Part Ⅰ Writing Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled The Marvels of Medicine in the Twentieth Century. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below:
1. Introduction: Advances in medical science—the most important achieve ments made in the twentieth century 1. Development of vaccines and antibiotics 2. Discoveries of new diagnosis methods 3. Advent of genetic engineering, a new branch of biology Concluding remarks: Even greater wonders to be wrought in the 21st century
THE MARVELS OF MEDICINE IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
Looking back, the twentieth century has seen numerous scientific and technologic achievements, and what stand out high above others are advances in medical science. Their results have clearly been shown in three areas, development of vaccines and antibiotics, discoveries of new diagnosis methods, and the advent of genetic engineering as a new branch of learning. Ever since medical researchers started to devise ways of preventing germs invading the body, and of fighting them once they did, the quality of life for people in the world has remarkably improved. Today smallpox is a forgotten disease, and vaccinations are no longer required. Polio is under control and the vaccine is widely available. The development of such antibiotics as penicillin has helped many people recover from serious illness. Over the past decades more and more doctors have come to realize the importance of detecting changes in the body at an early stage. Modern diagnosis began in the early 1900s with the discovery of X-rays. With the passage of time, new methods for viewing the interior of the body were brought out one after another. In recent years, ultrasonic waves, magnetic resonance and other techniques have made it possible to detect anything in the body that is beginning to be abnormal. Medical advances have been moving in even more fundamental directions. Scientists have found that the body machinery is directed by the genes. Researches in this field have evolved into a new branch of learning—genetic engineering. It was only in the 1950s that scientists discovered the kind of structures the genes have. And at the end of the twentieth century the first "rough map" of the human genetic code was completed. This was referred to as a "major scientific milestone," which might lead to a more fully under standing of the genes that make people susceptible to cancer, AIDS, Parkinson's or Alzheimer's. With each important discovery, the practice of medicine has undergone a revolution. The medical advances made in the twentieth century have not only improved the lives of many people but also laid a solid foundation for further development in medicine. And I do believe that in the 21st century scientists will work even greater wonders in the area of medical science and eventually find cures to what are now called "incurable" diseases.
Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1—4, mark Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage; N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage. For questions 5—10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.
Why Men and Women Can't Communicate
—by Deborah Tannen
A man and a woman were seated in a car that had been circling the same area for a half hour. The woman was saying, "Why don't we just ask some one?" The man was saying, not for the first time, "I'm sure it's around here somewhere. I'll just try this street." Why are so many men reluctant to ask directions? Why aren't women? And why can't women understand why men don't want to ask? The explanation, for this and for countless minor and major frustrations that women and men encounter when they talk to each other, lies in the different ways that they use language—differences that begin with how girls and boys use language as children, growing up in different worlds. Anthropologists, sociologists and psychologists have found that little girls play in small groups or in pairs; they have a best friend, with whom they spend a lot of time talking. It's the telling of secrets that makes them best friends. They learn to use language to negotiate intimacy—to make connections and feel close to each other. Boys, on the other hand, tend to play competitive games in larger groups, which are hierarchical. High-status boys give orders, and low-status boys are pushed around. So boys learn to use language to preserve independence and negotiate their status, trying to hold center stage, challenge and resist challenges, display knowledge and verbal skill. These divergent (有分歧的) assumptions about the purpose of language persist into adulthood, where they lie in wait behind cross-gender conversations, ready to leap out and cause puzzlement or grief. In the case of asking for directions, the same interchange is experienced differently by women and men. From a woman's perspective, you ask for help, you get it, and you get to where you're going. A fleeting connection is made with a stranger, which is fundamentally pleasant. But a man is aware that by admitting ignorance and asking for information, he positions himself one-down to someone else. Far from pleasant, this is humiliating. So it makes sense for him to preserve his independence and self-esteem at the cost of a little extra travel time. Here is another scene from