银符考试题库-在线练习-武汉大学考博英语真题2018年

武汉大学考博英语真题2018年

Part Ⅰ Reading Comprehension
Directions: In this part of the test, there will be 5 passages for you to read. Each passage is followed by 4 questions or unfinished statements, and each question or unfinished statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.

Passage One
How best to solve the pollution problems of a city sunk so deep within sulfurous clouds that it was described as hell on earth? Simply answered: Relocate all urban smoke-creating industries and encircle the metropolis of London with sweetly scented flowers and elegant hedges.
In fact, as Christine L. Corton, a Cambridge scholar, reveals in her new book, London Fog, this fragrant anti-smoke scheme was the brainchild of John Evelyn, the 17th-century diarist. King Charles II was said to be much pleased with Evelyn's idea and a bill against the smoky nuisance was duly drafted. Then nothing was done. Nobody at the time, and nobody right up to the middle of the 20-century, was willing to put public health above business interests.
And yet it's a surprise to discover how beloved a feature of London life these multicolored fogs became. A painter, Claude Monet, fleeing besieged Paris in 1870, fell in love with London's vaporous, mutating clouds. He looked upon the familiar mist as his reliable collaborator. Visitors from abroad may have delighted in the fog, but homegrown artists lit candles and vainly scrubbed the grime from their gloom-filled studio windows. "Give us light!" Frederic Leighton pleaded to the guests at a Lord Mayor's banquet in 1882, begging them to have pity on the poor painter.
The more serious side of Corton's book documents how business has taken precedence over humanity where London's history of pollution is concerned. A prevailing westerly wind meant that those dwelling to the east were always at most risk. Those who could afford it lived elsewhere. The east was abandoned to the underclass. Lord Palmerston spoke up for choking East Enders in the 1850s, pointing a finger at the interests of the furnace owners. A bill was passed, but there was little change. Eventually, another connection was established: between London's perpetual veil of smog and its citizens' cozily smoldering grates. Sadly, popular World War I songs didn't do much to encourage the adoption of smokeless fuel.
It wasn't until what came to be known as the "Great Killer Fog" of 1952 that the casualty rate became impossible to ignore and the British press finally took up the cause. It was left to a Member of Parliament to steer the Clean Air Act into law in 1956. Within a few years, even as the war against pollution was still in its infancy, the dreaded fog began to fade.

1. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 2? ______

A.The fragrant anti-smoke scheme was put forward by John Evelyn's child.
B.King Charles Ⅱ was not so much contented with John Evelyn's proposal at the very beginning.
C.The process of drafting the bill against the smoky nuisance was relatively slow.
D.It wasn't until 1950s that someone willingly put public health above commercial interests.

A B C D

[解析] 题目：以下哪项可以从第二段中推出?答案在文章第二段第一和第二句：正如剑桥学者克里斯汀·科顿(Christine L. Corton)在她的新书《伦敦雾》中所揭示的那样，这种芳香的防烟方案是17世纪日记作家约翰·伊夫林(John Evelyn)的创意。据说国王查理二世对伊夫林的想法感到非常满意，并且草拟了一项反对烟熏扰民的法案。A项“约翰·伊夫林的孩子提出了芳香的防烟方案”，与原文意思不符；B项“一开始，国王查理二世对伊夫林的想法感到不是很满意”，与原文意思不符；C项“草拟反对烟熏扰民法案的过程相当慢”，与原文意思不符。再根据第二段最后一句：当时没有人，而且直到20世纪中叶之前，也一直没有人愿意将公共卫生置于商业利益之上。本题D项说的是：直到20世纪50年代，才有人愿意将公共卫生置于商业利益之上，此项与原文意思一致，因此正确答案为D。

2. The word "grime" (Para. 3) is closest in meaning to ______.

A.fog
B.dirt
C.frost
D.paint

A B C D

[解析] 题目：与第三段中“grime”一词意思最接近的是哪项?答案在文章第三段第四句：来自国外的游客可能对身处大雾中感到很高兴，但本土画家点燃蜡烛，徒劳地从充满阴暗气氛的工作室窗户上擦去污垢。grime意为“尘垢，污点”。A项意为“雾”，B项意为“污垢”，C项意为“霜”，D项意为“油漆”。B项与原文意思相一致，因此正确答案为B。

3. Which would be most heavily affected by London's pollution according to Carton's book? ______

A.Rich dwellers in the east.
B.The underclass in the west.
C.East London's slum dwellers.
D.Servants of furnace owners.

