PART Ⅰ Reading ComprehensionEach passage is followed by some question or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.
Friction between America's military and its civilian overseers is nothing new. America's 220-year experiment in civilian control of the military is a recipe for friction. The nation's history has seen a series of shifts in decision-making power among the White House, the civilian secretaries and the uniformed elite (精英). However, what may seem on the outside an unstable and special system of power sharing has, without a doubt, been a key to two centuries of military success.
In the infighting dates to the revolution, George Washington waged a continual struggle not just for money, but to control the actual battle plan. The framers of the Constitution sought to clarify things by making the president the "commander in chief". Not since Washington wore his uniform and led the troops across the Alleghenies to quell(镇压) the Whiskey Rebellion has a sitting president taken command in the riel& Yet the absolute authority of the president ensures his direct command. The president was boss, and everyone in uniform knew it.
In the Civil War, Abraham Lincoln dealt directly with his generals, and Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton handled administrative details. Lincoln, inexperienced in military matters, initially deferred (顺从) to his generals. But when their caution proved disastrous, he issued his General War order No. 1 -- explicitly commanding a general advance of all Union forces. Some generals, George B. McClellan in particular, bridled at his hands-on direction. But in constitutional terms, Lincoln was in the right.
His most important decision was to put Ulysses S. Grant in charge of the Union Army in 1864. Left to its own timetable, the military establishment would never have touched Grant. The relationship between the president and his general provides a textbook lesson in civilian control and power sharing. Grant was a general who would take the fight to the enemy, and not second-guess the president's political decisions. Unlike McClellan, for example, Grant cooperated wholeheartedly in recruiting black soldiers. For his part, Lincoln did not meddle in operations and did not visit the headquarters in the field unless invited.
The balance set up by Grant and Lincoln stayed more or less in place through World War I. Not until World War II did the pendulum finally swing back toward the White House. Franklin Roosevelt, who had been assistant Navy secretary during World War I, was as well prepared to be commander in chief as any wartime president since George Washington. The Commercial Revolution was not confined, of course, to the growth of trade and banking. Included in it also were fundamental changes in methods of production. The system of manufacture developed by the craft guilds in the later Middle Ages was rapidly becoming defunct. The guilds themselves, dominated by the master craftsmen, had grown selfish and exclusive. Membership in them was commonly restricted to a few privileged families. Besides, they were so completely choked by tradition that they were unable to make adjustments to changing conditions. Moreover, new industries had sprang up entirely outside the guild system. Characteristic examples were mining and smelting and the woolen industry. The rapid development of these enterprises was stimulated by technical advances, such as the invention of the spinning wheel and the discovery of a new method of making brass, which saved about half of the fuel previously used. In the mining and smelting industries a form of organization was adopted similar to that which has prevailed ever since.
But the most typical form of industrial production in the Commercial Revolution was the domestic system, developed first of all in the woolen industry. The domestic system derives its name from the fact that the work was done in the homes of industrial artisans instead of in the shop of a master craftsman. Since the various jobs in the manufacture of a product were given out on contract, the system is also known as the putting out system. Notwithstanding the petty scale of production, the organization was basically capitalistic. The raw material was purchased by an entrepreneur and assigned to individual worker, each of whom would complete his allotted task for a stipulated payment. In the case of the woolen industry the yam would be given out first of all to the spinners, then to the weavers, fullers, and dyer in succession. When the cloth was finally finished, it would be taken by the clothier and sold in the open market for the highest price it would bring. Crossing Wesleyan University's campus usually requires walking over colorful messages chalked on the ground. They can be as innocent as meeting announcements, but in a growing number of cases the language is meant to shock. It's not uncommon, for instance, to see lewd references to professors' sexual preferences scrawled across a path or the mention of the word "Nig" that African-American students say make them feel uncomfortable.
In response, officials and students at schools are now debating ways to lead their communities away from forms of expression that offend or harass(侵扰). In the process, they're butting up against the difficulties of regulating speech at institutions that pride themselves on fostering open debate.