the drama of the differences in men's and women's ways of talking. A woman and a man return home from work. She tells everything that happened during the day: what she did, whom she met, what they said, what that made her think. Then she turns to him and asks, "How was your day?" He says, "Same old rat race." She feels locked out: "You don't tell me anything." He protests, "Nothing happened at work." They have different assumptions about what's "anything" to tell. To her, telling life's daily events and impressions means she's not alone in the world. Such talk is the essence of intimacy—evidence that she and her partner are best friends. Since he never spent time talking in this way with his friends, best or otherwise, he doesn't expect it, doesn't know how to do it, and doesn't miss it when it isn't there. Another' source of mutual frustration is the difference in women's and men's assumptions about "troubles talk." She begins to talk about a problem; he offers a solution; she dismisses it, with pique (赌气). He feels frustrated: "She complains, but she doesn't want to do anything to solve her problems." Indeed, what she wants to do about it is talk. She is frustrated because his solution cuts short the discussion, and implies she shouldn't be wasting time talking about it. The female search for connection and the male concern with hierarchy is evident here, too. When a woman tells another woman about a problem, her friend typically explores the problem ("And then what did he say?"" What do you think you might do?"); expresses understanding ("I know how you feel"); or offers a similar experience ("It's like the time I..."). All these re sponges express support and bring them closer. But offering a solution positions the problem-solver as one-up. This asymmetry (非对称) is distancing, just the opposite of what she was after in bringing up the discussion. A similar mismatch of expectations occurs when a woman complains about her boss, and a man tries to be helpful by explaining the boss' point of view. She perceives this as an attack, and a lack of loyalty to her. One man told me, incredulously, "My girlfriend just wants to talk about her point of view." He feels that offering opposing views is obviously a more constructive conversational contribution. But conversations among women are usually characterized by mutual support and exploration. Alternative views may be introduced, but they are phrased as suggestions and questions, not as direct challenges. This is one of the many ways that men value oppositional stances, whereas women value harmonious ones. A woman was hurt when she heard her husband telling the guests at a dinner party about an incident involving his boss that he hadn't told her. She felt this proved that he hadn't been honest when he'd said nothing happened at work. But he didn't think of this experience as a story to tell until he needed to come up with material to put himself forward at the dinner party. Thus, it isn't that women always talk more, while men are taciturn (沉默寡言的 ) and succinct (简约的). Women talk more at home, since talk, for them, is a way of creating intimacy. Since men regard talk as a means to negotiate status, they often see no need to talk at home. But they talk more in "public" situations with people they know less well. At a meeting, when questions are solicited (要求) from the floor, it is almost always a man who speaks first. When the phones are opened on a radio talk show, the vast majority of calls are from men, who are more likely to speak at length, giving introductions to their questions (if they have any) and addressing multiple topics. Generalizing about groups of people makes many of us nervous. We like to think of ourselves as unique individuals, not representatives of stereotypes. But it is more dangerous to ignore patterns than to articulate them. If women and men have different ways of talking (and my research, and that of others, shows that they do), then expecting us to be the same leads to disappointment and mutual accusation. Unaware of conversational style differences, we fall back on mutual blame. "You go on and on about nothing." "You don't listen to me." Realizing that a partner's behavior is not his or her individual failing, but a normal expression of gender, lifts this burden of blame and disappointment. Surprisingly, years together can make the mutual frustration worse, rather than better. After 57 years of marriage, my parents are still grappling (争斗) with the different styles I have described. When my mother read my book (You Just Don't Understand Women and Men), she said, "You mean it isn't just Daddy? I always thought he was the only one." Understanding gender differences in ways of talking is the first step to ward changing. Not knowing that people of the other gender have different ways of talking, and different assumptions about the place of talk in a relationship, people assume they arc doing things right and their partners are doing things wrong. Then no one is motivated to change; if your partner is accusing you of wrong behavior, changing would be tantamount (等于的) to admitting fault. But when they think of the differences as cross-cultural, people find that they and their partners are willing, even eager, to make small adjustments that will please their partners and improve the relationship.