A B C D

[解析] 题目：根据科顿在书中描述的，伦敦的污染将对哪些人影响最严重?答案在文章第四段第二和第三句：盛行的西风意味着居住在东部的人总是面临最大的风险。那些负担得起的人住在其他地方。而本题C项说的是：伦敦东部的穷人，与原文意思一致，因此正确答案为C。

4. The author mainly shows in the last paragraph that ______.

A."Great Killer Fog" resulted in huge mortality for Britain
B.the British press was also playing a major role in the process
C.it was a long way for the Clean Air Act to be passed
D.reducing the air pollution worked though in the primary stage

A B C D

[解析] 题目：作者在最后一段主要讲述的是什么?文章最后一段提到，1952年杀人雾导致人员伤亡，英国媒体也终于找到了原因。几年之后，国会议员在1956年将《清洁空气法案》转变为法律。虽然反抗污染的战役仍处在初级阶段，但可怕的大雾开始消散了。而本题D项说的是：尽管处在最初的阶段，减少空气污染开始起作用了，与原文意思一致，因此正确答案为D。

Passage Two
Amid the nationwide furor over the Senate draft health-care bill, a public-health victory has gone mostly unnoticed. According to a new report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the estimated number of middle and high school students who are tobacco users dropped from 4.7 million in 2015 to 3.9 million in 2016. This was largely driven by a reduction in the number of teenagers using e-cigarettes, which are less harmful than regular cigarettes but still contain nicotine. The downturn is a success for advocates and officials who have worked to curb teen tobacco use but it should not be heralded as the end of the road.
Teenage smoking has long been one of the most serious public-health issues. Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States, and 9 in 10 American smokers had their first taste of tobacco before the age of 18. Although policies to curb teen smoking showed signs of success for a time, youth tobacco rates remained stagnant between 2011 and 2015. During this period, the use of e-cigarettes among high school students increased by a staggering 900 percent.
With these statistics in mind, the recent decline in teen tobacco and e-cigarette use is an encouraging signal that interventions may be working. It is difficult to determine causation, but experts have attributed the drop to a range of federal, state and local policies designed to dissuade young adults from using tobacco, such as increasing tobacco taxes and expanding antismoking ordinances to include e-cigarettes and other new products. States have run targeted media campaigns that work alongside federal efforts, such as the Food and Drug Administration's "Real Cost" campaign and the CDC'S "Tips from Former Smokers". The CDC report suggests that at least some of these strategies have been effective.
But the report also highlights challenges that lie ahead. Millions of teenagers across the country are still using tobacco in some form, and the introduction of new tobacco products could drive up rates. There are also significant disparities among states and communities: Rural, low- income, and lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth are particularly at risk due to targeted marketing and policy variation between different jurisdictions. This makes federal regulations by the FDA all the more important.
The FDA, however, has delayed the enforcement of new regulations on e-cigarettes and cigars. Delays are commonplace in new administrations, but it is important that the agency take up these stricter standards after the three-month postponement. It would be a pity if these long-awaited signs of progress were undercut because the FDA declined to do its job.

1. According to a report by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, teenage smoking ______.

A.decreased slightly between 2015 and 2016
B.mainly took place in elementary schools
C.recently experienced a gorgeous reduction
D.was largely connected with the death rate

A B C D

[解析] 题目：根据疾病预防控制中心的报告，青少年吸烟______。答案在文章第一段第一和第二句：…公共卫生方面的胜利几乎没有引起人们的注意。根据疾病预防控制中心的最新报告，估计吸烟者中的高中生人数从2015年的470万下降到了2016年的390万。选项C“最近经历了大幅度的下降”，与原文意思一致，因此正确答案为C。

2. Which of the following is true of the reason for the drop of teenage smoking? ______

A.The American Senate passed a health-care bill to curb teen smoking.
B.The government issued various laws and policies to control tobacco use.
C.The advocates and officials have worked hard to restrain smoking.
D.The teenagers are more aware of the death-causing result from smoking.

