二至四句可知，廉价出售导致全球氦气价格被人为压低，以至于很少有人愿意回收或谨慎使用该物质。氦气价值不高也意味着提取天然气时没有理由获取氦气，因而在提取过程中损失了大量氦气。本题“氦气使用者不努力保存氦气的原因”与此相符，因此E项为正确答案。

5. A contrast between helium's chemical properties and how non-scientists think about it ______

[解析] 根据文章中D段第二至五句可知，氦甚至被嘲笑为“孤独的”元素，因为它不附着于其他分子。根据李·索博特卡博士的说法，氦是最高贵的气体，这意味着它在大多数情况下非常稳定且无反应。氦的另一个重要特性是它的独特沸点——比其他任何元素的沸点都低。本题“氦的化学特性与非科学家对它的看法之间的对比”与此相符，因此D项为正确答案。

6. Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Passage 2? Answer Yes, No or Not Given to questions 21-25.

Yes(Y)

if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer

No(N)

if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer

Not Given(NG)

if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

Helium chooses to be on its own. ______

Yes

[解析] 根据文章中D段第二至三句可知，氦甚至被嘲笑为“孤独的”元素，因为它不附着于其他分子。根据李·索博特卡博士的说法，氦是最高贵的气体，这意味着它在大多数情况下非常稳定且无反应。本题“氦选择独处”与此相符。

7. Helium is a very cold substance. ______

Not Given

[解析] 根据文章中A段最后一句可知，氦是一种惰性的无气味单原子元素，被认为是使气球飘浮、吸入时发出吱吱声的物质。本题“氦是一种非常冷的物质”在文中未提及。

8. High-tech industries in Asia use more helium than laboratories and manufacturers in other parts of the world. ______

Not Given

[解析] 根据文章中D段最后两句可知，氦气供应的减少已经导致世界各地物理实验室和制造厂的研发项目推迟。亚洲存在巨大的供需失衡，部分原因是亚洲高科技制造业的扩张。本题“亚洲的高科技工业比世界上其他地区的实验室和制造商使用更多的氦气”在文中未提及。

9. The US Congress understood the possible consequences of the HPA. ______

[解析] 根据文章中E段第二句可知，美国国会在不了解《氦气私有化法案》后果的情况下打算解决氦储备的原始成本问题。本题“美国国会了解《氦气私有化法案》可能产生的后果”与此不符。

10. A regulatory agency should ensure that helium is used carefully. ______

Yes

[解析] 根据文章中F段第三句可知，节约使用氦气应该是强制性的，并由监管机构执行。本题“监管机构应确保节约使用氦气”与此相符。

Part Ⅲ Cloze
In this part, you are going to read a passage with 20 blanks. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D, and you should choose the one that best fits into the passage.
World competitiveness also analyzes 1 nations combine assets and processes in the management of competitiveness. Some nations can be rich 2 assets—land, population, natural resources, etc., 28 not necessarily competitive, e.g., Brazil, India and Russia. On the other hand, there are nations such as Singapore, Japan and Switzerland which are 3 in traditional assets, 4 they are very competitive. They have 5 what economists call "the transformation process".
Japan's performance illustrates this situation well. Since 1950, the nation has 6 only four Nobel Prizes in exact science and economics, 7 to 164 awarded to the US and 44 to Britain. In fact, none of the fundamental technological 8 which have changed our business lives have been discovered in Japan. The transistor, the robot, the video recorder, the computer, the fax, the compact disk, the color TV— 9 have been invented by companies in the US and Europe. The Japanese, however, have been extremely successful in 10 these products: they have 11 in the ability to transform an idea 12 a product or service more cheaply, more quickly and more effectively than their competitors. In other words, Japan's 13 is process-based.
The 1996 World Competitiveness Yearbook carefully distinguishes between competitiveness which 14 from a nation's assets and that which is achieved through process. This crucial 15 is important, 16 the future seems to belong to those nations that master the transformation 17 (indeed, some economists refer to "the spell of natural resources" to describe the fate of asset-rich nations that become complacent). Companies usually use a similar strategy, 18 they focus on the value added that is generated by 19 processes as quality, speed, order fulfillment, mass customization, and customer satisfaction, etc.

