Part Ⅰ Writing Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Knowledge and Master's Degree? You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below in Chinese:
1. 目前,社会上读硕士学位班的人很多 2. 你对此现象的看法 3. 总结全文
Knowledge and Master's Degree
There is a growing tendency these years for people to pursue a master's degree. They claim that a master’s degree stands for more knowledge and that most companies are inclined to employ people with a master's degree. It seems to promise a bright future. However, I find it hard to agree with it. The following are the reasons for my personal inclination. For one thing, a master's degree does not necessarily equal to profound knowledge. Knowledge comes from hard work or even devotion to a certain field. Time well-spent on campus will lead to a harvest in knowledge, but what if the degree-pursuer is by no means a knowledge pursuer? For another, talented people without a master's or even a bachelor's degree can gain tremendous success in the society. Bill Gates is a case in point and this is also the reason why some blue collars with expertise win the favor of a lot of multi-national companies. To conclude, knowledge is a person's most precious riches, and people are judged more by their knowledge rather than by their degree.
[解析] 本文第一段以There is a growing tendency these years开头指出现象,用They claim that... and that... 稍加叙述,简洁明了;然后用However, I find it hard to agree with it. The following are the reasons for my personal inclination.提出自己的观点,过渡到第二段。第二段通过举例法等For one thing... but... For another... a case in point... 详细论证了自己的观点。最后结尾段用To conclude, ...表达了自己的观点,总结全文。
Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) Directions:In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-4 mark Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage; N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage. For questions 5-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.
Automation
The term automation was coined around 1946 by the automobile industry to describe the increased use of automatic devices and controls in mechanized production lines. Today, it is widely used in a manufacturing context but is also applied outside of manufacturing in connection with a variety of systems in which there is a significant substitution of mechanical, electrical, or computerized action for human effort and intelligence. An operation is commonly described as automated if it is Substantially more automatic than its predecessor. In its most general usage, automation can be defined as a technology concerned with carrying out a process by means of programmed commands combined with the automatic feedback of data relating to the execution of those commands. The resulting system is capable of operating without human intervention. The development of this technology has become increasingly dependent on the use of computers and computer-related technologies. As a consequence, automated systems have become sophisticated and complex. Advanced systems of this sort now represent a level of capability and performance that surpass in many ways the abilities of humans to accomplish the same activities. Automation technology has matured to a point where a number of other technologies have developed from it and have achieved a recognition and status of their own. Robotics is one such technology. It is a specialized branch of automation in which the automated machine possesses certain characteristics. The most typical humanlike characteristic of a modern industrial robot is its powered mechanical arm. The robot's arm can be programmed to do a sequence of motions to perform useful tasks, such as loading and unloading parts at a production machine or making a sequence of spot-welds on the body of an automobile. The robot will repeat the motion pattern until it is reprogrammed to perform some alternative task. As these examples of robot applications suggest, an industrial robot is typically used to replace a human worker in a factory operation. The field of robotics has its roots in the development of automation technology. Numerical control (NC) and telecherics are two important areas of technology that constitute the foundations of robotics technology. Over the years, the social merits of automation have been argued by labour leaders, government officials, business executives, and college professors. No doubt the biggest controversy has focused on the employment issue: What is the effect of automation on employment? There are other important aspects of the automation issue as well, including its effect on productivity, economic competition, education, and quality of life. The advantages commonly attributed to automation include increased production rates, more efficient use of materials, better product quality, improved safety, shorter workweeks for labour, and reduction of factory lead times. Automated machines are usually designed to operate at higher production rates than humans are capable of achieving. This increased productivity has been one of the biggest reasons for justifying the adoption of automated systems. Notwithstanding the claims of high quality from good workmanship by humans, automated systems are generally capable of carrying out the