A B C D

[解析] 题目：以下哪项是青少年吸烟人数减少的真正原因?文章第三段第二和第三句中指出，虽然很难确定原因，但是专家将这一下降归因于联邦、州和地方发布的旨在阻止年轻人使用烟草的一系列政策。随着联邦政府的努力，各州开展了有针对性的媒体宣传活动。而本题B项说的是，政府颁布了各种法律和政策来控制烟草使用，与文章意思相符。其他三项文中均未提及。因此正确答案为B。

3. Who should shoulder more responsibility for curbing teen smoking in the author's eyes? ______

A.The secondary schools where students attend the classes.
B.The CDC which produced the report on teenage smoking.
C.The social media organizing campaigns against teen smoking.
D.The FDA making federal regulations on banning tobacco use.

A B C D

[解析] 题目：在作者看来，谁应该为遏制青少年吸烟承担更多的责任?文章第四段中提到，全国各地仍有数以百万计的青少年正在使用某种形式的烟草，新烟草产品的推出可能会提高吸烟率。各州和社区之间也存在巨大差异：农村、低收入人群以及女同性恋、男同性恋、双性恋和变性青年特别容易受到威胁，这是因为不同辖区的针对性营销和政策存在差异。这使得FDA的联邦法规更加重要。由此可推出，作者认为，FDA应该承担更多的责任。而本题D项说的是：FDA制定禁止烟草使用的联邦法规，与原文意思一致，因此正确答案为D。

4. Which of the following could best summarize the text? ______

A.A decline in teen smoking—the FDA's delay could weaken that progress.
B.A public-health victory—the CDC's teen smoking report displayed a hope.
C.An important difference—the states and communities faced teen smoking challenges.
D.A serious public-health issue—the government took both risks and opportunities.

A B C D

[解析] 题目：以下哪项最能概述文章的内容?分析文章可知，前三段介绍了青少年烟草使用人数在下降，并且分析了下降的原因。第四段指出，控制青少年使用烟草所面临的挑战。最后一段指出FDA应承担的责任。由此可知，本文主要介绍了政府在控制青少年使用烟草方面面临的机会和挑战。D项最准确地概述了文章的主旨，因此正确答案为D。

Passage Three
Defenders of special protective labor legislation for women often maintain that eliminating such laws would destroy the fruits of a century-long struggle for the protection of women workers. Even a brief examination of the historic practice of courts and employers would show that the fruit of such laws has been bitter: they are, in practice, more of a curse than a blessing.
Sex-defined protective laws have often been based on stereotypical assumptions concerning women's needs and abilities and employers have frequently used them as legal excuses for discriminating against women. After World War II, for instance, businesses and government sought to persuade women to vacate jobs in factories, thus making room in the labor force for returning veterans. The revival or passage of state laws limiting the daily or weekly work hours of women conveniently accomplished this. Employers had only to declare that overtime hours were a necessary condition of employment or promotion in their factories, and women could be quite legally fired, refused jobs, or kept at low wage levels, all in the name of "protecting" their health. By validating such laws when they are challenged by lawsuits, the courts have conspired over the years in establishing different, less advantageous employment terms for women than for men, thus reducing women's competitiveness on the job market. At the same time even the most well- intentioned lawmakers, courts and employers have often been blind to the real needs of women. The lawmakers and the courts continue to permit employers to offer employee health insurance plans that cover all known human medical disabilities except those relating to pregnancy and childbirth.
Finally, labor laws protecting only special groups are often ineffective at protecting the workers who are actually in the workplace. Some chemicals, for example, pose reproductive risks for women of childbearing years; manufacturers using the chemicals comply with laws protecting women against these hazards by refusing to hire them. Thus the sex-defined legislation protects the hypothetical female worker, but has no effect whatever on the safety of any actual employee. The health risks to male employees in such industries cannot be negligible, since chemicals toxic enough to cause birth defects in fetuses or sterility in women are presumably harmful to the human metabolism. Protective laws aimed at changing production materials or techniques in order to reduce such hazards would benefit all employees without discriminating against any.
In sum, protective labor laws for women are discriminatory and do not meet their intended purpose. Legislators should recognize that women are in the workforce to stay and that their needs—good health care, a decent wage, and a safe workplace—are the needs of all workers. Laws that ignore these facts violate women's rights for equal protection in employment.