1. Most men are reluctant to ask for directions because they would like to get more familiar with unknown territory at the cost of a little extra travel time.
N
2. Men and women have problems in conversing with each other because they are raised to see the world in different ways.
Y
3. Men generally see the world as a competitive place while on the other hand women often view themselves primarily in connecting with other people.
Y
4. Barriers to effective communication between men and women contribute to the high divorce rate in the U. S.
NG
5. The expression "cross-gender conversations" (Paragraph 5) means ______.
conversations between males and females
6. Americans often make jokes about women talking too much, but in fact, men ______.
talk much more in public situations
7. When a woman starts to talk about a problem, she is expecting to find ______.
support, understanding, and exploration
8. Men view talk as a means to ______.
negotiate status (or: build up prestige)
9. The author points out that just like people from different cultures, men and women have problems with ______
cross-cultural communication
10. The author believes that a good knowledge of gender differences in ways of talking might eventually lead to ______.
improved relationships between husband and wife
Part Ⅲ Listening Comprehension
Section A Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Questions 11to 18re based on the conversation you have just heard.
[解析] W: How many stamps do I need to send this package airmail? M: Well, that's going to be expensive. Airmail postage is 52 cents for the first ounce and 44 cents for each additional ounce. You have eleven ounce here. Q: How much will it cost the woman to mail her package?
2.
A.24.
B.12.
C.6.
D.3.
A B C D
B
[解析] M: This candy was cut into 6 squares. W: Let's cut them in half, so that each person can have one. Q: How many persons would have candy?
3.
A.At customs.
B.At the library.
C.In a bank.
D.At the post office.
A B C D
C
[解析] M: I've forgotten my passbook, but I'd like to make a deposit to my savings account if 1 may. W: No problem, just bring this receipt with you the next time you come in, along with your passbook, and we will adjust the balance. Q: Where does the conversation take place?
4.
A.He wants to eat immediately.
B.He wants to know when the game will be over.
C.He's worried about what time it is.
D.He's afraid he's dying.
A B C D
A
[解析] W: Let's get a snack when the baseball game is over. M: When it's over? I am dying of hunger now. Q: What does the man mean?
5.
A.The lectures were all boring.
B.Not all the lectures were interesting.
C.The lectures were rather interesting.
D.The lectures were just so so.
A B C D
C
[解析] M: How about yesterday's lectures on American Folklore? W: They weren't at all boring. Q: What does the woman think of the lectures?
6.
A.Wait for the lecture to begin.
B.Go immediately to their seats.
C.Get something to drink first.
D.Sit down and enjoy the lecture.
A B C D
B
[解析] M: The bell will ring in two minutes, but I'd like to get something to drink before the lecture begins. W: Shall we take our seats now? You can get some later. Q: What does the woman suggest that they should do?
7.
A.She didn't have any food for dinner.
B.She ran out to get dinner menus.
C.She ran out to buy food for dinner.
D.She can't think of anything to make for dinner.
A B C D
D
[解析] M: Dear, what shall we have for dinner today? W: Oh, I've run out of ideas for dinner menus. Q: What does the woman mean?
8.
A.He was very slow in doing things.
B.He was the right person to do such a thing.
C.He is expected to do such a thing.
D.He would never do such a thing.
A B C D
D
[解析] M: Why not ask Tim to go skating with us in the mountain? W: He'd be the last person to do such a thing. Q: What can we know about Tim?
Questions 19 to 21 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
[解析] 19-21 M: Hey, Karen. Looks like you got some sun this weekend. W: Yeah, I guess so. I spent the weekend at the beach. M: Oh, yeah? That's great! Where did you stay? W: Some friends of my parents live out there and they invited me for as long as I wanted to stay. M: So what are you doing back here already? W: Oh, I have a paper I need to work on, and I just couldn't do any serious studying at the beach. M: I don't blame you. So what did you do out there...I mean besides lie out in the sun, obviously? W: I jogged up and down the beach and I played some volleyball. You know, I never realized how hard it is to run on sand. I couldn't even get through a whole game before I had to sit down. It's much easier to run in the wet sand near the water. M: Not to mention cooler. Did you go swimming? W: I wanted to, but they said the water isn't warm enough for that until a couple of months from now, so I just waded in up to my knee. M: It all sounds so relaxing. I wish I could get away to the beach like that. W: It looks like you could use it. Don't tell me you spent the weekend in the library again. 19. How did 'the woman' spend last weekend?