manufacturing process with less variability that humans make, thus yielding greater control and consistency of product quality. In addition, the increased process control makes possible more efficient use of materials, resulting in less waste. Automated manufacturing systems often, remove workers from the workplace, thus safeguarding them against hazards in the work environment. In the United States, the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSHA) was enacted with the objective of making work safer and protecting the physical well-being of the worker on a national scale. OSHA has had the effect of promoting the use of automation and robotics in the factory. Another of the benefits of automation noted above is the reduction in the number of hours worked on average per week by factory workers. Around the turn of the century, the average workweek was about 70 hours. This has gradually been reduced, so that today the standard workweek in the United States is about 40 hours. Mechanization and automation have played a significant role in this reduction. Finally, the time required to process a typical job through the factory is generally reduced with automation. Referred to as the manufacturing lead time, this is the amount of time between the beginning of a project or process and the appearance of its results. Among the major disadvantages associated with automation is worker dislocation. This problem was touched upon earlier. Whatever the ultimate social benefits that might result from retraining displaced workers for other (perhaps more skilled) jobs, in almost all cases the worker whose job is taken over by a machine suffers considerable personal stress. In addition to displacement from work, the worker may be displaced geographically. To find other work, an individual may have to relocate, which is itself another source of emotional stress. Another significant disadvantage associated with automation is high capital expenditure. Automated systems can cost millions of dollars to design, fabricate, and put into operation. Still other problems characteristic of automated equipment include a higher level of maintenance than is required by manually operated hardware and an inherent lack of flexibility in terms of the variety of products that can be produced. Also, automation is not without its potential dangers. As often suggested in works of science fiction, the technology associated with automation might ultimately subjugate rather than serve humankind. There is a possibility that workers will become slaves to automated machines, that the privacy of humans will be invaded by vast computer data banks, that human error in the management of technology will somehow endanger the health of civilization, and that society will become completely dependent on automation for its economic well-being.
1. The foundations of robotics technology is mainly composed of the technology of numerical control.
N
文章第四自然段第二句说机器人技术的基础主要是数控和遥控学。
2. Telecherics is concerned with the use of remote manipulators controlled by humans.
NG
文章没有提及遥控学研究的是由人控制的遥控装置的使用。
3. To accomplish the same activities, the capability and performance of advanced automated systems now do better in many ways than human abilities.
4. For a long time, the effect of automation on employment is the point at issue among labour leaders, government officials, business executives, and college professors.
Y
文章第五自然段第一、第二句说明此点。“the point at issue”意为“争论的焦点”。
5. The disadvantages associated with automation are ______ and ______ and its potential dangers.
8. The use of computers and computer-related technologies are more and more important ______.
to the development of automation
文章第二自然段第三句The development of this technology has become increasingly dependent on...,即是说计算机的使用和与计算机相关的技术对自动化技术的发展显得越来越重要。
9. That workers will become slaves to automated machines is ______.
a potential danger of automation
文章第十二自然段第一、第三句说明此点。自动化具有的潜在危险之一是使工人变成自动化机器的奴隶。
10. The robot's arm can ______ the body of an automobile.
spot-weld
及物动词,意为“点焊”。文章第三自然段第五句说机器人的机械手能点焊汽车的车身。
Part Ⅲ Listening Comprehension
Section A Directions:In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Questions 11 to 18 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
[解析] M: Would you like to go to the beach this afternoon? Bill and Mary are coming, too. W: I'm sorry, but 1 was just going out shopping. I need to get the blouse that goes with my pants suit. They had to order it, and it just arrived yesterday. Q: What is the woman going to buy downtown?
选项都和服装有关。从I need to get the blouse that goes with my pants suit.可以得知女士要买blouse。
2.
A.In Rome.
B.In Paris.
C.In London.
D.In Madrid.
A B C D
C
[解析] W: London is a gorgeous city. From here you can see the palace guards. M: Wait until we get to Paris and Madrid. And don't forget about Rome! Q: Where did the conversation take place?
选项都和地点有关。从London is... From here可以得知对话发生在伦敦。
3.
A.Hesitate to take any pills.
B.Take two pills.
C.Take eight pills.
D.Take the doctor's advice.
A B C D
D
[解析] M: Mrs. Johnson, you must take two pills every four hours without fail. And don't forget to finish the bottle. W: Don't worry, Doctor. I want to get well as quickly as I can. Q: What will the woman probably do?