1. According to the author, which is most helpful in deciding the value of special protective labor legislation for women? ______

A.An estimate of the number of women workers in favor of such laws.
B.An analysis of the cost to employers of compliance with such laws.
C.A survey of the actual effects such laws have had on women workers.
D.A consideration of the real intentions held by the advocates of such laws.

A B C D

[解析] 题目：作者认为，以下哪项最有助于确定女性劳动特别保护法的价值?答案在第一段最后一句话：但是，只要对法庭案例和雇主的历史做短暂的回顾，就能发现这些法律的成果是多么的苦涩：实际上，这种法律与其说是一件好事，不如说是一种灾祸。而本题C项说的是：有关此类法律对女工实际影响的调查，此项与原文意思相符，因此正确答案为C。

2. Special labor laws protecting women workers tend to ______.

A.make it less likely that women will be employed
B.have little impact of any kind on women workers
C.modify the stereotypes that employers often hold concerning women
D.increase the likelihood that employers deny women disability plans

A B C D

[解析] 题目：保护女工的特殊劳动法倾向于______。答案在第二段第一和第四句：以性别为界限的保护性法律通常是根据有关女性的需求和能力的陈旧假想为基础的，而且雇主也经常使用这些法律作为他们歧视女性的合法借口。而本题A项说的是：降低女性被雇佣的可能性，与原文意思一致，因此正确答案为A。

3. It can be inferred that many employee health insurance plans ______.

A.meet minimum legal requirements
B.lack the special provisions for women workers
C.cover only some common medical conditions affecting women
D.pay the medical costs associated with pregnancy and childbirth

A B C D

[解析] 题目：我们能推测出很多雇员健康保险计划______。答案在文章第二段最后一句：法律制定者和法庭都继续允许雇主向雇员提供这样的健康保险计划，它包含了所有已知的人类疾病，但未包括那些与怀孕和生育相关的医疗内容。而本题B项说的是：缺少针对女工的特别规定，此项与原文意思相符，因此正确答案为B。

4. A shortcoming of protective labor laws that single out a particular group of workers for protection is ______.

A.such laws are often too weak to be effective at protecting the group in question
B.employers' compliance with such laws results in increased tension among workers
C.such laws exert no pressure on employers to eliminate hazards in the workplace
D.compliance with such laws is often costly for employers concerned

A B C D

[解析] 题目：仅保护特殊群体的劳动保护法的缺点是______。答案在文章第三段第一句以及最后一句话：那些只保护特殊群体的劳动法在保护实际工作中的工人方面经常是无效的。保护性法律旨在通过改变生产材料或技术来减少此类危害，这将使所有员工受益，而且任何人都不会受到歧视。由此可知，这些法律实际上起不到保护工人的作用。只有改变生产材料或技术，才能减少此类危害。而本题C项“此类法律没有对雇主施加压力，让他们消除工作场所中的危害”是基于原文的推断，因此正确答案为C。