2.
A.She was invited only for the weekend.
B.The weather was too hot.
C.She had an appointment.
D.She had schoolwork to do.
A B C D
D
[解析] Why did the woman come home so soon?
3.
A.She doesn't know how to swim.
B.The water was too deep.
C.The water was too cold.
D.She didn't have enough time.
A B C D
C
[解析] Why didn't the woman go swimming?
Questions 22 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
[解析] 22-25 W: Excuse me. Do you live here? M: Yes, I've lived here in Edinburgh all my life. My name's Rory McDonald. How do you do? W: Hi, I'm Chris Hudson from Phoenix, Arizona. I'm an oil engineer. I'm on my way to London on business. M: How long are you staying in Edinburgh? W: Just a day. What can I see here in twenty-four hours? M: Well, most tourists want to visit the Castle. It's on Castle Rock. It's where the Scottish government used to be. From there you can walk down the Royal Mile. W: What's the Royal Mile? M: It's a narrow street of medieval houses. It's worth seeing. Then you really should visit Holyrood Palace. W: Who lives in the Palace? M: No one, except the Queen when she comes to Edinburgh, which is usually once a year. But the kings and queens of Scotland used to live there be fore Scotland was united with England. W: When was that? M: That was...er, let me see 2. in 1603. W: You seem to know a lot about Scottish history. M: Aye, well, I'm a McDonald of the McDonald clan. You know there are clans in Scotland, and we're all proud of our history. W: I'd like to buy something as a souvenir of the trip. What should I buy? M: Why don't you buy some sweaters? Scottish sweaters are famous for their quality. And you must buy some whiskey. Of course you know that's our national drink. W: Yes, I've already bought the whiskey. M: Good. But remember you mustn't put ice in it. That spoils the flavor! W: Oh, we Americans put ice in everything! 22. Why is the woman in Edinburgh?
2.
A.Walk down the Royal Mile.
B.Visit Holyrood Palace.
C.Visit the Castle.
D.Pay a visit to the Queen.
A B C D
D
[解析] Which of the following is not suggested to her?
3.
A.It's a narrow street of medieval houses.
B.It's the palace where the Queen lives when she comes to Edinburgh.
C.It's where the Scottish government used to be.
D.It's where the Scottish kings and queens used to live.
A B C D
A
[解析] What is the Royal Mile?
4.
A.Famous Scottish whiskey.
B.Scottish sweaters.
C.Castle rocks.
D.A souvenir of Holyrood Palace.
A B C D
B
[解析] What does the man suggest she buy?
Section B Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One Questions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.
[解析] 26-28 Lyndon B. Johnson was the 8th Vice president of the United States to take the place of a President who died in office, and he was surely one of the most colorful. Johnson came to Washington in 1930 as a congressional secretary, and he spent the next 38 years in the Nation's Capital. Despite all this time away from his native Texas, he never lost the speech or manners of his western, rural home. He told his close friends that his happiest times were when he was vacationing at his ranch in Johnson City, Texas, or walking along a dirty road. Much of his behavior seemed more suited for the ranch than for the more formal atmosphere of a cosmopolitan city. Johnson kept two dogs at the White House, and he loved to play with them. Once when reporters and photographers asked to be allowed to take pictures of the President playing with his pets, Johnson surprised everyone by picking up one of the animals by its ears. People were shocked. The President of the United States was laughing while a 20-pound dog dangled by the tips of its ears. 26. What was Johnson's job immediately before he became president?
2.
A.Childhood in his native home, Texas.