A.that
B.which
C.how
D.what

A B C D

[解析] 空格所在句是说“国际竞争力中还分析了国家在竞争力管理中如何组合资产和流程”。四个选项中，A项意为“那个”，B项意为“哪一个”，C项意为“如何”，D项意为“什么”，因此C项为正确答案。

A.in
B.out
C.on
D.about

A B C D

[解析] 空格所在句是说“一些国家可能拥有丰富的土地资源、人口、自然资源等，但不一定具有竞争力”。be rich in意为“含有丰富的……”，因此A项为正确答案。

A.and
B.then
C.but
D.therefore

A B C D

[解析] 空格所在句是说“一些国家可能拥有丰富的土地资源、人口、自然资源等，但不一定具有竞争力”。本句前后为转折关系，应填入表示转折关系的连词but，因此C项为正确答案。

A.rich
B.poor
C.famous
D.good

A B C D

[解析] 空格所在句是说“新加坡、日本和瑞士等国家的传统资产匮乏，但其竞争力很强”。
A项意为“富有的”，B项意为“贫穷的，贫乏的”，C项意为“著名的”，D项意为“优秀的”，be poor in意为“贫乏”，因此B项为正确答案。

A.however
B.so
C.and
D.but

A B C D

[解析] 空格所在句是说“新加坡、日本和瑞士等国家的传统资产匮乏，但其竞争力很强”。本句前后为转折关系，应填入表示转折关系的连词。however意为“然而，不过”，后面应加逗号，这里应填入表示转折关系的连词but，因此D项为正确答案。

A.known
B.learned
C.assured
D.mastered

A B C D

[解析] 空格所在句是说“他们掌握了经济学家所说的‘转型过程’”。A项意为“知道”，B项意为“学习，得知”，C项意为“向……保证，使…确信”，D项意为“掌握”，因此D项为正确答案。

A.had
B.created
C.received
D.given

A B C D

[解析] 空格所在句是说“日本的表现很好地说明了这种情况。自1950年以来，该国在精密科学和经济学方面仅获得四项诺贝尔奖”。A项意为“有”，B项意为“创造”，C项意为“接到，获得”，D项意为“给予，赠送”，因此C项为正确答案。

A.response
B.connecting
C.come
D.compared

A B C D

[解析] 空格所在句是说“自1950年以来，该国在精密科学和经济学方面仅获得四项诺贝尔奖。相比之下，美国获得了164项，英国获得了44项”。A项意为“反应”，B项意为“连接”，C项意为“来，出现”，D项意为“比较”。compared to意为“与……相比”，因此D项为正确答案。

A.breakthroughs
B.success
C.failure
D.change

A B C D

[解析] 空格所在句是说“在日本并未发现可以改变商业生活的根本性技术突破”。A项意为“突破”，B项意为“成功”，C项意为“失败”，D项意为“改变”，因此A项为正确答案。

10.

A.none
B.each
C.all
D.they

A B C D

[解析] 空格所在句是说“晶体管、机器人、录像机、计算机、传真机、光盘、彩电——这些都是美国和欧洲的公司发明的”。A项意为“没有一个”，B项意为“每个”，C项意为“全部”，D项意为“它们”，因此C项为正确答案。

11.

A.selling
B.marketing
C.producing
D.changing

A B C D

[解析] 空格所在句是说“然而，日本人在这些产品的营销上非常成功。与竞争对手相比，他们在将创意转化为产品或服务的能力上更胜一筹”。A项意为“出售”，B项意为“营销”，C项意为“生产”，D项意为“转换”。将创意转化为产品或服务指的是营销产品方面，因此B项为正确答案。

12.

A.important
B.good
C.bad
D.excelled

A B C D

[解析] 空格所在句是说“与竞争对手相比，他们在将创意转化为产品或服务的能力上更胜一筹”。A项意为“重要的”，B项意为“优秀的”，C项意为“低劣的”，D项意为“优于，擅长”，excel in意为“在……方面擅长”，因此D项为正确答案。

13.

A.in
B.on
C.into
D.from

A B C D

[解析] 空格所在句是说“与竞争对手相比，他们在将创意转化为产品或服务的能力上更胜一筹”。transform into意为“把……转变成……”，因此C项为正确答案。

14.