Passage Four
Black holes aren't exactly polite eaters.
For the first time, scientists observed a black hole both devouring a star and ripping a plasma "burp" as it consumed its meal—an incredibly rare find. Scientists have previously seen a black hole consume a star, and they've also seen black holes spew superheated matter, but this is the first time they've seen both events occur so closely together. Viewing this particular disappearing act at the center of a nearby galaxy has shed light on a previously theoretical phenomenon and brought researchers closer to understanding the physics of black holes.
Ever since researchers at Ohio State University noticed a star roughly the size of the sun being pulled into a black hole in December 2014, the team of scientists led by Johns Hopkins University professor Sjoert van Velzen fixed its eyes on the hungry black hole, located roughly 300 million light years from Earth. Over the course of several months, van Velzen's team watched the black hole siphon material from the doomed star until it was entirely devoured. Using a combination of X-ray, radio and optical signals, the team tracked the star's demise across multiple wavelengths, which allowed them to piece together a more complete picture of what happens when a black hole snacks on a star.
Jets of X-ray and gamma ray radiation emanating from black holes have been documented before, but never as a direct result of a star being consumed. Black holes periodically emit particles from accretion disks, or rings of particles caught in their gravitational pull. It had been hypothesized that a similar emission would occur if a large body, such as a star, were dragged into a black hole. Scientists, however, had never been able to observe such an event. So, when researchers noticed an abrupt spike in activity around the black hole back in 2014, they knew they were about to watch something special. The size and intensity of the flare ruled out the possibility that it was caused by the black hole's accretion disk, leaving few other possibilities.
"Previous efforts to find evidence for these jets, including my own, were late to the game," van Velzen said in a news release.
Because they caught the black hole in the act this time, researchers were able to confirm the theory that black holes emit flares of radiation in the process of consuming large quantities of matter. While this phenomenon is still largely a mystery, it is thought that the jets are caused by magnetic fields interacting with the particles swirling around a black hole. The team published their findings in the journal Science.
"The destruction of a star by a black hole is beautifully complicated, and far from understood," van Velzen said. "From our observations, we learn the streams of stellar debris can organize and make a jet rather quickly, which is valuable input for constructing a complete theory of these events."

1. It is the first time that scientists have witnessed ______.

A.a black hole consume large quantities of matter
B.a black hole spew superheated matter
C.a black hole consuming a star and emitting radiation
D.a black hole interact with another one

A B C D

[解析] 题目：这是科学家们第一次见到______。答案在文章第二段第一句：科学家以前曾见过黑洞吞噬一颗恒星，也曾见过黑洞喷出热物质，但这是他们第一次看到两个事件同时发生。因此C项“黑洞吞噬恒星，而且释放辐射”是基于原文的推断，A项和B项不够全面。因此正确答案为C。

2. Since December 2014, professor van Velzen and his team have observed and tracked ______.

A.a black hole devouring a star bigger than the sun
B.a black hole 300 million years from Earth
C.the development of the black hole for years
D.the process of the star being devoured

A B C D

[解析] 题目：自2014年12月以来，van Velzen及其团队已经观测跟踪了______。答案在文章第三段第二和第三句：在几个月的过程中，他的团队观看了黑洞从那颗“倒霉的”恒星虹吸物质，直到它被完全吞噬。研究小组利用X射线、无线电和光信号组合，跟踪了多个波长上的恒星消亡，这使他们能够对黑洞吞噬恒星的情形进行更加完整的描绘。本题D项“恒星被吞噬的过程”，与原文意思一致，因此正确答案为D。

3. Before this observation, scientists didn't know ______.

A.black holes can emit gamma ray radiation
B.black holes can emit X-ray radiation
C.black holes emit radiations when consuming stars
D.black holes have an abrupt spike in activity around itself

A B C D

[解析] 在此次观测之前，科学家们不知道______。答案在文章第四段第三和第四句：据推测，如果将一个像恒星这样的大型物体拖入黑洞，也会发生类似的喷射。但是，科学家们以前未能观察到这样的事件。由此可知，科学家们之前并不知道黑洞吞噬恒星时会发生类似的喷射。而本题C项说的是“黑洞吞噬恒星时产生辐射”，这是基于原文的推断，因此正确答案为C。

4. According to professor van Velzen, the theory about the events is ______.

A.complicated
B.innovative
C.mature
D.embryonic

A B C D

[解析] 题目：在van Velzen看来，关于这些事件的理论______。答案在文章最后一段：van Velzen说：“黑洞摧毁恒星的过程非常复杂，而且还难以理解。从观察中了解到，恒星碎片流可以很快地组织并形成喷射流，这对于构建这些事件的完整理论非常有价值。”。以及第四段中：但是，科学家以前未能观察到这样的事件。因此，当研究人员注意到2014年黑洞周围的活动突然激增时，他们知道自己将会观看一些特别的东西。由此可以推出，van Velzen认为虽然过程很复杂，但它对构建一个完整的理论非常有价值。而科学家以前从未能观察到这样的事件，也没有形成完整的理论。由此可见，该事件的理论是比较新颖的。A项意为“复杂的”，文章中说的是黑洞吞噬恒星的过程很复杂，而不是说理论很复杂，因此A项不符合题意；B项意为“创新的，新颖的”，C项意为“成熟的，充分考虑的”，D项意为“胚胎的，萌芽期的”。B项最符合题意，因此正确答案为B。