B.Working as congressional secretary in Washington.
C.Vacationing at his ranch in Texas.
D.Presidency in the White House.
A B C D
C
[解析] When was Johnson's happiest time?
3.
A.He laughed with the dog in his arms.
B.He picked up the dog by the tips of its ears.
C.He sat in a chair with the dog dangling beside him.
D.He made people laugh by kissing the dog's ears.
A B C D
B
[解析] What did Johnson do when reporters asked to see him playing with his dog?
Passage Two Questions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard.
B.They help patients to gain insight into the cause of anxiety.
C.They help to control anxiety.
D.They help patients to work efficiently.
A B C D
C
[解析] 29-31 Many people suffer from some form of extreme anxiety. Some experience occasional attacks of panic for no apparent reason. Others go around in a state of continual uneasiness. The usual way of controlling anxiety is with drugs, which cure none of the conditions described but do help patients man age their anxiety. Patients who take these drugs say that they are able to work, to sleep, and to go to places they had feared to visit. But the effects of the drugs on the human body, especially on the nervous system, have been unknown. We have started a series of studies to identify the effects of the drugs on the brain and have gained some insight into the costs and benefits of the anti anxiety drugs. They are valuable because they can reduce the effects of anticipated failure, frustration, and disappointment. But their value demands a price. Two effects of the drugs are obviously harmful. They reduce a person's ability to react to changes in the environment; and more important, they keep a person from developing persistence in the face of unexpected troubles. Since it is fairly sure that people will meet problems they had not expected, this effect may make the price of anti-anxiety drugs too high. 29. What is the function of anti-anxiety drugs?
2.
A.They reduce a person's appetite.
B.They make a person less persistent in face of trouble.
C.They make a person's nervous system weak.
D.They make a person more vulnerable to disease.
A B C D
B
[解析] Which of the following is the harmful effect that the drugs have on a person?
3.
A.Prejudiced.
B.Enthusiastic.
C.Indifferent.
D.Objective.
A B C D
D
[解析] What is the author's attitude towards anti-anxiety drugs?
Passage Three Questions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.
[解析] 32-35 Every month thousands of tourists visit New York City. Their reasons for choosing New York are many: Some come to see historical places like the Statue of Liberty. Others are attracted by the night clubs and theaters. Many enjoy shopping in the world's largest stores, and some come to New York just because it's big. People from other parts .of the United States move to New York by the thousands each year. Some come to get better jobs. Others want to attend one of New York's fine universities. Dancers, actors, and painters are attracted by the city's rich cultural life. Still others are bored with small-town life and want the excitement of the big city. Careful planning is needed to make your stay in New York City a success. Be sure that you don't arrive during the rush hour. Weekdays from 7:30 to 9:00 a.m. and 4: 30 to 6:00 p.m. travel on the streets is slow and difficult. Choose a hotel that is near the center of the city. And be sure to bring plenty of money. It's no fun to see hundreds of exciting things and not have the money to do them. 32. Which of the following might NOT be an attraction to tourists in New York City?
2.
A.There are more job opportunities.
B.There are good universities.
C.The city's cultural life is rich.
D.All of the above.
A B C D
D
[解析] Why do so many Americans move to New York?
3.
A.Thousands every day.
B.Thousands every week.
C.Thousands every month.
D.Thousands every year.
A B C D
C
[解析] How many tourists come to New York?
4.
A.7:30 to9:00 a.m.
B.4:00 to 6:30 p.m.
C.7:00 to 9:30 a.m.
D.3:30 to 5:30 p.m.
A B C D
A
[解析] When is the rush hour in New York City?