选项和吃药、医生的建议有关。从病人的回答I want to get well as quickly as I can.可以得知她非常乐意听从医生的建议。
4.
A.He got angry with his boss.
B.He was frequently sick and absent from work.
C.He prepared a financial report incorrectly.
D.He always got to work late.
A B C D
C
[解析] M: I was sorry to hear about Bill's being fired. I know he was sick a lot and that he usually got to work late. W: Oh, it wasn't that. Bill made a big error in last month's accounting. Even though it wasn't really his fault, his buss was very angry. Q: Why did Bill lose his job?
选项都和他所做的事有关。虽然提到了sick,go to work late,但Bill被开除的真正原因是Bill made a big error in last month's accounting.
5.
A.Four hundred dollars.
B.A little less than four hundred dollars.
C.No money at all.
D.A great deal less than four hundred dollars.
A B C D
D
[解析] M: The transmission in your car must be replaced. A transmission job is about four hundred dollars, but since the car is still under warranty, you will have to pay only a small service charge. W: That's good news. How long do you think it'll take? Q: How much will it cost the woman to get her car fixed?
选项和多少钱有关。从four hundred dollars... the car is still under warranty... pay only a small service charge.可以得知女士只要付服务费就可以了,费用远少于400。
6.
A.Get directions to the bus station.
B.Get to the grocery store.
C.Give the man directions to the bus station.
D.Find out where the stoplight is.
A B C D
A
[解析] M: Go straight until you come to the stoplight. Turn to the left and go about three miles. When you get to the Argo Grocery Store, turn right. You can't miss the bus station. W: Oh, I see. Thanks a lot. I think I can find it. Q: What is the woman trying to do?
选项和direction有关。从You can't miss the bus station.可以得知女士要找汽车站。
7.
A.As identification to cash a check.
B.To prove he is a foreign visitor.
C.In order to obtain a visa.
D.The woman is an immigration official.
A B C D
A
[解析] W: I can't cash your traveller's check without some identification like a driver's license. M: Since I have just arrived in the United States, I have only my passport. Will that do? Q: Why does the man offer the woman his passport?
从cash your traveller's check... some identification.可以得知要兑换旅行支票需要能证明身份的证件。所以男士出示了护照。
8.
A.Satisfied with their price.
B.Displeased with their quality.
C.Pleased with modern mass-production techniques.
D.Dissatisfied with their technological complexity.
A B C D
B
[解析] M: In old days, people took pride in their work and built things to last. W: Nowadays you're lucky if they don't fall apart before you get them home. Q: How do the man and woman feel about products manufactured nowadays?
选项都和态度有关。从... you're lucky if they don't fall apart... 可以得知他们认为现在的产品的质量不好,过去的产品是built things to last。
Questions 19 to 21 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
[解析] 19-21 W: Hi, Tom. M: Kate, I haven't seen you for weeks. Where have you been? W: In Florida. M: What? Vacationing while the rest of us have been studying on the campus in the February cold? W: Not exactly. I spent most of my time underwater. M: I don't understand. W: I was on a special field trip. I went with my marine biology class. M: So you went scuba diving. What were you looking for, sunken treasure? W: You might say so. The sea is full of treasures. All kinds of strange, fascinating organisms. Our class concentrated on studying plankton. M: I thought they were too small to be seen. W: That's a common misconception. The plankton covers a wide variety of freely floating plants and animals. From one-celled organisms to large ones, such as the common jelly fish. M: Jelly-fish may be large enough to be seen. But they are transparent, aren't they? W: Yes, most floating plants and animals have transparent tissues. It makes them practically invisible to their enemies. M: But not invisible to your biology class, I hope. W: By concentrating, I was able to see the outlines of lots of different plants and animals, In fact, our professor even took photo of some small oceanic snails. M: How would the snails show up in the photo if they are transparent? W: We painted them with a harmless green dye. Since particles of the dye stuck to the tissues, the snails appeared in a green outline in the photos. M: That sounds like an interesting trip. W: It really was. M: But I think if I had been there, I'd much rather have spent my time just swimming and lying in the sun. 19. How did Kate spend most of her time in Florida?