Passage Five
In an age of perpetual digital connectedness, why do people seem so disconnected? In a Duke University study, researchers found that from 1985 to 2004, the percentage of people who said there was no one with whom they discussed important matters tripled, to 25%; the same study found that overall, Americans had one-third fewer friends and confidants than they did decades ago.
Another recent study, by researchers at the University of Michigan, found that college students today have significantly less empathy than students of generations past did. The reason, psychologists speculate, may have something to do with our increasing reliance on digital communication and other forms of new media.
It's possible that instead of fostering real friendships off-line, e-mail and social networking may take the place of them—and the distance inherent in screen—only interactions may breed feelings of isolation or a tendency to care less about other people. After all, if you don't feel like dealing with a friend's problem online, all you have to do is to log off.
The problem is, as empathy wanes, so does trust. And without trust, you can't have a cohesive society. Consider the findings of a new study co-authored by Kevin Rockmann of George Mason University and Gregory Northcraft at the University of Illinois who specializes in workplace collaboration. Northcraft says high-tech communications like e-mail and (to a lesser extent) videoconferencing—which are sometimes known as "lean communication" because they have fewer cues like eye contact and posture for people to rely on—strip away the personal interaction needed to breed trust. In a business setting—as in all other social relationships outside the workplace—trust is a necessary condition for effective cooperation within a group. "Technology has made us much more efficient but much less effective," said Northcraft in a statement. "Something is being gained, but something is being lost. The something gained is time, and the something lost is the quality of relationships. And the quality of relationships matters."
In Rockmann and Northcraft's study, 200 students were divided into teams and asked to manage two complicated projects: one having to do with nuclear disarmament; the other, price fixing. Some groups communicated via e-mail, some via video-conference and others face to face. In the end, those who met in person showed the most trust and most effective cooperation; those using e-mail were the least able to work together and get the job done.
Northcraft thinks this is because real-life meetings, during which participants can see how engaged their colleagues are, breed more trust. Over e-mail, meanwhile, confirmation of hard work gets lost, which tends to encourage mutual slacking off.

1. The study of interpersonal relationships by Duke University reveals that ______.

A.people become shyer and timider than before
B.people tend to be less compassionate than before
C.people may feel more isolated than before
D.people prefer communicating with others online

A B C D

[解析] 题目：杜克大学关于人际关系的研究表明______。答案在文章第一段第二句：在杜克大学的一项研究中，研究人员发现，从1985年至2004年，没有人与他们讨论重要问题的人群数量增加了两倍，达到了25%。而本题C项说的是：人们可能会比以前更加孤独，与原文意思一致，因此正确答案为C。

2. The reason why people feel isolated and become less empathetic is that ______.

A.it is very challenging to foster a friendship in real life
B.they have more opportunities to get to know new people
C.digital communication is replacing real-life friendships
D.it is easy to escape from helping their friends if they like

A B C D

[解析] 题目：人们觉得孤独、不那么具有同情心的原因是______。答案在文章第二段第二句：心理学家猜测，原因可能是现在的很多事情都依赖于电子交流以及其他形式的新媒体来完成。而本题C项说的是：数字通信正在取代现实生活中的友谊，与原文意思一致，因此正确答案为C。

3. According to the passage, the "lean communication" ______.

A.makes us work more effectively
B.lacks non-verbal interaction
C.helps people to develop trust
D.facilitates workplace cooperation

A B C D

[解析] 题目：根据本文，“精简通信”______。答案在文章第四段第三句：Northcraft说，电子邮件和(较少程度上)视频会议等高科技通信，有时被称为“精简通信”，因为它们使人们较少依靠眼神接触和身体姿势等线索，从而消除了培养信任所需要的人际交流。而本题B项说的是：缺少非言语交流，与原文意思一致，因此正确答案为B。

4. Which of the following best summarizes the passage? ______

A.Digital communication is hurting personal relationship.
B.Online networking may take the place of offline relationship.
C.New media contribute less to fostering real friendship.
D.Real-life meetings can breed trust among students.