Section C Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the pas sage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from, 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written. The truth is that radio has not been eclipsed by television and cable and the Internet. In fact, radio is as 1 as it has over been. According to the Consumer Electronics Manufacturers Association, 675 million radio receivers are 2 in use in the United States; on average, Americans over the age of eleven spend three hours and eighteen minutes of 3 listening to at least one of them. I don't mention this to make the 4 that radio is "better" than other electronic media, but I will say that it is different, very different. Radio is special to people. And in an 5 when we in the West have so many other media 6 1to us, media that can "do" so much more than radio ever could, radio still 7 a kind of loyalty that 8 channels and Web sites cannot claim. This loyalty is largely due to radio's very limitations. 9 .That is it has to speak to us, through either words or music. Couple this with the fact that radio is a curiously intimate medium: people tend to feel that they are connecting with their radios one-on-one. This is generally not the case with television, 10 .But because radio is a "smaller" medium (many low-powered mom-and-pop operations, which were never part of television, still exist on radio), 11 .
[解析] 36-46 The truth is that radio has not been eclipsed by television and cable and the Internet. In fact, radio is as (36) popular as it has ever been. According to the Consumer Electronics Manufacturers Association, 675 million radio receivers are (37) currently in use in the United States; on average, Americans over the age of eleven spend three hours and eighteen minutes of (38) weekday listening to at least one of them. I don't mention this to make the (39) case that radio is "better" than other electronic media, but I will say that it is different, very different. Radio is special to people. And in an (40) era when we in the West have so many other media (41) available to us, media that can "do" so much more than radio ever could, radio still (42) inspires a kind of loyalty that (43) premium channels and Web sites cannot claim. This loyalty is largely due to radio's very limitations. (44) Radio can't dazzle us with visual spectacles; it has to capture and hold our attention aurally. That is, it has to speak to us, through either words or music. Couple this with the fact that radio is a curiously intimate medium: people tend to feel that they are connecting with their radios one-on-one. This is generally not the case with television, (45) where the individual viewer invariably senses that he or she is nothing more than an anonymous, statistically insignificant part of a huge and diverse audience. But because radio is a "smaller" medium (many low-powered mom-and-pop operations, which were never part of television, still exist on radio), (46) the individual listener can somehow believe that the signal is traveling direct and uninterrupted from the studio microphone to his set alone, that the announcer is speaking and playing records just for him.
2.
currently
3.
weekday
4.
case
5.
era
6.
available
7.
inspires
8.
premium
9.
Radio has to hold our attention using words and music instead of dazzling pictures
10.
for a TV viewer usually feels that he or she is a nobody among a large audience
11.
a radio listener tends to believe that the program is just prepared for, and broadcast to, him or her alone
Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth)
Section A Directions: In this section, there is a short passage with 5 questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words on Answer Sheet 2. The human brain is somewhat like an archaeological site, preserving within its layers the basic brain structures of its evolutionary predecessors— the lower mammals and reptiles (爬行动物). Consequently, it has a relatively recent outer layer that is distinctly primate (灵长目动物的), with special developments and tissues that distinguish human beings from other primates. Nevertheless, we have not one brain, but at least three—that is, three connected parts carry out distinctive but interrelated functions. The oldest part of the human brain is the "reptilian brain," which is found in the lower center of the brain. It resembles a basic part of the brain of reptiles and serves many of the same functions in humans that it serves in reptiles. It regulates a large number of innate behavior patterns that are related to preserving the species. During the course of evolution, a new formation of brain cells, developed in lower mammals giving them two brains. This ancient, mammal brain adds new things to the behavior repertoire (全部功能) of mammals. The business of this new brain is basically the desires and emotions that keep mammals moving, mating, and avoiding pain. For many mammals, evolution stopped here. The brain continued to develop with the addition of a third layer called the "neocortex" (新皮层). This new part of the brain reached its peak of development in human beings. This is the brain that gives humans the capacity of rational thought. Because of the new part of the brain we are able to en gage in verbal communication, to read and write, to empathize (表同情) with others, and to contemplate our own existence.
1. What is the author mainly talking about in this passage?
The evolutionary basis of the structure of the human brain.
2. What is the function of the neocortex?
IX is the part of the brain that reasons.
3. What is the reason why lower mammals cannot speak7
Because they lack a neocortex.