选项和活动有关。从I spend most of my time underwater. So you went scuba diving.可以得知是潜水。
2.
A.Biology.
B.Photography.
C.Swimming.
D.Painting.
A B C D
A
[解析] What kind of class went on the field trip?
本题是细节题。从I went with my marine biology class.可以得知是biology。
3.
A.Large green jellyfish.
B.Different floating plants.
C.Oceanic snails.
D.Sunken treasure.
A B C D
C
[解析] According to Kate, what did her professor photograph?
选项和生物有关。从our professor even took photo of some small oceanic snails.可以得知教授拍摄的是oceanic snails。
Questions 22 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
[解析] 22-25 M: Jenny, what do you think a millionaire should be tike? W: Well, a millionaire is someone who owns a huge wealth of oiI wells, railroad shares, property, banks or the size of their factories and staff. The giant industrial magnate— Ford, Rockefeller, etc. M: But today, many of the leading millionaires are not connected with any business production. They are stars who appear in films, play sports, speculate in property or sing rock and roll music. W: That's not strange. I just wonder what kinds of stars earn most. M: The sports stars. They are not only paid for appearing in various sports and doing well at a professional level, but they earn huge sums from advertising endorsements, appearance money, and alliance with sponsors. W: How rich are they? M: Michael Jordan, the leading basketball player in the United States used to earn $16 million in addition to his $30 million salary for the endorsements he agreed to. W: Wow! What about football stars? Do they earn as much? M: The leading football players are some of the outstanding sports earners in the world. Business Age magazine listed them recently, and the top four were the stars from Brazil. W: I think these new millionaires are much luckier than the Ford generation, because they are still quite young when they become millionaires. M: That's right. Eleven of the top 15 of the outstanding football earners are under the age of 30. W: I wish I could be as rich as them when I am 91. 22. What is not people's stereotype of millionaires?
选项都和职业身份有关。从a millionaire is someone who owns a huge wealth of oil wells, railroad shares, property, banks... 可以得知没有提到体育明星。
2.
A.They appear in films or play sports.
B.They speculate in property.
C.They sing rock and roll.
D.All of the above.
A B C D
D
[解析] How do the famous stars become rich?
选项都和他们所做的事有关。从They are stars who appear in films, play sports, speculate in property or sing rock and roll music可以得知A,B,C都提到了。
3.
A.$16 million.
B.$30 million.
C.$46 million.
D.$36 million.
A B C D
C
[解析] How much did Michael Jordan earn before his retire?
选项都和钱有关。从Michael Jordan... used to earn $16 million in addition to his $30 million salary... 可以得知是$46 million.
4.
A.9.
B.10.
C.11.
D.12.
A B C D
C
[解析] How many of the top outstanding football earners are now under the age of 30?
选项都是数字。从Eleven of the top 15 of the outstanding football earners are under the age of 30,可以得知是11。
Section B Directions:In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One Questions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.
[解析] 26-28 Words come from California of a new weapon in the war on household pests. Two scientists working for a firm in Anaheim, California, have developed a method to eliminate insects without using dangerous chemicals. The new poison? Hot air. The basic idea is that insects cannot adjust to temperatures much above normal. In laboratory experiments, most of the pests can't survive much more than a quarter of an hour at 125 degrees Fahrenheit, or about 50 degrees centigrade. The new method involves covering a house with a huge tent and filling it with air heated to around 65 degrees centigrade. Hot air is forced in with fans, and the tent keeps the heat inside the house. Since termites try to escape by hiding in wooden beams, the heat treatment must be continued for a full six hours. But when it’s all over, and the insects are dead, there are not toxic chemicals to endanger humans or pets, and no fumy smells. Scientists claim that there is no danger of fire, either, since very few household materials will burn at 65 degrees centigrade. In fact, wood is prepared for construction use by drying it in ovens at 80 degrees centigrade, which is substantially hotter than the air used in this procedure. 26. What is the passage mainly about?
本题是主旨题。从a new weapon in the war on household pests.可以得知和消灭害虫有关。
2.