Mr. Bennet of Wesleyan says he had gotten used to seeing occasional chalkings filled with four-letter words. Campus tradition made any horizontal surface not attached to a building a potential billboard. But when chalkings began taking on a more threatening and lewd tone, Bennet decided to act. "This is-not acceptable in a workplace and not acceptable in an institution of higher learning," Bennet says. For now, Bennet is seeking input about what kind of message-posting policy the school should adopt. The student assembly recently passed a resolution saying the "right to speech comes with implicit responsibilities to respect community standards".
Other public universities have confronted problems this year while considering various ways of regulating where students can express themselves. At Harvard Law School, the recent controversy was more linked to the academic setting. Minority students there are seeking to curb what they consider harassing speech in the wake of a series of incidents last spring.
At a meeting held by the "Committee on Healthy Diversity" last week, the school's Black Law Students Association endorsed a policy targeting discriminatory harassment. It would trigger a review by school officials if there were charges of "severe or pervasive conduct" by students or faculty. The policy would cover harassment based on, but not limited to, factors such as race, religion, creed, sexual orientation, national origin, and ethnicity (种族划分).
Boston attorney Harvey Silverglate, says other schools have adopted similar harassment policies that are actually speech codes, punishing students for raising certain ideas. " Restricting students from saying anything that would be. perceived as very unpleasant by another student continues uninterrupted," says Silverglate. who attended the Harvard Law town meeting last week. to get from Kathmandu to the tiny village in Nepal, Dave Irvine-Halliday spent more than two days. When he arrived, he found villagers working and reading around battery-powered lamps equipped with light-emitting diodes, or LEDs--the same lamps he had left there in 2000.
Irvine-Halliday, an American photonics engineer, was not surprised. He chose to use LED bulbs because they are rugged, portable, long-lived, and extremely efficient. Each of his lamps produces a useful amount of illumination from just one watt of power. Villagers use them about four hours each night, then top off the battery by pedaling a generator for half an hour. The cool, steady beam is a huge improvement over lamps still common in developing Countries. In fact, LEDs have big advantages over familiar incandescent (白炽的)lights as well--so much so that Irvine-Halliday expects LEDs will eventually take over from Thomas Edison's old lightbulb as the world's main source of artificial illumination.
The dawn of LEDs began about 40 years ago, but early LEDs produced red or green glows suitable mainly for displays in digital clocks and calculators. A decade ago, engineers invented a semiconductor crystal made of an aluminum compound that produced a much brighter red light. Around the same time, a Japanese engineer developed the first practical blue LED. This small advance had a huge impact because blue, green, and red LEDs can be combined to create most of the colors of the rainbow, just as that in a color television picture.
These days, high-intensity color LEDs are showing up everywhere such as the traffic lights. The reasons for the rapid switchover are simple. Incandescent bulbs have to be replaced annually, but LED traffic lights should last five to yen years. LEDs also use 80 to 90 percent less electricity than the conventional signals they replace. Collectively, the new traffic lights save at least 400 million kilowatt-hours a year in the United States.
Much bigger savings await if LEDs can supplant Mr. Edison's bulb at the office and in the living room. Creating a white-light LED that is energy-saving, cheap and appealing has proved a tough engineering challenge. But all the major lightbulb makers--including General Electric, Philips, and Osram-Sylvania -- are teaming up with semiconductor manufacturers to make it happen. PART Ⅱ English-Chinese TranslationRead the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.
1. Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society? I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckbergen told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected American. But they have done more than that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual. It is they, not American, who have become antiintellectual.
First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual? (1)
I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems. He explores such problem consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained. (2)
His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision. This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals--the average scientist for one. (3)
I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in everyday performance of his routine duties--he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports. (4)
But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of roles of conduct in business. During most of his walking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics.
The definition also excludes the majority of factors, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living (5)
They may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. This description even fits the majority eminent scholars. "Being learned in some branch of human knowledge in one thing, living in public and industrious thoughts", as Emersion would say," is something else."
