Passage 1 According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group. In the family, traditional cultural. patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment. Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of "natural leaders". It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group. Research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to "get things done". Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-beings of a social group's members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give others and may discipline group members who inhibit (阻碍) attainment of the group's goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the difference in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss? ______
A.The problems faced by leaders.
B.How leadership differs in small and large groups.
2. The passage mentions all of the following ways by which people can become leaders except ______.
A.recruitment
B.formal election process
C.specific leadership training
D.traditional cultural patterns
A B C D
C
[解析] 细节题。文章第一段指出了成为领导者的不同方式:traditional cultural patterns, election or recruitment,C项“specific leadership training”在文中并没有提及。
3. Which of the following statements about leadership can be inferred from Paragraph 2? ______
A.A person who is an effective leader of a particular group may not be an effective leader in another group.
B.Few people succeed in sharing a leadership role with another person.
C.A person can best learn how to be an effective leader by studying research on leadership.
D.Most people desire to be leaders but can produce little evidence of their qualifications.
A B C D
A
[解析] 推断题。文章第二段第二句指出“It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common”,即似乎并不是所有的领导者都有同样的个人素质。由此可推断出,某一个团队的优秀领导可能并不适合另外的团队。
4. In mentioning "natural leaders" in Line 7, the author is making the point that ______.
A.few people qualify as "natural leaders"
B.there is no proof that "natural leaders" exist
C."natural leaders" are easily accepted by the members of a group
D."natural leaders" share a similar set of characteristics
A B C D
B
[解析] 细节题。由题干可定位至第二段“decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of 'natural leaders'",即近几十年的研究发现并没有哪一类人是“天生的领导”。
5. The passage indicates that instrumental leaders generally focus on ______.
A.ensuring harmonious relationships
B.sharing responsibility with group members
C.identifying new leaders
D.achieving a goal
A B C D
D
[解析] 细节题。文章最后两段主要讲述了两种领导:指导型领导和表达型领导,并指出了他们的不同点。由第三段第二句“Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group”和第三段最后一句“Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group”可知,指导型领导重视团队任务的完成,关心团队目标,而表达型领导却不是这样。
Passage 2 As companies including Facebook, Google, Amazon and Walmart see plateauing user numbers at home and escalating tensions between the American and Chinese tech industries, they're looking more closely at India. Although the South Asian nation has long had more potential than payoff, its hundreds of millions of digital neophytes hunger for everything from streams of Bollywood films to boxes of breakfast cereal from online grocers. The coronavirus pandemic has hurt growth, but it's done little to slow global interest in a country that's on track to overtake Germany and Japan to be the world's No.3 economy by 2039. This year's investment rush began in January when Amazon.com Inc. founder Jeff Bezos, on a visit to Delhi, declared "the 21st century will be India's" and announced a $1 billion investment to help small businesses there track inventory, sales, and accounts. In July, Sundar Pichai, CEO of Google's parent Alphabet Inc., pledged $10 billion to digitize India, including a $4.5 billion investment in Jio. The next day, Walmart Inc. said it would spend $1.2 billion on its Indian subsidiary, Flipkart, which faces growing competition from Amazon and, yes, Jio. Until the arrival of Jio, which means "live" in Hindi, foreigners dominated India's tech sector. The country is Facebook's biggest national market, with 328 million social network accounts and more than 400 million subscribers to its WhatsApp messaging service. Amazon controls almost a third of e-commerce there, with more than 500,000 small businesses using its platforms. Netflix Inc. and Amazon Prime dominate video streaming. Jio is poised to challenge those companies and more. Since its founding just four years ago, it's built a 4G network covering virtually every corner of India and become its leading mobile phone carrier. To keep customers glued to their handsets, it offers shopping, movie and music streaming, video conferencing, and online news, and it's expanding into banking, e-learning, and apps for farmers. "Few companies have the potential to transform a country's digital ecosystem in the way Jio Platforms is doing in India," KKR&Co. boss Henry Kravis said in a note after committing $1.5 billion. Jio's rise worries some market watchers. Its cutthroat wireless data pricing and packages that offer free voice calls dramatically expanded Internet access but helped drive a half-dozen rivals out of business. With its formidable bank account and ties to industry giants, Jio is ready to become a Big Tech player in its own right, says Urvashi Aneja, director of technology consultant Tandem Research. Jio's expansion, combined with economic fallout from the pandemic, could allow it to crowd out smaller players by giving preference to its own services, Aneja says. "Regulators need to ensure that Jio doesn't grow into a monopoly, " she says. Reliance boss Ambani hasn't publicly addressed those concerns, but he envisions a buoyant future for Jio. In recent years it has bought or invested in more than 20 startups in education, e-commerce, health care, and more. In May, Jio launched a grocery delivery service in 200 cities that it plans to link with millions of mom and pop stores, allowing customers to see what's in stock and place orders for speedy delivery.