A.productivity
B.performance
C.competitiveness
D.creativity

A B C D

[解析] 空格所在句是说“换句话说，日本的竞争力是基于过程的”。A项意为“生产力”，B项意为“表现”，C项意为“竞争力”，D项意为“创造力”，因此C项为正确答案。

15.

A.stems
B.far
C.prevents
D.benefits

A B C D

[解析] 空格所在句是说“《1996年世界竞争力年鉴》仔细区分了源自国家资产的竞争力和通过过程实现的竞争力”。A项意为“起源于”，B项意为“遥远的”，C项意为“阻碍”，D项意为“有益于”。stem from意为“源于”，因此A项为正确答案。

16.

A.discussion
B.disposition
C.distinction
D.dispute

A B C D

[解析] 空格所在句是说“《1996年世界竞争力年鉴》仔细区分了源自国家资产的竞争力和通过过程实现的竞争力，这种区分非常重要”。A项意为“讨论”，B项意为“安排，配置”，C项意为“区别”，D项意为“辩论，争端”，因此C项为正确答案。

17.

A.so
B.therefore
C.since
D.otherwise

A B C D

[解析] 空格所在句是说“这种区分非常重要，因为未来看来是属于那些掌握转型过程的国家”。A项意为“因此”，B项意为“因此，所以”，C项意为“因为”，D项意为“否则”。因此C项为正确答案。

18.

A.strategy
B.strength
C.productivity
D.process

A B C D

[解析] 空格所在句是说“这种区分非常重要，因为未来看来是属于那些掌握转型过程的国家”。A项意为“策略”，B项意为“力量，优点”，C项意为“生产力”，D项意为“过程”。transformation process意为“转型过程，转变过程”，因此D项为正确答案。

19.

A.despite
B.therefore
C.so
D.whereby

A B C D

[解析] 空格所在句是说“公司通常采用类似的策略，根据这一策略他们将重点放在质量、速度、订单履行、大规模定制和客户满意度等过程产生的附加值上”。A项意为“尽管”，B项意为“因此，所以”，C项意为“因此”，D项意为“凭此，借以”。whereby是关系副词，因此D项为正确答案。

20.

A.such
B.so
C.that
D.this

A B C D

[解析] 空格所在句是说“公司通常采用类似的策略，根据这一策略他们将重点放在质量、速度、订单履行、大规模定制和客户满意度等过程产生的附加值上”。such...as...意为“诸如……”，因此A项为正确答案。

PAPER TWO试卷二(下半场)

Part Ⅳ Reading in Depth (20%)