A B C D

[解析] 题目：以下哪项能最好地概述本文主旨?纵观全文可知，本文讲述了人们现在觉得越来越孤单，其原因在于高科技通信，这导致人们现在不像过去那样关心别人。然而，只有现实生活中的交流才能培养信任。而本题A项说的是：数字通信正在破坏人际关系，最符合文章主旨，因此正确答案为A。

Part Ⅱ English-Chinese Translation
Directions: Read the following passage, and then translate the underlined parts from English into Chinese. Please write your answer on the Answer Sheet.
1 Some authorities declare that people may actually go insane in order to find, in the dreamland (梦境) of insanity, the feeling of importance that has been denied them in the harsh world of reality. There are more patients suffering from mental diseases in the United States than from all other diseases combined.
What is the cause of insanity? Nobody can answer such a sweeping question, but we know that certain diseases, such as syphilis (梅毒) break down and destroy the brain cells and result in insanity. In fact, about one-half of all mental diseases can be attributed to such physical causes as brain lesions (脑病变), alcohol, toxins and injuries. But the other half—and this is the appalling part of the story—the other half of the people who go insane apparently have nothing organically wrong with their brain cells. In post-mortem examinations (尸检) when their brain tissues are studied under the highest-powered microscopes, these tissues are found to be apparently just as healthy as yours and mine.
Why do these people go insane? I put that question to the head physician of one of our most important psychiatric hospitals. This doctor, who has received the highest honors and the most coveted awards for his knowledge of this subject, told me frankly that he didn't know why people went insane. Nobody knows for sure. But he did say that many people who go insane find in insanity a feeling of importance that they were unable to achieve in the world of reality. 2 If some people are so hungry for a feeling of importance that they actually go insane to get it, imagine what miracle you and I can achieve by giving people honest appreciation of this side of insanity.
One of the first people in American business to be paid a salary of over a million dollars a year was Charles Schwab. He had been picked by Andrew Carnegie to become the first president of the newly formed United States Steel Company in 1921, when Schwab was only thirty-eight years old.
Why did Andrew Carnegie pay a million dollars a year, or more than three thousand dollars a day, to Charles Schwab? Why? Because Schwab was a genius? No. Because he knew more about the manufacture of steel than other people? Nonsense.
Charles Schwab told me himself that he had many men working for him who knew more about the manufacture of steel than he did. Schwab said that he was paid this salary largely because of his ability to deal with people. I asked him how he did it. Here is his secret set down in his own words—words that ought to be cast in eternal bronze and hung in every home and school, every shop and office in the land; words that children ought to memorize instead of wasting their time memorizing the conjugation of Latin verbs or the amount of the annual rainfall in Brazil; words that will all but transform your life and mine if we will only live them.
"I consider my ability to arouse enthusiasm among my people," said Schwab, "the greatest asset I possess, and the way to develop the best of a person is by appreciation and encouragement. There is nothing else that so kills the ambitions of a person as criticisms from superiors. I never criticize anyone. I believe in giving a person incentive to work, So I am anxious to praise but loath to find fault. If I like anything, I am hearty in my approbation and lavish in my praise." That is what Schwab did.
But what do average people do? The exact opposite. 3 If they don't like a thing, they bawl out their subordinates; if they do like it they say nothing. As the old couplet says: "Once I did bad and that I heard ever. Twice I did good, but that I heard never."
"In my wide association in life, meeting with many and great people in various parts of die world," Schwab declared. 4 "I have yet to find the person, however great or exalted (尊贵的) his station, who did not do better work and put forth greater effort under a spirit of approval than he would ever do under a spirit of criticism."

一些权威人士声称，为了在疯狂的梦境中寻找在残酷的现实世界中无法获得的受重视感，人们可能真的会发疯。

倘若有人太渴望被重视的感觉，以至于他们为了得到它而真的发疯了，想象一下你和我可以通过给予人们真诚的欣赏来实现怎样的奇迹。

如果他们不喜欢某事，他们会训斥下属；如果他们喜欢某事，则会一声不发。正如老话所说，“坏事传千里，好事不出门”。

我尚未找到这样的人，无论他的地位有多重要或尊贵，在赞赏支持的态度下，会不如在批评的态度下，工作做得更好，付出的努力更多。

Part Ⅲ Chinese-English Translation
Directions: Translate the following paragraph from Chinese into English. Please write your answer on the Answer Sheet.