1. What does the underlined word "plateauing" mean in the first paragraph? ______
A.Deteriorating.
B.Increasing.
C.Stagnating.
D.Skyrocketing.
A B C D
C
[解析] 含义题。题干:第一段中画线词“plateauing”的含义是什么? 根据画线词plateauing定位至文章第一段第一句“As companies including Facebook, Google, Amazon and Walmart see plaleauing user numbers at home and escalating tensions between the American and Chinese tech industries, they're looking more closely at India(随着Facebook、谷歌、亚马逊和沃尔玛等公司看到国内用户数量______,以及美国和中国科技行业之间的紧张局势不断升级,他们开始更加密切地关注印度)”。由此可以推断出,这些公司之所以对印度的关注更为密切,是因为他们发现国内用户的数量有趋于稳定或增长停滞的趋势。 从文章所给信息并不能推断出这些公司的用户数量急剧减少或增加,A项“退化,恶化”,B项“增长”和D项“突涨,飞升”均与文意相悖,故排除;只有C项“停滞,不发展”与文意最为相符。故本题选C。
2. The underlined sentence "The coronavirus pandemic ... economy by 2039. " in the first paragraph tells us that ______.
A.Germany and Japan are quite interested in investing in India
B.India's economic growth has not been impacted by the pandemic
C.India will be the world's third largest economy very soon
D.global investors are optimistic about the market of India
A B C D
D
[解析] 推断题。题干:第一段中的画线句“The coronavirus pandemic ... economy by 2039. ”告诉我们______。 根据题干定位至第一段画线句“The coronavirus pandemic has hurt growth, but it's done little to slow global interest in a country that's on track to overtake Germany and Japan to be the world's No.3 economy by 2039",由此可知,新冠病毒流行阻碍了经济增长,但这丝毫没有消减全球想对印度投资的兴趣,印度有望超越德国和日本,在2039年之前成为世界第三大经济体。 A项“德国和日本对在印度投资很感兴趣”和B项“印度的经济增长没有受到疫情的影响”在文章中均未体现,故排除;C项“印度将很快成为世界第三大经济体”,根据画线句的内容,仅能知道“印度有望在2039年之前成为世界第三大经济体”,C项的表述过于肯定,故排除;D项“全球投资者对印度市场持乐观态度”,根据画线句的内容可知,虽然新冠病毒阻碍了全球经济增长,但投资者们对印度市场仍存在着兴趣,故可推断出,全球的投资者们对印度市场持乐观态度。 综上,本题选D。
3. Among the following companies, which is not mentioned to have invested in India this year? ______
A.Walmart.
B.Microsoft.
C.Google.
D.Amazon.
A B C D
B
[解析] 细节题。题干:以下哪家公司今年未在印度投资? 根据题干关键词have invested in India this year可定位到文章第二段。根据第二段内容“This year's investment rush began in January when Amazon. com Ind. …and announced a $1 billion investment ... In July, Sundar Pichai, CEO of Google's parent Alphabet Inc., pledged $10 billion to digitize India ... the next day, Walmart Inc. said it would spend $1.2 billion on its Indian subsidiary…”可知,亚马逊、谷歌和沃尔玛今年都对印度进行了投资。B项“微软”在文章中未提及。故本题选B。
4. Foreign companies face challenges from Jio not because ______.
A.it provides shopping, movie and music streaming to its customers
B.it has extended its business to banking and e-learning
C.its 4G network has very wide coverage in India
D.the government banned some foreign companies to protect the local one
A B C D
D
[解析] 细节题。题干:外国公司面临着来自Jio的挑战,不是因为______。根据题干关键词foreign companies和challenges from Jio可将解题范围缩小到第四段,再根据选项关键词回原文定位进行匹配。 A项“它为顾客提供了购物、电影和音乐流媒体”。根据选项关键词shopping,movie and music streaming可定位到第四段第三句“To keep customers glued to their handsets, it offers shopping,movie and music streaming,video conferencing,and online news…”(为了让顾客目不转睛地盯着手机,Jio提供购物、电影和音乐流媒体、视频会议和在线新闻等服务……),由此可知A项正确。 B项“它已经将业务拓展到银行及网络学习”。根据选项关键词banking和e-learning可定位到第四段第三句“... and it's expanding into banking,e-learning,and apps for farmers”(……Jio正把业务扩大到银行、网络学习和供农民使用的应用程序),由此可知,B项正确。 C项“它的4G网络在印度广泛覆盖”。根据选项关键词4G network可定位到第四段第二句“Since its founding just four years ago, it's built a 4G network covering virtually every comer of India and become its leading mobile phone carrier”(自4年前成立以来,该公司已经建立了几乎覆盖印度每个角落的4C网络,并成为其领先的移动电话运营商),由此可知,C项正确。 D项“政府禁止一些外国公司(进入国内市场)以保护本土企业”在文中没有提及,故D项错误。 本题要求选择不是原因的一项,故本题选D。