Passage 1
The first of our three brains to evolve is what scientists call the reptilian cortex. This brain sustains the elementary activities of animal survival such as respiration, adequate rest and a beating heart. We are not required to consciously "think" about these activities. The reptilian cortex also houses the "startle center", a mechanism that facilitates swift reactions to unexpected occurrences in our surroundings. That panicked lurch you experience when a door slams shut somewhere in the house, or the heightened awareness you feel when a twig cracks in a nearby bush while out on an evening stroll are both examples of the reptilian cortex at work. When it comes to our interaction with others, the reptilian brain offers up only the most basic impulses: aggression, mating, and territorial defense. There is no great difference, in this sense, between a crocodile defending its spot along the river and a turf war between two urban gangs.
Although the lizard may stake a claim to its habitat, it exerts total indifference toward the well- being of its young. Listen to the anguished squeal of a dolphin separated from its pod or witness the sight of elephants mourning their dead, however, and it is clear that a new development is at play. Scientists have identified this as the limbic cortex. Unique to mammals, the limbic cortex impels creatures to nurture their offspring by delivering feelings of tenderness and warmth to the parent when children are nearby. These same sensations also cause mammals to develop various types of social relations and kinship networks. When we are with others of "our kind"—be it at soccer practice, church, school or a nightclub—we experience positive sensations of togetherness, solidarity and comfort. If we spend too long away from these networks, then loneliness sets in and encourages us to seek companionship.
Only human capabilities extend far beyond the scope of these two cortexes. Humans eat, sleep and play, but we also speak, plot, rationalize and debate finer points of morality. Our unique abilities are the result of an expansive third brain—the neocortex—which engages with logic, reason and ideas. The power of the neocortex comes from its ability to think beyond the present, concrete moment. While other mammals are mainly restricted to impulsive actions (although some, such as apes, can learn and remember simple lessons), humans can think about the "big picture". We can string together simple lessons(for example, an apple drops downwards from a tree; hurting others causes unhappiness) to develop complex theories of physical or social phenomena(such as the laws of gravity and a concern for human rights).
The neocortex is also responsible for the process by which we decide on and commit to particular courses of action. Strung together over time, these choices can accumulate into feats of progress unknown to other animals. Anticipating a better grade on the following morning's exam, a student can ignore the limbic urge to socialize and go to sleep early instead. Over three years, this ongoing sacrifice translates into a first class degree and a scholarship to graduate school; over a lifetime, it can mean ground-breaking contributions to human knowledge and development. The ability to sacrifice our drive for immediate satisfaction in order to benefit later is a product of the neocortex.
Understanding the triune(three-in-one) brain can help us appreciate the different natures of brain damage and psychological disorders. The most devastating form of brain damage, for example, is a condition in which someone is understood to be brain dead. In this state a person appears merely unconscious—sleeping, perhaps—but this is illusory. Here, the reptilian brain is functioning on autopilot despite the permanent loss of other cortexes.
Disturbances to the limbic cortex are registered in a different manner. Pups with limbic damage can move around and feed themselves well enough but do not register the presence of their littermates. Scientists have observed how, after a limbic lobotomy(surgical cutting of brain nerves), "one impaired monkey stepped on his outraged peers as if treading on a log or a rock". In our own species, limbic damage is closely related to sociopathic behaviour. Sociopaths in possession of fully-functioning neocortexes are often shrewd and emotionally intelligent people but lack any ability to relate to, empathize with or express concern for others.
One of the neurological wonders of history occurred when a railway worker named Phineas Gage survived an incident during which a metal rod skewered his skull, taking a considerable amount of his neocortex with it. Though Gage continued to live and work as before, his fellow employees observed a shift in the equilibrium of his personality. Gage's animal propensities were now sharply pronounced while his intellectual abilities suffered; garrulous or obscene jokes replaced his once quick wit. New findings suggest, however, that Gage managed to soften these abrupt changes over time and rediscover an appropriate social manner. This would indicate that reparative therapy has the potential to help patients with advanced brain trauma to gain an improved quality of life.
Classify the following as typical of the reptilian cortex. Answer A, B or C to Questions 46-51. Write your answer on the Answer Sheet.

A.The reptilian cortex
B.The limbic cortex
C.The neocortex

1. Giving up short-term happiness for future gains ______

A B C

[解析] 根据第四段第一句和第三句可知，新大脑皮层也负责我们决定和承诺特定行动方案的过程。想要在第二天上午的考试中取得更好的成绩，学生们可以忽略社交的边缘冲动，早点睡觉。本题“为了未来的收获而放弃短期的快乐”与此相符，因此C项正确。

2. Maintaining the bodily functions necessary for life ______

A B C

[解析] 根据第一段第二、三句可知，爬行动物大脑皮层维持动物生存的基本活动，如呼吸、充分休息和心跳。我们不需要有意识地“思考”这些活动。本题“维持生命所必需的身体功能”与此相符，因此A项正确。

3. Experiencing the pain of losing another ______

A B C

[解析] 根据第二段第二至四句可知，听听海豚从群体分离出来的痛苦尖叫声，或者目睹大象哀悼死去同类的情景，科学家们将发挥作用的大脑区域确定为边缘大脑皮层，这是哺乳动物特有的大脑皮层。本题“体验失去另一个人的痛苦”与此相符，因此B项正确。

4. Forming communities and social groups ______

A B C

[解析] 根据第二段第四、五句可知，边缘大脑皮层是哺乳动物特有的脑皮层。当孩子们在身边时，通过向父母传递温柔和温暖的感觉，促使其养育后代。这些相同的感觉也使哺乳动物发展出各种类型的社会关系和亲属关系网络。本题“组建社区和社会团体”与此相符，因此B项正确。