A.It is cheaper.
B.It is safer.
C.It is quicker.
D.It is readily available.
A B C D
B
[解析] What makes the new system better than other treatments?
选项是和特点有关的细节。本题是细节题。从a method to eliminate insects without using dangerous chemicals... there are not toxic chemicals to endanger humans or pets, and no fumy smells.可以得知新方法更安全。
3.
A.To keep the heat inside.
B.To prevent insects from escaping.
C.To reduce the risk of fire.
D.To keep the wood dry.
A B C D
A
[解析] Why are the houses covered with tents?
选项和目的有关。本题是因果题。从the tent keeps the heat inside the house.可以得知帐篷可以使热气被保留在房子里。
Passage Two Questions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard.
[解析] 29-31 The games of a culture can help us understand a great deal about their history, religion, and belief system. The Indians revealed a great deal about themselves by playing games. Almost all Indians, regardless of their age, gender, or physical condition, played games. Women played games as much as men, but they usually played separately from the men and had different games. Children also played games. As a matter of fact, they often played the same games that their parents enjoyed. Most of the games had a religious meaning. Many of the tribes used the games to train warriors and to win honors. As the years wore on, that meaning was lost but the game continued to be played. Many Indians enjoyed shooting arrows as a sport. They used many varieties of targets, including pieces of bark, women grass, or an arrow stuck in a tree. Quieter amusements included games of chance. For example, pieces of cloth would be used to cover various items determined by one person. The other person would randomly choose one of the hidden items. His or her choice would reveal their past as well as their future. Other popular games were guessing games. For instance, it would require a group to guess the number of rocks in a certain area. Then they would count the actual number and rank the people who guessed according to how close they came to the actual number. 29. What can be said about Indian women?
选项是有关他们玩的游戏和男性的关系的细节。本题是细节题。从Women played games as much as men.可以得知B是正确的。
2.
A.Most were quieter amusements.
B.Children played different games than their parents.
C.They probably had some religious meaning at one time.
D.Their sole purpose was to train warriors.
A B C D
C
[解析] What can be said about Indian games?
选项和细节有关。从Most of the games had a religious meaning.可以得知C是正确的。
3.
A.Playing guessing games.
B.Shooting arrows.
C.Playing games of chance.
D.Determining each other's future.
A B C D
B
[解析] What did many Indians enjoy doing as a sport?
选项是和所做的事有关。本题是细节题。从Many Indians enjoyed shooting arrows as a sport.可以得知是射箭。
Passage Three Questions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.
A.Because they regard working as their greatest enjoyment.
B.Because they believe that work is superior to relaxation.
C.Because they are traveling fast all the time.
D.Because they are becoming busier with their work than even before.
A B C D
D
[解析] 32-35 As the pace of life continues to increase, we are fast losing the art of relaxation. Once you are in the habit of rushing through life, being on the go from morning till night, it is hard to slow down. But relaxation is essential for a healthy mind and body. Stress is a natural part of everyday life and there is no way to avoid it. In fact, it is not the bad thing as is often supposed to be. A certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation and give purpose to life. It is only when the stress gets out of control that it can lead to poor performance and ill health. The amount of stress a person can withstand depends very much on the individual. Some people are not afraid of stress, and such characters are obviously prime material for managerial responsibilities, others lose heart at the first sight of unusual difficulties. When exposed to stress, in whatever form, we react both chemically and physically. In fact we make choice between flight or fight and in more primitive days the choices made the difference between life or death. The crises we meet today are unlikely to be so extreme, but however little the stress, it involves the same response. It is when such a reaction lasts long, through continued exposure to stress, that health becomes endangered. Since we can't remove stress from our lives, and it would be unwise to do so even if we could, we need to find ways to deal with it. 32. Why are people finding less and less time for relaxing themselves?
选项都和原因有关。本题是因果题。从Once you are in the habit of rushing through life, being on the go from morning till night, it is hard to slow down,可以得知原因是人们越来越忙碌。
2.
A.He should have unyielding will to hold out stress.
B.He should know the art of relaxation.
C.He should have a high sense of responsibility.