1．我会把知识分子定义为这样的人：他把用苏格拉底方式思考道德问题作为人生的主要任务和乐趣。
2．知识分子的作用与法官相似，他必须接受一种义务，那就是在尽可能清楚的事情中揭示导致其做出决定的推理过程。
3．我之所以把普通科学家排除在外，是因为尽管他的成就可能有助于解决道德问题，但他还没承担起研究道德问题事实方面以外的任何责任。
4．然而，普通科学家的主要任务并非思考指导其行为的道德规范，正如我们并不指望商人把精力投入到商业行为的探索一样。
5．知识分子可能很会教书，而且不仅仅是挣工资，但是他们大部分人对涉及道德判断的人类问题很少或者根本不进行独立思考。
Part Ⅲ Chinese-English TranslationTranslate the following short paragraph into English.
1. 一位负责扶贫工作的官员说，到2(X)4年底，尽管大多数贫困人口将解决温饱问题，还将有一些生活极端贫困的人们，他们还需要政府资助。此外，对于那些刚刚脱贫的人们，他们目前的生活状况必须改善，因为他们的生产和生活状况没有从根本上被改变。如果遭受自然灾害的袭击，就可能回到原来的贫困状况。另外，现在的贫困线标准非常低，要使全体中国人过更好的生活，长期的艰苦斗争将必不可少。
2．中国的饮食方式正在发生许多变化。众所周知，中国的饮食文化具有悠久的历史。人们采用肉、蔬菜、豆制品等能做出各种美味食品，但往往耗时多。这一点与快节奏的现代社会极不相符。如今我们有了许多不同的选择：除传统家常菜外，还有营养保健配餐和方便可口的快餐食品。由于午休时间短，人们不愿在吃上花时间，因而各种快捷、便宜的快餐成了人们，特别是年轻人的首选。
1.An official in charge of poverty-relief work has pointed out that by the end of 2004, although the majority of poor people will have resolved their food and clothing problems, there will still be some people living in extreme poverty, who are still in need of the government's financial support Furthermore, the present living conditions must be improved for those who have just freed themselves from poverty. These people may fall back into poverty if hit by natural disasters since their production and living conditions have not been changed fundamentally. Besides, the current standard for the poverty line is quite low, and a long-term hard struggle will be required to ensure a better life for the Chinese people as a whole.
2. Many changes are taking place in China's diet style. As is known to all. China has a long history in her diet culture. Chinese people often spend a lot of time in making all sorts of delicious food by using meat, vegetables, bean products and so on, which is extremely incompatible with the fast pace of modem society. Nowadays we have many varieties of choices: nutrition-balanced and healthy food, convenient and delicious fast food in addition to traditionally homemade meal. Because of the short break at noon, people tend to spend less time on lunch. Thus cheaper fast food has become a favorite of Chinese people, especially youngsters.
Part Ⅳ WritingFor this part, you are asked to write a composition on the topic "It pays to be honest". Your composition should be no less than 200 words based on the given outline.
1. Honest is the best policy.
2. Give examples to support your point of view.
3. Conclusion.
It Pays to be Honest
Some people believe that those honest people are fools whose ways of dealing with the outside world are out of date and those who make no efforts to get what they want can exist and succeed in our society. I have been upholding an opinion that honesty is the most important of all values that hold civilization together. This concept has occurred in many areas. But in my opinion, without honesty there can be no respect, no trust, no law--and finally, no society.
For example, it is impossible for the direction of supervisors in university to advise their students all along for their time is quite limited after they arrange some scientific researches that graduate students must finish. In this case, students need to do most of the research by themselves and it is up to the students to take
it either seriously with honesty or carelessly and just let it go like that. If students spend a good deal of time and patience to do the research honestly, that will not only bring them improvement in studies, but also will lead to mutual trust and respect between students and supervisors. Furthermore, in order to restore honesty to our life, certain things must be done in our society. For instance, the legal system should enforce fair, swift, sure punishment to any dishonest criminal; teachers should encourage their students to be honesty in all situations; parents should give top priority to honesty in moldering their children's character.
Honesty is the best policy, which can be supported by all the above statements. It not only can win trust and respect from others for us, but also bring us more opportunities in the future. It is the value we cannot live without.
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