5. Making a decision and carrying it out ______

A B C

[解析] 根据第四段第一句可知，新大脑皮层也负责我们决定和承诺特定行动方案的过程。本题“做出决定并执行”与此相符，因此C项正确。

6. Guarding areas of land ______

A B C

[解析] 根据第一段第一句和倒数第二句可知，我们的三个大脑中第一个进化的是科学家所称的爬行动物大脑皮层。当涉及我们与他人的互动时，爬行动物的大脑只提供最基本的冲动：攻击、交配和领土防御。本题“领土防御”与此相符，因此A项正确。

7. Complete the sentences below. Use NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from Passage 1 for each answer. Write your answers in the proper space for Questions 52-55 on the Answer Sheet.
A person with only a functioning reptilian cortex is known as ______.

brain dead

[解析] 根据题干中的with only a functioning reptilian cortex可以定位到第五段。根据第五段第二、四句可知，最具破坏性的脑损伤是一种被认为是脑死亡的情况。在这种情况下，尽管其他大脑皮层永久地消失了，但是爬行动物大脑皮层会在自动模式下工作，因此应填写brain dead。

8. ______ in humans is associated with limbic disruption.

Sociopathic behaviour

[解析] 根据题干中的limbic disruption可以定位到第六段。根据第六段倒数第二句可知，边缘损伤与反社会行为密切相关，因此应填写Sociopathic behaviour。

9. An industrial accident caused Phineas Gage to lose part of his ______.

neocortex

[解析] 根据题干中的accident和Phineas Gage可以定位到第七段。根据第七段第一句可知，一位名叫菲尼亚斯·盖奇的铁路工人在一次事故中幸免于难，当时一根金属棒刺穿了他的头骨，导致他损失了相当多的新大脑皮层，因此应填写neocortex。

10. After his accident, co-workers noticed an imbalance between Gage's ______ and higher-order thinking.

animal propensities

[解析] 根据题干中的accident，imbalance和higher-order thinking可以定位到第七段。根据第七段第三句可知，当盖奇智力受损的同时，他的动物倾向明显地显露了出来，因此应填写animal propensities。

Passage 2
In the last decades a revolution has occurred in the way that scientists think about the brain. We now know that the decisions humans make can be traced to the firing patterns of neurons in specific parts of the brain. These discoveries have led to the field known as neuroeconomics, which studies the brain's secrets to success in an economic environment that demands innovation and being able to do things differently from competitors. A brain that can do this is an iconoclastic one. Briefly, an iconoclast is a person who does something that others say can't be done.
This definition implies that iconoclasts are different from other people, but more precisely, it is their brains that are different in three distinct ways: perception, fear response, and social intelligence. Each of these three functions utilizes a different circuit in the brain. Naysayers might suggest that the brain is irrelevant, that thinking in an original, even revolutionary way is more a matter of personality than brain function. But the field of neuroeconomics was born out of the realization that the physical workings of the brain place limitations on the way we make decisions. By understanding these constraints, we begin to understand why some people march to a different drumbeat.
The first thing to realize is that the brain suffers from limited resources. It has a fixed energy budget, about the same as a 40 watt light bulb, so it has evolved to work as efficiently as possible. This is where most people are impeded from being an iconoclast. For example, when confronted with information streaming from the eyes, the brain will interpret this information in the quickest way possible. Thus it will draw on both past experience and any other source of information, such as what other people say, to make sense of what it is seeing. This happens all the time. The brain takes shortcuts that work so well that we are hardly ever aware of them. We think our perceptions of the world are real, but they are only biological and electrical rumblings. Perception is not simply a product of what your eyes or ears transmit to your brain. More than the physical reality of photons or sound waves, perception is a product of the brain.
Perception is central to iconoclasm. Iconoclasts see things differently to other people. Their brains do not fall into efficiency pitfalls as much as the average person's brain. Iconoclasts, either because they were born that way or through learning, have found ways to work around the perceptual shortcuts that plague most people. Perception is not something that is hardwired into the brain. It is a learned process, which is both a curse and an opportunity for change. The brain faces the fundamental problem of interpreting physical stimuli from the senses. Everything the brain sees, hears, or touches has multiple interpretations. The one that is ultimately chosen is simply the brain's best theory. In technical terms, these conjectures have their basis in the statistical likelihood of one interpretation over another and are heavily influenced by past experience and, importantly for potential iconoclasts, what other people say.
The best way to see things differently to other people is to bombard the brain with things it has never encountered before. Novelty releases the perceptual process from the chains of past experience and forces the brain to make new judgments. Successful iconoclasts have an extraordinary willingness to be exposed to what is fresh and different. Observation of iconoclasts shows that they embrace novelty while most people avoid things that are different.
The problem with novelty, however, is that it tends to trigger the brain's fear system. Fear is a major impediment to thinking like an iconoclast and stops the average person in his tracks. There are many types of fear, but the two that inhibit iconoclastic thinking and people generally find difficult to deal with are fear of uncertainty and fear of public ridicule. These may seem like trivial phobias. But fear of public speaking, which everyone must do from time to time, afflicts one-third of the population. This makes it too common to be considered a mental disorder. It is simply a common variant of human nature, one which iconoclasts do not let inhibit their reactions.
Finally, to be successful iconoclasts, individuals must sell their ideas to other people. This is where social intelligence comes in. Social intelligence is the ability to understand and manage people in a business setting. In the last decade there has been an explosion of knowledge about the social brain and how the brain works when groups coordinate decision making. Neuroscience has revealed which brain circuits are responsible for functions like understanding what other people think, empathy, fairness, and social identity. These brain regions play key roles in whether people convince others of their ideas. Perception is important in social cognition too. The perception of someone's enthusiasm, or reputation, can make or break a deal. Understanding how perception becomes intertwined with social decision making shows why successful iconoclasts are so rare.
Iconoclasts create new opportunities in every area from artistic expression to technology to business. They supply creativity and innovation not easily accomplished by committees. Rules aren't important to them. Iconoclasts face alienation and failure, but can also be a major asset to any organization. It is crucial for success in any field to understand how the iconoclastic mind works.