D.He should have his control over performance.
A B C D
A
[解析] What is the most important character for a good manager?
选项是和他应具备的品质有关的细节。本题是细节题。从Some people are not afraid of stress, and such characters are obviously prime material for managerial responsibilities.可以得知一个好的经理应具备的特质是不惧怕压力。
3.
A.We can find quite a few ways to avoid stress.
B.Stress is always harmful to people's health.
C.It's easy to change the habit of keeping oneself busy with work.
D.Different people can bear different amount of stress.
A B C D
D
[解析] Which of the following statements is true?
选项是和压力有关的细节。本题是细节题。从The amount of stress a person can withstand depends very much on the individual.可以得知D是正确的。
4.
A.To avoid it.
B.To regard it as a vital motivation.
C.To try to cope with it.
D.To find some relaxation.
A B C D
C
[解析] What is the right attitude towards stress?
选项和态度方式有关。从we need to find ways to deal with it.可以得知正确的对待压力的态度应该是C。
Section C Directions:In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written. Lively argument centers around effect of public communication on audiences, not only in matters concerning public opinion on political (36) , but in matters of personal life-styles and tastes, 1 behavior, the judgments and dispositions of children, and possible 2 to violence. Feelings regarding these matters vary greatly. Some people explain the larger effects of mass communication as generally harmless to both young and old. Many sociologists follow the theory that mass communication can 3 values already accepted and 4 in the culture. 5 other analysts believe that mass communications provide powerful sources of informal education and persuasion. Their conclusions are drawn largely from observations that many, if not most, people in 6 societies form their personal views of the social realities beyond their immediate experience but from messages 7 through public communication. 8 These effects seem too many and short-lived to be measured effectively with current instruments. 9 , although many psychologists believe that the nature of children's play experiences is critical to their maturation. Many surveys show that the majority of people in the world are usually satisfied with the type of mass communication available to them. Most people seem to accept what they are given without complaint. 10 . Public communication is an inexpensive source of information, usually designed to reach the wide range of taste and interests.
[解析] 36-46 Lively argument centers around effect of public communication on audiences, not only in matters concerning public opinion on political (36) issues, but in matters of personal life styles and tastes, (37) consumer behavior, the judgments and dispositions of children, and possible (38) inducements to violence. Feelings regarding these matters vary greatly. Some people explain the larger effects of mass communication as generally harmless to both young and old. Many sociologists follow the theory that mass communication can (39) influence values already accepted and (40) operating in the culture. (41) Numerous other analysts believe that mass communications provide powerful sources of informal education and persuasion. Their conclusions are drawn largely from observations that many, if not most, people in (42) technological societies form their personal views of the social realities beyond their immediate experience but from messages (43) presented through public communication. (44) Current evidence indicates .that the many instruments of mass communication produce varying effects upon different segments of the audience. These effects seem too many and short-lived to be measured effectively with current instruments. (45) Much of the enormous output on television and radio and in print is probably simply regarded as play and of little consequence in affecting adult dispositions, although many psychologists believe that the nature of children's play experiences is critical to their maturation. Many surveys show that the majority of people in the world are usually satisfied with the type of mass communication available to them. Most people seem to accept what they are given without complaint. (46) Mass communication is but one area of life for most individuals, whose main concerns center on the home and daily employment. Public communication is an inexpensive source of information, usually designed to reach the wide range of taste and interests.
2.
consumer
3.
inducements
4.
influence
5.
operating
6.
Numerous
7.
technological
8.
presented
9.
Current evidence indicates that the many instruments of mass communication produce varying effects upon different segments Of the audience
10.
Much of the enormous output on television and radio and in print is probably simply regarded as play and of little consequence in affecting adult dispositions
11.