5. Jio's business has covered many fields except ______.
A.grocery delivery service
B.healthcare
C.education
D.insurance
A B C D
D
[解析] 细节题。题干:Jio的业务已经覆盖了许多领域,除了______。根据题文同序原则及题干关键词has covered many fields可将解题范围缩小到最后一段,再根据选项具体定位。 A项“杂货店送货业务”可定位到末段末句“In May, Jio launched a grocery delivery service in 200 cities that it plans to link with millions of mom and pop stores ...(今年5月,Jio在200个城市推出了一项杂货店配送服务,计划将其与数百万家家庭经营的小零售店连接起来)”,由此可知A项正确;B项“健康护理”和C项“教育”可定位到末段第二句“In recent years it has bought or invested in more than 20 startups in education, e-commerce, health care, and more(近年来,Jio在教育、电子商务、医疗保健等领域收购或投资了20多家初创企业)”,由此可知,B、C两项正确;D项“保险”在文中没有提及。 本题要求选没有涉及的一项,故本题选D。
Passage 3 Electric cars are dirty. In fact, not only are they dirty, they might even be more dirty than their gasoline-powered cousins. People in California love to talk about "zero-emission (排放) vehicles", but people in California seem to be clueless about where electricity comes from. Power plants mostly use fire to make it. Aside from the few folks who have their roofs covered with solar cells, we get our electricity from generators (发电机). Generators are fueled by something — usually coal, oil, but also by heat generated in nuclear power plants. There are a few wind farms and geothermal(地热的) plants as well, but by far we get electricity mainly by burning something. In other words, those "zero-emissions" cars are likely coal-burning cars. It's just because the coal is burned somewhere else, so it looks clean. It is not. It's as if the California greens are covering their eyes — "If I can't see it, it's not happening." Gasoline is an unbelievably efficient way to power a vehicle; a gallon of gas has a lot of energy in it. But when you take that gas (or another fuel) and first use it to make electricity, you waste a nice part of that energy, mostly in the form of wasted heat — at the generator, through the transmission lines, etc. A gallon of gas may propel your car 25 miles. But the electricity you get from that gallon of gas won't get you nearly as far — so electric cars burn more fuel than gas-powered ones. If our electricity came mostly from nukes, or geothermal, or hydro, or solar, or wind, then an electric car truly would be clean. But for political, technical and economic reasons, we don't use much of those energy sources. In addition, electric cars' batteries which are poisonous for a long time will eventually end up in a landfill (垃圾) and finally, when cars are the polluters, the pollution is spread across all the roads. When it's a power plant, though, all the junk is in one place. Nature is very good at cleaning up when things are not too concentrated, but it takes a lot longer when all the garbage is in one spot.
1. What's the main idea of the passages? ______
A.Electric cars aren't actually clean.
B.Electric cars are zero-emission vehicles.
C.Zero-emission vehicles are popular.
D.Gasoline-powered cars are more efficient.
A B C D
A
[解析] 主旨题。文章第一段“Electric cars are dirty. In fact, not only are they dirty, they might even be more dirty than their gasoline-powered cousins”说明电动车一点也不环保。
2. Which of the following words can replace "be clueless about" in Paragraph 2? ______
A.Be familiar with.
B.Be curious about.
C.Fail to understand.
D.Show their interest in.
A B C D
C
[解析] 词汇题。根据文章第二段“People in California love to talk about 'zero-emission (排放) vehicles', but people in California seem to be clueless about where electricity comes from.”可知,加利福尼亚的人喜欢谈论零排放的汽车,但是加利福尼亚的人似乎对电的来源不清楚。该词应该指“不清楚,不理解”。
3. The electricity we get from a gallon of gas may make our car run ______.
A.at least 25 miles
B.more than 25 miles
C.as far as 25 miles
D.less than 25 miles
A B C D
D
[解析] 细节题。根据第四段第一、二句“A gallon of gas may propel your car 25 miles. But the electricity you get from that gallon of gas won't get you nearly as far... ”可知,D项正确。
4. In the author's opinion, compared with cars using gas, electric cars are more ______.