1. Choose the answer from the four choices A, B, C and D, and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.
Neuroeconomics is a field of study which seeks to ______.

A.cause a change in how scientists understand brain chemistry
B.understand how good decisions are made in the brain
C.understand how the brain is linked to achievement in competitive fields
D.trace the specific firing patterns of neurons in different areas of the brain

A B C D

[解析] 问题：神经经济学的研究领域是在哪个方面?文章第一段第三句指出，神经经济学研究大脑在经济环境中取得成功的秘诀。在经济环境中，要求人们能够创新，并能以不同于竞争对手的方式做事，因此正确答案为C。

2. According to the writer, iconoclasts are distinctive because ______.

A.they create unusual brain circuits
B.their brains function differently
C.their personalities are distinctive
D.they make decisions easily

A B C D

[解析] 问题：在作者看来，反传统者与众不同的原因是什么?文章第二段第一、二句指出，反传统者与其他人不同，但更准确地说，他们的大脑在三方面有所不同：感知、恐惧反应和社交智慧。这三种功能中的每一种都利用了不同的大脑回路，因此正确答案为B。

3. According to the writer, the brain works efficiently because ______.

A.it uses the eyes quickly
B.it interprets data logically
C.it generates its own energy
D.it relies on previous events

A B C D

[解析] 问题：在作者看来，大脑高效工作的原因是什么?文章第三段第一、二句指出，大脑的资源有限。它有固定的能量预算，大约相当于一个40瓦灯泡的能量，因此大脑进化出了尽可能高效的工作方式，因此正确答案为C。

4. The writer says that perception is ______.

A.a combination of photons and sound waves
B.a reliable product of what your senses transmit
C.a result of brain processes
D.a process we are usually conscious of

A B C D

[解析] 问题：作者认为感知是什么?文章第三段最后一句指出，感知不只是光子或声波的物理现实，它是大脑的产物，因此正确答案为C。

5. According to the writer, an iconoclastic thinker ______.

A.centralises perceptual thinking in one part of the brain
B.avoids cognitive traps
C.has a brain that is hardwired for learning
D.has more opportunities than the average person

A B C D

[解析] 问题：在作者看来，反传统的思考者会如何?文章第四段第三、四句指出，反传统者对事物的看法与其他人不同。他们的大脑不像普通人的大脑那样容易陷入效率陷阱。无论是天生如此还是后天习得，他们总有方法绕过那些困扰大多数人的认知捷径，因此正确答案为B。

6. Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 2? For Questions 61-65, on the Answer Sheet mark