1. 给予最重要的意义并不在于物质方面，而尤其在于人性方面。一个人给予另一个人什么东西呢?他把他自己给予别人，把自己拥有的最珍贵的东西给予别人，把自己的生命给予别人。这不一定意味着他要为别人而牺牲自己的生命，而是指他把自己身上存在的所有东西给予了别人，把自己的快乐、理解、知识、幽默、哀愁，把他身上存在的所有东西表露和显现给别人。在他把自己的生命给予别人的同时，他丰富了别人的生命。通过提高自己的生存感，他会提升别人的生存感。他不是为了获取才给予；给予本身就是一种强烈的快乐。当然，在给予中，他不知不觉地使别人身上某些东西得到新生，这种新生的东西反过来又给他带来了新的希望：在真诚的给予中，他无意识地得到了别人给他的回馈。给予暗示了让对方也成为给予者；双方共同分享他们已使某些东西得到新生的快乐。在给予的行为中，某些东西得以新生，而对于这新生事物，涉及的双方都充满感激之情。仅就爱而言，这意味着爱是一种能产生爱的力量；没有(这种)力量就不会产生爱。

The most important sphere of giving, however, is not that of material things, but lies in the specific human realm. What does one person give to another? He gives of himself, of the most precious thing he has, he gives of his life. This does not necessarily mean that he sacrifices his life for others but that he gives him of that which is alive in him; he gives him of his joy, of his understanding, of his knowledge, of his humor, of his sadness, all expressions and manifestations of that which is alive in him. In thus giving of his life, he enriches the other person. He enhances the other's sense of aliveness by enhancing his own sense of aliveness. He does not give in order to receive; giving is in itself an exquisite joy. But in giving he cannot help bringing something to life in the other person, and this which is brought to life reflects back to him; in truly giving, he cannot help receiving that which is given back to him. Giving implies to make the other person a giver also and they both share in the joy of what they have brought to life. In the act of giving, something is born, and both persons involved are grateful for the life that is born for both of them. Specifically with regard to love this means: love is a power which produces love; impotence is the inability to produce love.

Part Ⅳ Short Essay Writing

1. Directions: Opinions vary about the most important factor that influences a student's success in school. Some people argue that the most important factor is a good teacher. Give your comment by using specific reasons and examples. Please write an essay on this topic in no less than 200 words on the Answer Sheet.

[范文]

A Good Teacher Influences Students' Success Most in School

As Henry Adam said, a teacher affects eternity; he can never tell where his influence stops. I can't agree more. During our school life, there are many factors that contribute to our academic success, including our diligence, intelligence, family education, as well as a good teacher. However, the most important reason would definitely be a good teacher who influences us most when we are pursuing our education in school.
In real life, there are few students that can completely study by themselves and achieve outstanding academic performance. Instead, most of the students encounter numerous difficulties in study. The first choice would be their teachers, who are always ready to help them solve various problems. The students' breakthroughs in learning are inseparable from the guidance of their teachers. It can be said that the teacher's role to the students is just like a "compass", which plays a role in determining the direction. Furthermore, a good learning atmosphere is very important for the students to achieve good results. And it's usually the teacher's duty to create a good atmosphere. A good, responsible teacher always keeps an eye on the students. Thus, few students dare to make trouble in class. The whole class can devote their time and energy to their study, so that a good classroom atmosphere is created. And it is also an important reason why the Chinese parents try all means to send their children to a school with a good reputation and experienced teachers.
By way of conclusion, a good teacher is the most important factor that helps the students to gain good grades in school. Under the teacher's guidance, the students will never lose their way, and they can always study in a good academic environment which will ensure their future success.

Part Ⅰ Reading Comprehension

Passage One

1 2 3 4

Passage Two

1 2 3 4

Passage Three

1 2 3 4

Passage Four

1 2 3 4

Passage Five

1 2 3 4

Part Ⅱ English-Chinese Translation

1 2 3 4

Part Ⅲ Chinese-English Translation

Part Ⅳ Short Essay Writing

深色：已答题浅色：未答题