Mass communication is but one area of life for most individuals, whose main concerns center on the home and daily employment
Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth)
Section A Directions:In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once. When social scientists use the term culture they tend to be talking about a less restrictive concept than that implied in everyday speech. In social science, culture is all that in human society which is socially rather than biologically transmitted, whereas the commonsense usage tends to 1 only to the arts. Culture is thus a general term for the symbolic and learned aspects of human society, although some animal behaviourists now 2 that certain primates (灵长类动物) have at least the capacity for culture. Social anthropological ideas of culture are based to a great 3 on the definition given by Edward Tylor in 1871, in which he referred to a learned complex of knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, and custom. This definition implies that culture and civilization are one and the same. But this equation, although possible in English and French usage, runs 4 to the German distinction between Kultur and Zivilisation, the former referring to symbols and values, while the latter deals with the organization of society. Archaeological usage, though 5 the wholeness of human societies, makes a distinction between material culture and practices and beliefs, the non-material or adaptive culture transmitted by teaching and tradition. Only material culture is 6 to archaeology, whereas adaptive culture is the subject of history, sociology, and anthropology. For nineteenth century anthropologists, such as Tylor and Lewis Henry Morgan, culture was a conscious creation of human rationality. Civilization and culture, in this conception, showed a progressive tendency towards what were regarded as higher moral values, and this enabled the Victorian mind to construct a 7 of cultures or civilizations which provided a rationale for colonial activities by apparently higher-order Western civilizations. In America, it is sometimes argued that the concept of culture can provide ways of explaining and understanding human behaviour, belief systems, values, and 8 , as well as particular culturally specific personality types. In cultural anthropology, analysis of culture may proceed at three levels: learned patterns of behaviour; aspects of culture that act below conscious levels (such as the deep level of grammar and 9 in language, of which a native language speaker is seldom aware); and patterns of thought and 10 , which are also culturally determined. A. ideologies I. extent B. perception J. counter C. hierarchy K. dissipate D. junk L. acknowledging E. grandeur M. teeming F. point N. accessible G. syntax O. assert H. forfeit
Section B Directions:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
Passage One All R&D executives have two major responsibilities: (1) they must ensure that the company is supplied with technically successful projects, and (2) they must select the most promising schemes and ideas for the expenditure of R&D resources. This work is complicated by numerous uncertainties, inasmuch as commercial research and development must be based on market forecasts. If R&D management can provide a regular flow of new and updated products, the company will benefit in a number of ways. First of all, it will be able to make full use of expensive departmental resources, development engineering and available marketing capacity. In addition to that, a flow of new market winners will provide the business with steady growth income and profits. This can also be important psychologically, for it is often on this basis that those outside the company assess the quality of its management. The R&D department's job is made more difficult because of the length of time required to complete its research. In the chemical and pharmaceutical (制药的) industries, for example, it may take five to ten years before a product is a technical success and a further six to eight years before it reaches full commercial potential. To achieve results, R&D must define both the areas that should be investigated and the objectives that should be achieved in each area. For this reason, the R&D department must take an interest in all aspects of design, application, efficiency, and use of appropriate materials. There is a difference, however, between the development of new consumer products and the development of new industrial ones. In consumer markets, the search for a new product often begins after a statement of a specific need, and development is tailored to meet it. In many industrial markets, product development is the result of work down in the research laboratory. This work is often aimed at a general need, such as a new kind of medicine or higher operating speeds for machines. When the new industrial project has been developed, its performance can be analyzed in terms of customer needs.
1. In order to develop his company, the R&.D manager should have a sense of ______.
A.psychological communication
B.market prediction
C.management distribution
D.departmental resources development
A B C D
B
推理题。根据第一段最后一句,商业研发必须基于市场预测,可见研发经理必须有市场预测的意识。
2. According to the passage, which of the following is not the benefit of a regular supply of new products?
A.To enhance the company's status in customers.
B.To draw psychologists' attention.
C.To make full use of various resources.
D.To win increased profits and income.