Y(Yes)

if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer

N(No)

if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer

NG(Not Given)

if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

Exposure to different events forces the brain to think differently. ______

Yes

[解析] 根据文章第五段第一句可知，要想思维方式与众不同，最好的方法就是往大脑中填充闻所未闻的事物。本题“接触不同的事件会迫使大脑以不同的方式思考”与此相符。

7. Iconoclasts are unusually receptive to new experiences. ______

Yes

[解析] 根据文章第五段倒数第二句可知，成功的反传统者非常愿意接触新鲜、不同的事物。本题“反传统者极易接受新的体验”与此相符。

8. Most people are too shy to try different things. ______

Not Given

[解析] 根据文章第五段最后一句可知，对反传统者的观察表明，他们欣然接受新奇事物，而大多数人则采取回避的态度。本题是说“大多数人都过于害羞，不敢尝试不同的事物”，try与avoid相反，因此应填Not Given。

9. If you think in an iconoclastic way, you can easily overcome fear. ______

A B C D

[解析] 根据文章第六段第二句可知，恐惧是阻碍人们像反传统者一样思考的主要障碍，并使普通人在创新的道路上犹豫不前。本题“如果以一种打破传统的方式思考，你很容易克服恐惧”与此不符。

10. Fear of public speaking is a psychological illness. ______

[解析] 根据文章第六段第五、六句可知，对公开演讲的恐惧折磨着三分之一的人，这是每个人都必须时常做的事。这种恐惧太常见了，以至于未被视为一种精神疾病。本题“害怕公开演讲是一种心理疾病”与此不符。

Part Ⅴ Writing

Task One

1. As you have completed the reading comprehension tasks for Passage 2 in Part IV, you are now required to summarize neuroscientists' findings and claims about iconoclastic thinking by synthesizing the relevant information in the passage. You are expected to make the proper use of paraphrasing (特写) and synthesizing (综合) skills in such a summary writing task (about 100 words).

[范文]
According to neuroscientists' findings, iconoclasts take a receptive attitude to new things. The way they think of things is very different from others. Unlike the ordinary people's brain, their brains tend to escape from efficient traps. The brain can have various interpretations of what it sees, hears or touches, which are exceedingly affected by past experience and the views held by other people. There are some ways, natural or acquired, that have been found by iconoclasts to bypass those cognitive shortcuts. The best way to think differently is to fill the brain with things it has never heard of. Accomplished iconoclasts are ready to accept new things.

Task Two

1. You should write no less than 100 words on the following topic.
The graph below shows the percentage of male and female academic staff members across the faculties of a major university in China. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

[范文]
The graph gives information about the percentage of male and female teachers who taught in seven different faculties of a major university in 2015.
It shows that males predominated in engineering, business, law and science. The gender difference was the biggest in engineering, where 85% of teachers were males, with only 15% females. The situation was similarly one-sided in business and science, with 65% male to 35% female academics in those faculties. It was also true in law, where the share of male teachers was 60%. By comparison, female teachers held a larger share in education, where females were three times as many as males. Males and females were more equally represented in medicine and arts.
All in all, women play an important role in education, arts and medicine, while men predominated in engineering, business, science and law.

Task Three

1. Write a proposal (about 200 words) to your university leaders to make a case for the importance of developing critical thinking skills among all the undergraduate students irrespective of their majors.

[范文]
Dear leaders,
I am writing to you to make some suggestions for developing critical thinking skills among all the undergraduate students. I notice some students are lack of critical thinking skills and, for example, some of them suffer from problems of conceptualizing, analyzing, synthesizing, or evaluating information.
The importance of developing critical thinking is that it enhances independent thinking that helps to improve comprehension capacities, therefore ideas can be presented in a systematic manner. Besides, it boosts creative reasoning and encourages finding various solutions. The process develops awareness and helps to find a different approach to an issue. Thirdly, emotions and assumptions have no place in the process of critical thinking because it relies on reasoning power in making decisions. In this way, it is more effective to help in dealing with matters, and the chances of avoiding and handling stress increase.
I would like to suggest that it is necessary to set out to cultivate undergraduate students' critical thinking skills by taking a critical thinking test. The results will find out what kind of thinker they are and what needs improvements.
Thank you for your attention. I look forward to your reply to my suggestions.

Sincerely yours,
　　Li Ming