4. The selection is most likely taken from
the script of a television program produced for science students
5. The tone of the selection can best be described as
scholarly
Section B Directions:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One For me, scientific knowledge is divided into mathematical sciences, natural sciences or sciences dealing with the natural world (physical and biological sciences), and sciences dealing with mankind (psychology, sociology, all the sciences of cultural achievements, every kind of historical knowledge). Apart from these sciences is philosophy, about which we will talk shortly. In the first place, all this is pure or theoretical knowledge , sought only for the purpose of understanding, in order to fulfill the need to understand what is intrinsic and consubstantial (一体的) to man. What distinguishes man from animal is that he knows and needs to know. If man did not know that the world existed, and that the world was of a certain kind, that he was in the world and that he himself was of a certain kind, he wouldn't be man. The technical aspects of applications of knowledge are equally necessary for man and are of the greatest importance, because they also contribute to defining him as man and permit him to pursue a life increasingly more truly human. But even while enjoying the results of technical progress, he must defend the primacy and autonomy of pure knowledge. Knowledge sought directly for its practical applications will have immediate and foreseeable success, but not the kind of important result whose revolutionary scope is in large part unforeseen, except by the imagination of the Utopians. Let me recall a well-known example. If the Greek mathematicians had not applied themselves to the investigation of conic (圆锥的) sections, zealously and without the least suspicion that it might someday be useful, it would not have been possible centuries later to navigate far from shore. The first men to study the nature of electricity could not imagine that their experiments, carried on because of mere intellectual curiosity, would eventually lead to modern electrical technology, without which we can scarcely conceive of contemporary life. Pure knowledge is valuable for its own sake, because the human spirit cannot re sign itself to ignorance. But, in addition, it is the foundation for practical results that would not have been reached if this knowledge had not been sought disinterestedly.
1. The author includes among the sciences all the following EXCEPT ______.
A.literature
B.economics
C.anthropology
D.astronomy
A B C D
A
2. The author indicates that most important advances made by mankind dome from ______.
A.technical applications
B.apparently useless information
C.the natural sciences
D.the biological sciences
A B C D
B
3. The author points out that the Greeks who studied conic sections ______.
A.invented modern mathematical applications
B.were unaware of the value of their studies
C.worked with electricity
D.were forced to resign themselves to failure
A B C D
B
4. The title below that best expresses the ideas of the passage is ______.
A.Technical Progress
B.Man's Distinguishing Characteristics
C.Learning for Its Own Sake
D.The Difference Between Science and Philosophy
A B C D
C
5. It can be inferred from the passage that to the author man's need to know is chiefly important in that it ______.
A.allows the human race to progress technically
B.encompasses both the physical and social sciences
C.defines his essential humanity
D.has increased as our knowledge of the world has grown
A B C D
C
Passage Two It is notorious that facts are compatible with opposite emotional comments, since the same fact will inspire entirely different feelings in different persons, and at different times in the same person; and there is no rationally deducible (可推论的) connection between any outer fact and the sentiments it may happen to provoke. These have their source in another sphere of existence altogether, in the animal and spiritual region of the subject's being. Conceive yourself, if possibly, suddenly stripped of all the emotion with which your world now inspires you, and try to imagine it as it exists, purely by itself, without your favorable or unfavorable, hopeful or apprehensive comment. Ft will be almost impossible for you to realize such a condition of negativity and deadness. No one portion of the universe would then have importance beyond another; and the whole collection of its things and series of its events would be without significance, character, expression, or perspective. Whatever of value, interest, or meaning our respective worlds may al3 pear endowed with are thus pure gifts of the spectator's mind. The passion of love is the most familiar and extreme example of this fact. If it comes, it comes; if it does not come, no process of reasoning can force it. Yet it trans forms the value of the creature loved as utterly as the sunrise transforms Mont Blanc from a corpse-like gray to a rosy enchantment; and it sets the whole world to a new tune for the lover and gives a new issue to his life. So with fear, with indignation, jealousy, ambition, worship. If they are there, life changes. And whether they shall be there or not depends almost always upon non-logical, often on organic conditions. And as the excited interest which these passions put into the world is our gift to the world, just so are the passions themselves gifts;—gifts to us, from sources sometimes low and some times high; but almost always non-logical and beyond our control. Gifts, either of the flesh or of the spirit; and the spirit blows where it lists, and the world's materials lend their surface passively to all the gifts alike, as the stage-setting receives indifferently whatever alternating colored lights may be shed upon it from the optical apparatus in the gallery. Meanwhile the practically real world for each one of us, the effective world of the individual, is the compound world, the physical facts and emotional values in indistinguishable combination. Withdraw or pervert (使错乱) either factor of this complex resultant, and the kind of experience we call pathological ensues.