A B C D
B
判断题。文章第二段提到了新产品的稳定供应所带来的各种利益,其中没有提到吸引心理学家的注意力。
3. How long does it take for some industries acquiring commercial potential?
4. The main difference between consumer markets and industrial ones is ______.
A.consumer markets focus on research while industrial ones focus on developing
B.consumer markets focus on tailors while industrial ones focus on medicine
C.consumer markets focus on specific while industrial ones focus on general
D.consumer markets focus on application while industrial ones focus on plan
A B C D
C
推理题。根据第四段第四和第六句,消费市场通常针对个别需要,而工业市场通常针对通用需要。
5. Industrial products are often the result of ______ according to the passage.
A.laboratory work
B.market survey
C.commercial research
D.business growth
A B C D
A
细节题。根据第四段第五句,工业产品开发常常是实验室研究工作的产物。
Passage Two Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as "steering the economy to a soft landing" or "a touch on the brakes", makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain. And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy. Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rear view mirror and a faulty steering wheel. Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below the double-digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s. It is also less than most forecasters had predicated. In late 1994 the pane] of economists which The Economist polls each month said that America's inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995. In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and is expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America. Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America's, have little productive slack. America's capacity utilization, for example, hit historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate (5.6% in August) has fallen below most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment—the rate below which inflation has taken off in the past. Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have up-ended(颠倒) the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.
1. From the passage we learn that ______.
A.there is a definite relationship between inflation and interest rates
B.economy will always follow certain models
C.the economic situation is better than expected
D.economists had foreseen the present economic situation
A B C D
C
推理题。根据第二段前两句,西方经济大国的通货膨胀率接近30年来的低点。
2. According to the passage, which of the following is true?
A.Making monetary policies is comparable to driving a car.
B.An extremely low jobless rate will lead to inflation.
C.A high unemployment rate will result from inflation.
D.Interest rates have an immediate effect on the economy.
A B C D
B
判断题。根据第四段最后一句,实际失业率低于自然失业率的话,通货膨胀率就会迅速上升。
3. The sentence "This is no flash in the pan" in Paragraph 3 means that ______.
A.the low inflation rate will last for some time
B.the inflation rate will soon rise
C.the inflation will disappear quickly
D.there is no inflation at present
A B C D
A
推理题。flash in the pan的意思是昙花一现。根据第三段最后两句,这并非昙花一现,近两年来,英国和美国的通货膨胀率持续低于预期。
4. The passage shows that the author is ______ the present situation.
Part Ⅴ Cloze Directions:There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. Nowadays, something has gone terribly wrong with our once-proud American way of life. It has happened in the area of 1 . A key ingredient is being 2 , and I think I know what it is: accountability. Accountability isn't hard to 3 . It means that every person is responsible 4 his or her actions and 5 for their consequences. Of the many values that hold civilization 6 - honesty, kindness, generosity, decency—accountability may be the most important of all. 7 it, there can be no respect, no trust, no law-and 8 , no society. My job 9 a police officer is to impose accountability 10 people who refuse, or have never learned. But as every cop knows, external controls on people's 11 are far less effective than 12 restrains such as guilt, shame and embarrassment. Yet more and more, especially in our large cities and suburbs, these inner restraints are 13 . The main cause of this breakdown is a radical 14 in attitudes. Thirty years ago, if a crime was 15 , society was considered the victim. Now, in a stunning reversal, it's the criminal who is considered victimized: by his underprivileged upbringing; by the school that didn't teach him to read, by the church failed to reach him with moral 16 , by the parents who didn't provide a 17 home. I don't believe it. Many others in equally disadvantaged circumstances choose not to engage 18 criminal activities. If we exempt the criminal even partly, 19 accountability, we become a society of endless excuses where no one accepts responsibility for anything. We in America 20 need more and more people who believe that the person who commits a crime is the one responsible for it.
is entitled to(或has the right to receive) nine year's compulsory education
本题测试主谓一致的用法。在以each... and (each)...,every... and (every)...,no... and (no)... 连接的两个单数主语后,谓语动词通常用单数形式。本题还测试词组be entitled to (或have the right to)及单词compulsory的用法。
3. He told us that he was ______. (将要到达终点线时车子出了故障)
about to reach the finishing line when his car broke down
本题测试句子结构be about to... where... 和词组break down的用法。
4. ______ (从他整洁的简历和求职信,以及他彬彬有礼的举止中可以看出), the applicant is a well-bred young man.
As can be seen from his neat resume and the application letter, and his gentle manners