四、英语阅读理解题 阅读下列短文，从每题给出的四个选项中，选出最佳答案。 Scientists have long known a fairly reliable way to extend life span in rodents and other lab animals: Reduce the amount of calories they eat by 10 percent to 40 percent. This strategy, known as caloric restriction, has been shown to increase the life span of various organisms and reduce their rate of cancer and other age-related ailments. Whether it can do the same in people has been an open question. But an intriguing new study suggests that in young and middle aged adults, chronically restricting calorie intake can have an impact on their health. In the new study, which was funded by the National Institutes of Health and published this month in the Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, researchers looked at a group of 143 healthy men and women who ranged in age from 21 to 50. They were instructed to practice caloric restriction for two years. They could eat the foods they wanted so long as they cut back on the total amount of food they ate, with the aim of cutting the calories they consumed by 25 percent. Many did not achieve that goal. On average, the dieters managed to slash about 12 percent of their total calories, or roughly 300 calories a day, the amount in a large bagel, a few chocolate chip cookies or a small Starbucks Mocha Frappuccino. But the group saw many of their cardiovascular and metabolic health markers improve, even though they were already in the normal range. They lost weight and body fat. Their cholesterol levels improved, their blood pressure fell slightly, and they had better blood sugar control and less inflammation. At the same time, a control group of 75 healthy people who did not practice caloric restriction saw no improvements in any of these markers. Some of the benefits in the calorie restricted group stemmed from the fact that they lost a large amount of weight, on average about 16 pounds over the two years of the study. But the extent to which their metabolic health got better was greater than would have been expected from weight loss alone, suggesting that caloric restriction might have some unique biological effects on disease path ways in the body, said William Kraus, the lead author of the study and a professor of medicine and cardiology at Duke University. "We weren't surprised that there were changes," he said. "But the magnitude was rather astounding. In a disease population, there aren't five drugs in combination that would cause this aggregate of an improvement." Calorie restriction may be a useful tool for better health and weight loss, but it's unclear whether the changes in the new study will ultimately translate into longevity and reductions in chronic disease, said Frank Hu, the chairman of the nutrition department at the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, who was not involved in the research.
1. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that those who participated in the study ______.
A.are running high risk of being crapulent
B.obtained normal cardiovascular and metabolic indicators
C.failed to limit their total calories intake
D.have been positively affected on their cardiovascular and metabolic health by two-year calories restriction
A B C D
D
[解析] 细节题。题干意为：从第四段可以了解到，参与研究的那些人______。根据题干关键词定位到第四段。A项“有大吃大喝的风险”原文未提及。B项“心血管和代谢指标达到了正常水平”，根据cardiovascular和metabolic定位到原文already in the normal range“原本就在正常范围内”，与原文不符。C项“未能限制其总热量摄入”，第四段第一句Many did not achieve that goal中出现指代词that，指的是没有实现第三段最后一句“摄入的热量减少25%”的目标，参与者摄入的热量总体减少了约12%，因此C项错误。D项positively affected与health markers improve为同义替换，且第三段指出热量限制为期两年，符合题意。故本题选D。
2. Among the changes brought by caloric restriction in the study, which one plays an important role? ______
A.Decrease in weight.
B.Improvement in cholesterol levels.
C.Better blood sugar control.
D.Slightly decreased blood pressure and less inflammation.
A B C D
A
[解析] 细节题。题干意为：研究中热量限制带来的变化，哪一个起了重要作用?根据题干关键词changes定位到第五、六段。第五段介绍了体重、体脂、胆固醇、血压、血糖及炎症方面的具体变化，而第六段第一句Some of the benefits in the calorie restricted group stemmed from the fact that they lost a large amount of weight，意为“热量限制组获得的一些健康益处，部分源于他们在参与研究的两年内，体重大幅下降”。由此可知，体重减轻在健康方面起了重要作用，A项符合题意。B项“胆固醇水平的改善”、C项“更好的血糖控制”和D项“血压略有下降，炎症减少”均不符合题意。故本题选A。
3. As a known way to extend life span for animals, calorie restriction ______.
A.has been shown to reduce the cancer risk for human
B.isn't good for people's health
C.should be sustained over time to produce benefits for health
D.can exert instant effect on the health of young and middle-aged adults
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节题。题干意为：作为可延长动物寿命的已知方法，热量限制______。根据caloric restriction和animals定位到原文第一、二段。原文提到，热量限制可以延长动物寿命，降低动物患病的风险，但能否对人类产生同样的作用，是个悬而未决的问题。A项“已被证明可以降低人类患癌症的风险”与原文Whether it can do the same in people has been an open question不符。根据第二段最后一句...chronically restricting calorie intake can have an impact on their health可知，B项“不利于人们的健康”与原文不符。D项“对青年和中年人群的健康产生的影响立竿见影”与chronically“长期地，慢性地”不符。C项“应该持续一段时间，给健康带来益处”是对原文的概括。故本题选C。
4. According to William Kraus, ______.
A.the results of the study are not surprising at all
B.both weight losing and caloric restriction are likely to bring special biological changes
C.the overall improvement in health status caused by limiting calorie intake is greater than the expected impact by weight loss alone
D.over five drugs in combination could cause the same changes brought by cutting calories
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节题。题干意为：根据威廉·克劳斯的说法，______。根据人名William Kraus定位到文章第六、七段。A项“研究结果完全不足为奇”断章取义，第七段第一、二句说热量限制带来的变化不令人吃惊，但变化程度惊人。B项“体重减轻和热量限制都可能带来特殊的生物学变化”，第六段最后一句中suggesting that...in the body指出“热量限制可能会对身体的疾病路径产生一些独特的生理影响”，与原文不符。D项“超过五种药物的组合可能产生与减少热量相同的变化”与原文不符。C项“限制热量引起的健康状况改善超过单独减肥所带来的预期影响”，与原文metabolic health got better was greater than would have been expected from weight loss alone相符。故本题选C。
5. What can be inferred from the passage? ______
A.Cutting calories can be a useful tool for weight loss.
B.Some people might find calorie restriction feasible.
C.One question that this study cannot answer is whether calorie restriction can extend human life, just as it extends the life of other animals.
D.It is difficult for people to practice calorie restriction because many of participants did not achieve that goal.
A B C D
C
[解析] 推断题。题干意为：从文章中可以推断出什么。A项“减少热量可以作为一项有用的减肥方法”是原文最后一段的内容，不是推断。B项“有些人可能会发现热量限制可行”原文并未提及相关内容。D项“人们很难实施热量限制，因为许多参与者没有完成这一目标”，原文只提到研究原定的热量控制目标很多人未达到，并没有体现因果关系。C项“研究无法回答的问题是，热量限制能否像延长其他动物的寿命一样，延长人类的寿命”，由文章第二段has been an open question及文章最后一段Frank Hu表述中的unclear可知，此项为合理推断。故本题选C。
深色：已答题 浅色：未答题