1. This passage mainly discusses ______.
A.the dual nature of the world in which we humans live
B.the effect of strong emotions
C.emotion and reality'
D.emotions and passions—gifts of the spectator's mind
A B C D
C
2. Our feelings about external reality have their origin in ______.
A.our heart
B.events that affect us personally
C.our immediate environment
D.our subjective being
A B C D
D
3. The passion of love is cited by the author to show how ______.
A.unable we are to control our emotions
B.unreal our practical world is
C.familiar passions are to us
D.our world can be transformed by our feelings
A B C D
D
4. According to the author, all the following statements are true EXCEPT that ______.
A.whatever values our world has for us are imparted by our minds
B.our feelings about external reality flow from what is objective—out side facts in the environment
C.there seems no logical way to predict our reactions to a given set of conditions
D.our emotions and passions are gifts no way of controlling or summoning them
A B C D
D
5. We can conclude from the passage that a man who is about to be executed will feel
A.emotions we cannot predict
B.desperate
C.apathetic
D.depressed
A B C D
A
Part Ⅴ Error Correction Directions: This part consists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, one in each numbered line. You may have to change a word, add a word or delete a word. Mark out the mistakes and put the corrections in the blanks provided. If you change a word, cross it out and write the correct word in the corresponding blank. !f you add a word, put an insertion mark (∧) in the right place and write the missing word in the blank. If you delete a word, cross it out and put a slash (—) in the blank. Criticism is judgment. A critic is a judge. A judge must study and think about the material presented to it, 62. ______ correct it or reject it after thinking what he has read, 63. ______ watched or heard, Another word for criticism is the appreciation. 64. ______ When I criticize or appreciate some object or another, 1 look for its good points and its bad points. In reading any printing or written matter, 1 always have a pencil in 65. ______ hand and put any comments in the book or on a separate piece of paper. In other words, I never talk back to the 66. ______ writer. The sort of critical reading may well be called creation reading because I am thinking along with the 67. ______ writer, asking him questions, seeing that he answers the 68. ______ questions and how well he answers them. I mark the good passages to restore them in my memory and ask 69. ______ myself about every other part and about the complete piece of writing:—where, how and why could or should I improve upon them? 70. ______ You might think that doing what I suggested is work. Yes, it is, and the work is a pleasure because I 71. ______ can feel my brain expanding, my emotion reacting and my way of living changing.
1.
it→him
2.
thinking ∧→about
3.
the→
4.
printing→printed
5.
never→always
6.
creation→creative
7.
that→whether
8.
restore→store
9.
them→it
10.
and→but
Part Ⅵ Translation Directions:Complete the following sentences by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets.
1. It is decided that __________ (公共场所不容许吸烟).
no smoking be allowed in public places
2. While the director is away on vacation, __________ (将由他的副手负责).
his assistant will be in charge
3. __________ (那些不断让自己接触新思) will certainly find that life is so interesting.
Those who constantly expose themselves to new ideas
4. __________ (除非工人们的要求得到满足) there will be a strike soon.
Unless the workers' demands are met
5. We hung out a lantern __________ (免得他们在大雾中迷了路).
lest (or:for fear that) they (should) get lost in the heavy mist